Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “cryomodule”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 199 records · Page 11
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Prototype HB650 Transportation Validation For The PIP-II Project

The PIP-II Project at Fermilab is centered around a superconducting 800 MeV proton linac to upgrade and modernize the Fermilab accelerator complex, allowing increased beam current to intensity frontier experiments such as LBNF-DUNE. PIP-II includes strong international collaborations, including the delivery of 12 cryomodules from European labs to FNAL (3 from STFC-UKRI in the UK and 9 from CEA in France). The transatlantic shipment of these completed modules is identifed as a serious risk for the project. To mitigate this risk, a rigorous and systematic process has been developed to design and validate a transport system, including specifcation, procedures, logistics, and realistic testing. This paper will detail the engineering process used to manage this effort across the collaboration and the results of the first major validation testing of the integrated shipping system prior to use with a cryomodule.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Warm Compressor system Overview and status of the PIP-II cryogenic system

The Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) is a major upgrade to the Fermilab accelerator complex, featuring a new 800-MeV Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) linear accelerator (Linac) powering the accelerator complex to provide the world's most intense high-energy neutrino beam. The PIP-II Linac consists of 23 SRF cryomodules operating at 2 K, 5 K, and 40 K temperature levels supplied by a single helium cryoplant providing 2.5 kW of cooling capacity at 2.0 K. The PIP-II cryogenic system consists of two major systems: a helium cryogenic plant and a cryogenic distribution system. The cryogenic plant includes a refrigerator cold box, a warm compressor system, and helium storage, recovery, and purification systems. The cryogenic distribution system includes a distribution box, intermediate transfer line, and a tunnel transfer line consisting of modular bayonet cans which supply and return cryogens to the cryomodules. A turnaround can is located at the end of the Linac to turnaround cryogenic flows. This paper describes the layout, design, and current status of the PIP-II cryogenic system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Progress towards the completion of the proton power upgrade project

The Proton Power Upgrade project at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory will increase the proton beam power capability from 1.4 to 2.8 MW. Upon completion in early 2025, 2 MW of beam power will be available for neutron production at the existing first target station (FTS) with the remaining beam power available for the future second target station (STS). The project has installed seven superconducting radio-frequency (RF) cryomodules and supporting RF power systems to increase the beam energy by 30% to 1.3 GeV, and the beam current will be increased by 50%. The injection and extraction region of the accumulator ring are being upgraded, and a new 2 MW mercury target has been developed along with supporting equipment for high-flow gas injection to mitigate cavitation and fatigue stress. The first four cryomodules and supporting systems were commissioned in 2022-2023 and supported neutron production at 1.05 GeV, 1.7 MW with high reliability. The first-article 2 MW target was operated successfully for approximately 4400 MW-Hours over two run periods. The long outage began in August 2023 for installation of the remaining technical equipment and construction of the Ring-to-Target Beam Transport tunnel stub that will enable connection to the STS without interrupting operation of the FTS. The upgrade is proceeding on-schedule and on-budget, and resumption of neutron production for the user program is planned for July 2024.

Champion, Mark↗
DOE OSTI2022

Warm Unit Stand Analysis for Proton Improvement Project II

The Proton Improvement Project II, commonly referred to as PIP II, is a linear accelerator overhaul at Fermilab to eventually double the output of its existing proton beam to continue to be the leading force in high energy physics. The proton beam is created through a series of high frequency cryomodules that must be connected utilizing a combination of magnets and vacuum pumps to ensure the beam is properly aligned. A housing mechanism for the magnets and vacuum pumps (Warm Units) will be placed between the cryomodules for realignment and require multiple stages of 6 degree-of-freedom adjustment options, to ensure that the beam alignment can fit all realistic requirements. Extensive testing and design modifications on the Warm Unit stand was completed to confirm not only the strength of the unit in nominal configuration, but also at each possible adjustment orientation for each 6 degree-of-freedom option. Structural analysis was also completed for various unique loading conditions i ncluding transportation loading and confirming the unit satisfies international building code. Simultaneously, testing and design modifications were done to confirm that the frequency modes of the system resided outside of concern ranges, which is determined by Fermilab safety codes and is set to exceed 15 Hz. Design changes that simultaneously stiffen the system to raise the lowest frequency modes while expanding access for technicians and allow for easier fabrication were developed and implemented into the Warm Unit stand. Various relationships between the design changes and the overall vibrational patterns were also developed for future use and study as the rest of PIP II matures.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Warm Unit Stand Assembly and Testing for Proton Improvement Plan - II

The Proton Improvement Project II (PIP II), situated at Fermilab, signifies a critical advancement in the realm of high-energy physics. PIP II, a linear accelerator renovation endeavor, aspires to double the output of the existing proton beam, reinforcing Fermilab’ s position as a vanguard in this field. The proton beam's creation involves a series of high-frequency cryomodules, necessitating environmental temperature arrays of magnets and vacuum pumps henceforth described as ‘Warm Units.’ The Warm Units include design features of : 1. insertion between the cryomodules, 2. multi-stage adjustments in six degrees of freedom to ensure precise beam alignment; 3. Natural frequency modes that avoid specified ranges. In adherence to Fermilab’ s stringent safety standards, comprehensive testing procedures are slated to validate the Warm Units' capacity to simultaneously achieve local alignment adjustments while averting low-frequency oscillation less than 15 Hertz. The testing regimen will scrutinize the Warm Units' alignment adjustment capabilities and their resilience against low-frequency oscillations, with an overarching objective of satisfying the Final Design Review criteria specific to the PIP II initiative. This project works to furnish technicians responsible for the assembly of Warm Units with a comprehensive guide for successful installation, concurrently documenting any requisite design modifications essential for achieving a real-world configuration.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Beam Dynamics simulations for ERDC project -- SRF linac for industrial use

Compact conductively cooled SRF industrial linacs can provide unique parameters of the electron beam for industrial applications. (up to 10MeV, 1MW). For ERDC project we designed normal conducting RF injector with thermal RF gridded gun integrated in first cell of multi-cell cavities. For design of the RF gun we used MICHELLE software to simulate and optimize parameters of the beam. Output file was converted to ASTRA format and most beam dynamic simulations in multi-cell normal conducting cavity and cryomodule were performed by using ASTRA software. For cross-checking we compare results of MICHELLE and AS-TRA in first few cells. At the end of injector beam reach ~250keV energy which allow to trap bunch in acceleration regime without losses in TESLA like 1.3 GHz cavity. Short solenoid at the end of injector allow to regulate transverse beam size in cryomodule to match beam to extraction system and also reduce charge losses in accelerator.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cold Test Results of Pre-Production PIP-II SSR2 Cavities with High-Power Couplers in the Fermilab Spoke Test Cryostat

As part of the PIP-II project at Fermilab, a pre-production cryomodule featuring 325 MHz Single Spoke Resonator type 2 (SSR2) superconducting RF cavities is under construction. These SSR2 cavities are fabricated by industry partners and undergo initial cold testing at our collaborating institution, IJCLab in France, utilizing low-power coupler. Subsequently, the cavities are subjected to final qualification at Fermilab, complete with tuner and high-power coupler assemblies. This paper provides an overview of the ongoing efforts dedicated to high-power testing of jacketed SSR2 cavities in the Spoke Test Cryostat (STC) at Fermilab. Performance parameters obtained from these tests are presented, offering valuable insights into the cavities operational characteristics and readiness for integration into the PIP-II cryomodule.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Field Emission Analysis in SRF Cavities for PIP-II Using GEANT4

Field emission (FE) remains a significant hurdle for achieving optimal performance and reliability in super-conducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities used in accelerator cryomodules. A thorough understanding of the generation and propagation of FE-induced radiation is therefore essential to mitigate this problem. The absence of standardized measurement protocols further complicates the comparison of radiation data across different testing phases and facilities. This highlights the need for a precise quantitative method to diagnose and analyze FE-induced radiation. Such efforts could prove beneficial for improving cavity preparation and cleanroom assembly techniques during the prototype and production stages of Fermilab's Proton Improvement Plan-II (PIP-II) project. This study presents the initial steps of detailed Geant4 simulations aimed at analyzing FE-induced radiation in the low-beta 650 MHz 5-cell elliptical (LB650) cavity. Our goal is to combine these results with radiation diagnostics to enhance diagnostic accuracy and optimize detector positioning. This integrated approach ultimately aims to improve the preparation, assembly, and testing procedures for PIP-II SRF cavities, ensuring the delivery of FE-free cryomodules.

Wijethunga, S. A.K. [Fermilab] (ORCID:000000028765↗
DOE OSTI2026

Nb3Sn Superconducting Cavity Developments for Heavy-ion Beams

Nb3Sn has been identified as the most promising next-generation superconducting material for accelerator cavities. This is due to the higher critical temperature (Tc = 18 K) of Nb3Sn compared to niobium (Tc = 9.2 K), which leads to greatly reduced RF losses in the cavity during 4.5 K operation. This allows two important changes during cavity and cryomodule design. First, the higher Tc leads to negligible BCS losses when operated at 4.5 K, which allows for a higher frequency to be used, translating to significantly smaller cavities and cryomodules. Second, the reduced dissipated power lowers the required cryogenic cooling capacity, meaning that cavities can feasibly be operated on 5-10 W cryocoolers instead of a centralized helium refrigeration plant. These plants and distribution systems are costly and complex, requiring skilled technicians for operation and maintenance. These fundamental changes present an opportunity for a paradigm shift in how low-beta linacs are designed and operated. Fabrication and testing results of first prototypes are discussed.

Petersen, T. [Argonne]↗
DOE OSTI2020

Reduction of waveguide vacuum trips in CEBAF accelerating cavities with a combination ion pump and non-evaporable getter pump

Pressure spikes in the fundamental power coupler waveguide are a significant source of trips during the operation of both original and refurbished superconducting radio-frequency cavities installed in the CEBAF accelerator. In its original configuration, two waveguides from a cavity-pair are connected to a single 32 l/s ion pump. In 2017 a new cavity-pair was installed in a refurbished cryomodule in which a NEXTorr® D200-5 combination ion pump and non-evaporable getter pump was installed for each waveguide. It is shown that hydrogen is the dominant residual gas in the waveguide and simulations with Molflow+ indicated that the new pumping scheme allows reducing the pressure at the end of the waveguide by a factor of ~5 , compared to the original configuration. In conclusion, the new cavity-pair has been operating in CEBAF for a total of 431 days and it only had a total of 3 trips due to vacuum spikes in the waveguide.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Electropolishing parameters study for surface smoothening of low-$\beta$650 MHz five-cell niobium superconducting radio frequency cavity

Electropolishing (EP) is applied to niobium (Nb) superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities, which are used in particle accelerators for their surface treatment. The EP process for 1.3 GHz cavities has been extensively studied earlier. In this work, a parametric study on EP of low-β (0.61) 650 MHz Nb SRF cavities (LB650), which will be used in pre-production cryomodule for proton improvement plan-II (PIP-II) linear accelerator, was conducted to determine adequate EP conditions for attaining a smooth surface of the cavities. EP performed with the standard parameters and an initial cathode (cathode-I) having a cathode surface area of ~5% of the cavity surface area yielded a rough equator surface of the cavity. The grain step height on the equator weld position was measured to be ~ 32 μm. The rough surface was attributed to preferential grain etching confirmed by a polarization curve showing a linear relationship between the EP current and voltage and the absence of the current plateau region. The cathode was modified to make its surface area twice that of cathode-I. The modified cathode (cathode-M) provided a current plateau region in the corresponding I-V curves measured at different cavity temperatures. The onset voltage for the plateau was found to be higher at higher cavity temperatures. Here this study revealed that even with cathode-M, the standard 18 V was low for EP of such large-sized cavities when the cavity temperature was 18 °C. EP performed at a higher voltage of 22–24.5 V with cathode-M yielded a smooth surface with a grain step height of only 0.6 μm. The applied EP conditions also improved removal uniformity along the cavity length. In contrast to the cavity treated with cathode-I, the cavities treated with cathode-M achieved a significantly higher accelerating gradient (E acc ) in vertical tests conducted in a cryostat at 2 K. The modified EP was found efficient to produce the cavities that achieved E acc of 22.4 MV/m, required by PIP II project in the baseline RF tests, to qualify for further surface processing used to enhance their quality factors.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

An 8 GeV linac as the Booster replacement in the Fermilab Power Upgrade

Increasing the Main Injector beam power above ~ 1.2 MW requires replacement of the 8 GeV Booster by a higher intensity alternative. In this paper, we consider an 8 GeV linac Booster replacement that produces 8 GeV H$^{-}$ beam for injection into the Recycler Ring or Main Injector. This upgrade will maximize the beam available for neutrino production for the long baseline DUNE experiment to greater than 2.5 MW and enable a next generation frontier experiments. The 8 GeV linac takes ~ 1 GeV beam from the PIP-II Linac and accelerates it to ~ 2 GeV in a650 MHz superconducting RF linac, followed by a ~ 2 to 8 GeV pulsed linac using 1300 MHz cryomodules. The linac components incorporate recent improvements in superconducting RF technology. The linac configuration and beam dynamics requirements are presented. Injection options are discussed, including use of an8 GeV Accumulator Ring. Foil-based injection is the present standard but R&D toward implementing laser-assisted injection could enable a significant improvement. Research needed to implement the Booster replacement is described.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Commissioning of a replacement subatmospheric cold box for Jefferson Lab’s Central Helium Liquefier

Jefferson Lab’s Cryogenics Department has designed, fabricated, installed, and commissioned a new subatmospheric cold box to replace one of the two existing units within our Central Helium Liquefier (CHL). The replacement cold box, dubbed SC1R, pumps saturated helium vapor at 0.0385 atm from Jefferson Lab’s continuous electron beam accelerator facility (CEBAF) cryomodules to maintain an operating temperature of nominally 2.1 K. This is accomplished using a five-stage cryogenic centrifugal compressor (cold compressor) system and a brazed aluminum plate-fin heat exchanger operating between 2.1 K and 4.5 K. In this paper we will describe our experience commissioning the SC1R cold box. We will discuss pump-down of the system to 2.1 K and steady-state operation at the cold compressor design flow rates of 170, 200, and 250 g/s. Performance of the heat exchanger and cold compressors has been mapped across a range of flow rates and optimized for CEBAF operations. This commissioning data will be used to monitor future performance and adapt to changing load requirements.

Mastracci, B.↗
DOE OSTI2022

LCLS-II helium cryoplant and cryo distribution system installation

The helium cryoplant and cryo distribution system (CDS) are key elements of the new superconducting Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS-II) and will provide superfluid helium to the accelerator. The cryoplant consists of two helium refrigerators with an equivalent 4.5 K refrigeration capacity of 18 kW each. The 37 cryomodules of the LINAC will be operated at a temperature of 2.0 K to accelerate a 4 GeV electron beam that will generate extremely bright X-ray laser light. Two five-stage cold compressor cold boxes will be utilized to provide superfluid helium II for the superconducting cavity structures with a total cooling capacity of 8 kW at 2.0 K. This paper describes the installation of the LCLS-II cryoplant and CDS. The LCLS-II cryoplant was designed and contributed by Jefferson Lab. To expedite the project completion the reuse of proven design and technology from the Jefferson Lab CHL-2 cryoplant was the preferred strategy. The CDS consists of ~260 m thermally shielded and vacuum super insulated transfer lines, two distribution boxes and eight feed and end caps, and was designed and contributed by Fermilab. SLAC installed the cryoplant components into a newly erected building and the CDS components into the existing accelerator tunnel and klystron gallery with strong engineering support from both partner labs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

LCLS-II Helium Refrigeration System Commissioning Results

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has upgraded to LCLS-II, featuring a 4 GeV superconducting linear accelerator composed of 37 cryomodules and two large helium refrigeration systems with a cooling capacity of 4 kW at 2.0 K. The LCLS-II Helium Refrigeration System (HRS) consists of two compressor stations, each with a power of approximately 4.5 MW, two 4.5 K cold boxes, each with a power of 18 kW equivalent at 4.5 K, and two sets of cold compressors that can each produce a flow of 230 g/s at 31 mbar (2.0K). Performance tests of the HRS were meticulously planned and successfully carried out, with results demonstrating that it exceeded the process requirements for LCLS-II operations. This paper provides a detailed presentation of the LCLS-II HRS performance and the challenges encountered during the commissioning phase.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

LCLS-II Helium Refrigeration System : A comprehensive overview of the project

SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has upgraded to LCLS-II, featuring a 4 GeV superconducting accelerator composed of 37 cryomodules and two large helium refrigeration systems with a total cooling capacity of 8 kW at 2.0 K. The cryogenic system at SLAC is the successful outcome of a nine-year partnership between SLAC, Fermilab, and Jefferson Lab. This paper highlights the joint efforts between Jefferson Lab and SLAC in the development and implementation of the LCLS-II Cryogenic Plants. It details the project organization, schedule, budget, staffing profile and procurement strategy.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

PIP-II Injector Test Cryogenic Transfer Line

PIP-II Injector Test will test a nearly full-scale front end of PIP-II accelerator. The cryogenic transfer line will provide 2 K, 5 K and 40 K refrigeration for Half Wave Resonator and Single Spoke Resonator cryomodules. This paper will focus on design, installation and operation plan of the cryogenic transfer line.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Status of the LCLS-II Cryogenic Distribution System

The LINAC Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) located at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) in Menlo Park, CA, is a U.S. Department of Energy project tasked to design and build a world-class x-ray free-electron laser facility for scientific research. The Linac has superconducting radio frequency cryomodules that are connected to the cryogenic plant by the Cryogenic Distribution System (CDS), which consists of distribution boxes with heat exchangers and reliefs, feed caps, end caps, and surface, vertical, and bypass transfer lines. The CDS components were designed and built to specification by industry. The components have been delivered and their installation at SLAC will be discussed. The as-built relief system design will be presented, showing minimization of relief inlet pressure drops while meeting capacity requirements. The relieving flow pressure drops along the lengths of the CDS to centrally located reliefs at the distribution box were analysed to satisfy Pressure Vessel and Process Piping Code criteria to ensure relief performance. The sub-atmospheric 2 K circuit relieving approach will be discussed, which includes a three-way diverter isolation valve suitable for sub-atmospheric service. The component anchoring load design approach and installation into concrete floor will be discussed. This addresses loading, including seismic loading, along the component’s load path to floor anchoring system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗