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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Temperature statistics in a radiatively heated particle-laden turbulent square duct flow

Radiation absorption by preferentially concentrated particles in a turbulent square duct flow is studied experimentally. The particle-laden flow is exposed to near-infrared radiation, and the gas phase temperature statistics are measured along the wall bisector of the duct. It is found that the instantaneous temperature fluctuations are comparable to the overall mean temperature rise. The temperature statistics at the duct centerline and near the wall are qualitatively different. The former reflects preferential concentration in isotropic flows while the latter displays evidence of particle clustering into streamwise elongated streaks. Comparison of the experimental data to a simplified heat transfer model suggests that the Lagrangian evolution of particle clusters and voids, and turbulent mixing in the vicinity of particle clusters, are important. This work was motivated by particle solar receiver technology, but the findings are also relevant to systems where there is localized heat release or mass transfer from disperse particles or droplets. It shows that obtaining Lagrangian histories of particle trajectories is an important next step towards understanding thermal transport phenomena in particle-laden turbulent flows.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Magnetism Studies of Bis(acyl)phosphide-Supported Eu 3+ and Eu 2+ Complexes

A series of bis(acyl)phosphide-supported Eu complexes were synthesized (bis(acyl)phosphide = BAP). Here, in this study, BAP ligands proved to be excellent ligands for the synthesis of both Eu 3+ and Eu 2+ molecular complexes. Sodium bis(mesitoyl)phosphide (Na( mes BAP)) and sodium bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)phosphide (Na( tripp BAP)) were employed as ligand precursors for the synthesis of the Eu 3+ complexes Eu(bis(mesitoyl)phosphide) 3 (thf) 2 (Eu( mes BAP) 3 (thf) 2 ) and Eu(bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)phosphide) 3 (Eu( tripp BAP) 3 ), as well as the Eu 2+ complex, Eu(bis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoyl)phosphide) 2 (dme) 2 (Eu( tripp BAP) 2 (dme) 2 ) (thf = tetrahydrofuran, dme = 1,2-dimethoxyethane). All complexes were characterized using a combination of UV–vis–NIR–IR and NMR spectroscopies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD). The magnetic properties of these three monomeric Eu complexes were investigated by variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic data are typical for these ions, with Eu( tripp BAP) 2 (dme) 2 displaying Curie-type behavior. Both Eu( tripp BAP) 3 and Eu( mes BAP) 3 (thf) 2 possess similar 7 F 0 - 7 F 1 spin–orbit energy gaps and a similar zero-field splitting of the 7 F 1 state.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Deciphering supramolecular and polymer-like behavior in metallogels: real-time insights into temperature-modulated gelation and rapid self-assembly dynamics

Bis(pyridyl) urea-based gelators, namely L2 and its isomeric mixture ( L1 + L2 ), are known to self-assemble into 1D architectures capable of inducing supramolecular gelation. Coordination with metal ions such as Ag( I ), Cu( II ), and Fe( III ) introduces structural reinforcement, enabling the formation of distinct 3D networks governed by metal-specific coordination geometries. Here, we present a comprehensive investigation into the temperature-responsive behavior (20–60 °C) of L2 and L1 + L2 , both in the absence and presence of Ag( I ), Dy( III ), Fe( III ), Cu( II ), and Ho( III ), using real-time small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). To probe long-term structural evolution/kinetics of self-assembly, real-time small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was employed on L2 + Ag gels, complemented by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate thermal transitions. Our results reveal strikingly divergent gelation behaviors: L2 forms a highly rigid, covalent polymer-like network, while L1 + L2 exhibits remarkable thermal adaptability. Upon metal coordination, the assemblies exhibit pronounced crystallinity and exceptional thermal stability, as evidenced by persistent Bragg reflections and invariant d-spacings. Intriguingly, L2 : Fe (2 : 1) and L1 : L2 : Fe (0.5 : 0.5 : 1) in acetonitrile-d 3 (ACN-d 3 ) deviate from this trend, forming thermally labile amorphous gels. These systems show a complete loss of crystalline order, reduced Porod exponents—indicative of collapsed or branched fiber morphologies—and prominent melting and glass transition events in DSC. Fitting SANS and SAXS data to the correlation length model unveiled insightful nanostructural features. While most systems displayed minimal temperature-induced variation in mesh size or surface morphology, L2 : Ag in dimethyl sulfoxide-d 6 (DMSO-d 6 )/D 2 O and L2 : Fe (1 : 1) in ACN-d 3 exhibited a rare combination of thermally stable correlation lengths and increasing high- q exponents—strongly suggesting progressive fiber densification or surface smoothing within a robust gel framework. These findings highlight the tunability and structural resilience of supramolecular gels through precise control of ligand architecture, metal coordination, and temperature, offering valuable design principles for functional soft materials.

Pajoubpong, Jinnipha [Univ. of Cincinnati, OH (Uni↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Prototype High-Voltage Pulsed Power Supply for Control of the ITER Shattered Pellet Injection System Flyer Plate Valve

A high-voltage pulsed power supply (HVPPS) has been designed, prototyped, and tested for driving an eddy current actuated propellant valve for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) disruption mitigation system. The high-voltage (HV) dc supply output voltage is software programmable, and the energy storage capacitor bank can be readily reconfigured as 200, 400, 600, and 800 μ F, enabling testing and optimization of both the valve drive and valve systems. Multiple system parameters are monitored before, during, and after each firing of the valve. The system parameters are both displayed and stored for further analysis. Control of the setup, firing sequence, and data collection is automated using a LabVIEW-based control program. The programmability and reconfigurability of this system collectively provide a flexible and robust platform for system refinement and optimization. In this article, a summary of the system will be provided including operational sequences, HV switching and associated triggering methods and circuits, and results measured while firing a solid frozen pellet. Additionally, planned refinement activities toward meeting all requirements for ITER integration will be discussed.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Genomic and phenotypic comparison of two variants of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolated during the 2015–2017 multi-state outbreak in cattle

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Heidelberg (Salmonella Heidelberg) has caused several multistate foodborne outbreaks in the United States, largely associated with the consumption of poultry. However, a 2015–2017 multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak was linked to contact with dairy beef calves. Traceback investigations revealed calves infected with outbreak strains of Salmonella Heidelberg exhibited symptoms of disease frequently followed by death from septicemia. To investigate virulence characteristics of Salmonella Heidelberg as a pathogen in bovine, two variants with distinct pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns that differed in morbidity and mortality during the multistate outbreak were genotypically and phenotypically characterized and compared. Strain SX 245 with PFGE pattern JF6X01.0523 was identified as a dominant and highly pathogenic variant causing high morbidity and mortality in affected calves, whereas strain SX 244 with PFGE pattern JF6X01.0590 was classified as a low pathogenic variant causing less morbidity and mortality. Comparison of whole-genome sequences determined that SX 245 lacked ~200 genes present in SX 244, including genes associated with the IncI1 plasmid and phages; SX 244 lacked eight genes present in SX 245 including a second YdiV Anti-FlhC(2)FlhD(4) factor, a lysin motif domain containing protein, and a pentapeptide repeat protein. RNA-sequencing revealed fimbriae-related, flagella-related, and chemotaxis genes had increased expression in SX 245 compared to SX 244. Furthermore, SX 245 displayed higher invasion of human and bovine epithelial cells than SX 244. These data suggest that the presence and up-regulation of genes involved in type 1 fimbriae production, flagellar regulation and biogenesis, and chemotaxis may play a role in the increased pathogenicity and host range expansion of the Salmonella Heidelberg isolates involved in the bovine-related outbreak.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Generative Model for Realistic Galaxy Cluster X-Ray Morphologies

Abstract The X-ray morphologies of clusters of galaxies display significant variations, reflecting their dynamical histories and the nonlinear dependence of X-ray emissivity on the density of the intracluster gas. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of X-ray morphology have long been considered a proxy for determining whether clusters are dynamically active or “relaxed.” Conversely, the use of circularly or elliptically symmetric models for cluster emission can be complicated by the variety of complex features realized in nature, spanning scales from megaparsecs down to the resolution limit of current X-ray observatories. In this work, we use mock X-ray images from simulated clusters from The Three Hundred project to define a basis set of cluster image features. We take advantage of the clusters’ approximate self-similarity to minimize the differences between images before encoding the remaining diversity through a distribution of high-order polynomial coefficients. Principal component analysis then provides an orthogonal basis for this distribution, corresponding to natural perturbations from an average model. This representation allows novel, realistically complex X-ray cluster images to be easily generated, and we provide code to do so. The approach provides a simple way to generate training data for cluster image analysis algorithms and could be straightforwardly adapted to generate clusters displaying specific types of features or selected by physical characteristics available in the original simulations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Solar collector installation design system including exceptional condition management and display

Embodiments may include systems and methods to create and edit a representation of a worksite, to create various data objects, to classify such objects as various types of pre-defined “features” with attendant properties and layout constraints. As part of or in addition to classification, an embodiment may include systems and methods to create, associate, and edit intrinsic and extrinsic properties to these objects. A design engine may apply of design rules to the features described above to generate one or more solar collectors installation design alternatives, including generation of on-screen and/or paper representations of the physical layout or arrangement of the one or more design alternatives. In some embodiments, metadata about the design process, including the process of classifying features and providing user input, generating layouts, and then modifying those layouts, may be generated. The metadata may include information about exceptional conditions in the project state information or design. A list of exceptions corresponding to exceptional conditions may be generated, and the designer may interact with these exceptions in a variety of ways, such as by complying with rules to remove an item from the exceptions list or overriding the application of the rules. The exceptions may be non-blocking relative to other user actions.

Wayne, Gary↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multiwavelength investigations of PKS 2300–18: S-shaped radio quasar with precessing jets and double-peaked broad emission-line spectrum

ABSTRACT S-shaped radio galaxy jets are prime sources for investigating the dynamic interplay between the central active galactic nucleus (AGN), the jets, and the ambient intergalactic medium. These sources are excellent candidates for studying jet precession, as their S-shaped inversion symmetry strongly indicates underlying precession. We present a multiwavelength analysis of the giant inversion-symmetric S-shaped radio galaxy PKS 2300$-$18, which spans 0.76 Mpc. The host is a quasar at a redshift of 0.128, displaying disturbed optical morphology due to an ongoing merger with a companion galaxy. We conducted a broad-band radio spectral study using multifrequency data ranging from 183 MHz to 6 GHz, incorporating dedicated observations with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (uGMRT) and Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) alongside archival radio data. A particle injection model was fitted to the spectra of different regions of the source to perform ageing analysis, which was supplemented with a kinematic jet precession model. The ageing analysis revealed a maximum plasma age of $\sim$ 40 Myr, while the jet precession model indicated a precession period of $\sim$ 12 Myr. ROentgen SATellite (ROSAT) data revealed an X-ray halo of Mpc size, and from Chandra the AGN X-ray spectrum was modelled using thermal and power-law components. The optical spectrum displaying double-peaked broad emission lines was modelled, indicating complex broad-line region kinematics at the centre with the possibility of a binary SMBH. We present the results of our multiwavelength analysis of the source, spanning scales from a few light-days to a few Mpc, and discuss its potential evolutionary path.

Misra, Arpita↗
DOE OSTI2022

OpenPATH and Itinerum Integration: A Case Study of Merging Open-Source Projects: Preprint

Throughout the transportation sector, multiple mobility tracking platforms have been developed independently, in parallel, with similar use cases and infrastructure. Maintaining such platforms on an individual level can result in duplicated effort. Innovation within the field could be slowed by the limited resource of people working on extremely similar projects. We provide a case study in how such platforms can be combined with low effort and provide an example in the mobility domain of what the resulting integration points, modules and ownership may look like. OpenPATH (formerly e-mission) and Itinerum are two examples of similar independently developed human mobility tracking platforms that extend beyond standard traffic data collection. Due to the open source nature of the projects, members from both teams decided to merge the functionality, thereby only hosting a single data collection process and limiting maintenance of separate intake platforms. On the front-end, specific questionnaire functionality from Itinerum, mainly the ability to display and return questions and results focused on sociodemographic attributes, was integrated into the OpenPATH user interface. On the back-end, an export pipeline stage was created to transport collected data back to the Itinerum database. Upon completion, the OpenPATH application retained its original functionality while adding the ability to export data for future data sharing and creating an avenue to incorporate Itinerum hosted questions and answers. Itinerum benefits from the rich feature set and infrastructure of OpenPATH without losing needed elements such as the questionnaire component. This case study, within the transportation sector, illustrates the various configurations in which open source software can be developed, maintained and deployed.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2022

High repetition rate mapping of the interaction between a laser plasma and magnetized background plasma via laser induced fluorescence

In this work, the laminar coupling of energy between a laser-produced plasma and a background magnetized plasma was investigated via planar laser induced fluorescence diagnostic and magnetic flux probes. Experiments performed on the Large Plasma Device at the University of California, Los Angeles, mapped out the two-dimensional spatiotemporal evolution of the laser-plasma (debris) ion velocity distribution function (VDF) to assess debris-background coupling in a sub-Alfvénic regime. The acquisition of these data necessitates high repetition rate (1 Hz) as each dataset is the accumulation of thousands of laser shots, which would not be feasible in single-shot experiments. Fully kinetic, three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are compared to the measured VDFs to provide a framework in which we can understand the coupling of a sub-Alfvénic plasma flow through a preformed, magnetized plasma. The simulations display the same departure from the expected gyromotion of the debris plasma as observed in the experimental data, and in conjunction with the measured magnetic field traces, have led to the direct observation of the collisionless coupling via laminar fields.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

RCSB Protein Data Bank: improved annotation, search and visualization of membrane protein structures archived in the PDB

Abstract Motivation Membrane proteins are encoded by approximately one fifth of human genes but account for more than half of all US FDA approved drug targets. Thanks to new technological advances, the number of membrane proteins archived in the PDB is growing rapidly. However, automatic identification of membrane proteins or inference of membrane location is not a trivial task. Results We present recent improvements to the RCSB Protein Data Bank web portal (RCSB PDB, rcsb.org) that provide a wealth of new membrane protein annotations integrated from four external resources: OPM, PDBTM, MemProtMD and mpstruc. We have substantially enhanced the presentation of data on membrane proteins. The number of membrane proteins with annotations available on rcsb.org was increased by ∼80%. Users can search for these annotations, explore corresponding tree hierarchies, display membrane segments at the 1D amino acid sequence level, and visualize the predicted location of the membrane layer in 3D. Availability and implementation Annotations, search, tree data and visualization are available at our rcsb.org web portal. Membrane visualization is supported by the open-source Mol* viewer (molstar.org and github.com/molstar/molstar). Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Single-channel and single-energy partial-wave analysis with continuity improved through minimal phase constraints

Single-energy partial-wave analysis has often been applied as a way to fit data with minimal model dependence. However, remaining unconstrained, partial waves at neighboring energies will vary discontinuously because the overall amplitude phase cannot be determined through single-channel measurements. This problem can be mitigated through the use of a constraining penalty function based on an associated energy-dependent fit. However, the weight given to this constraint results in a biased fit to the data. In this paper, for the first time, we explore a constraining function which does not influence the fit to data. The constraint comes from the overall phase found in multichannel fits which, in the present study, are the Bonn-Gatchina and Jülich-Bonn multichannel analyses. The data are well reproduced and weighting of the penalty function does not influence the result. The method is applied to K⁢Λ photoproduction data and all observables can be maximally well reproduced. While the employed multichannel analyses display very different multipole amplitudes, we show that the major difference between two sets of multipoles can be related to the different overall phases.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Elastic Antiproton-Nucleus Scattering from Chiral Forces

Elastic scattering of antiprotons off He 4 , C 12 , and O 16 , 18 is described for the first time with a consistent microscopic approach based on the calculation of an optical potential (OP) describing the antiproton-target interaction. The OP is derived using the recent antiproton-nucleon ( p ¯ N ) chiral interaction to calculate the p ¯ N t matrix, while the target densities are computed with the ab initio no-core shell model using chiral interactions as well. Here, our results are in good agreement with the existing experimental data and the results computed at different chiral orders of the p ¯ N interaction display a well-defined convergence pattern.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optical device for in-line and real-time monitoring of microorganisms

A multi-wavelength laser diode based optical sensor system capable of monitoring the dynamics and physiological changes of a microorganism culture in real-time. The microorganism culture from a microorganism production chamber is pumped to a flow chamber. Laser diodes emit light at certain wavelengths through the flow chamber, which is sensed by photodiodes. A laser control circuitry is operatively connected to the laser diodes and a signal conditioning circuitry is operatively connected to the photodiodes. A microprocessor reads and records voltage signals corresponding to the wavelengths. A data acquisition system converts said voltage signals into measurements of biological parameters, which are displayed on a graphical user interface and allow a user to monitor the measurements in real time.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

A measurement of the distance to the Galactic centre using the kinematics of bar stars

The distance to the Galactic centre R 0 is a fundamental parameter for understanding the Milky Way, because all observations of our Galaxy are made from our heliocentric reference point. The uncertainty in R 0 limits our knowledge of many aspects of the Milky Way, including its total mass and the relative mass of its major components, and any orbital parameters of stars employed in chemo-dynamical analyses. While measurements of R 0 have been improving over a century, measurements in the past few years from a variety of methods still find a wide range of R 0 being somewhere within 8.0 to $8.5\, \mathrm{kpc}$. The most precise measurements to date have to assume that Sgr A* is at rest at the Galactic centre, which may not be the case. In this paper, we use maps of the kinematics of stars in the Galactic bar derived from APOGEE DR17 and Gaia EDR3 data augmented with spectrophotometric distances from the astroNN neural-network method. These maps clearly display the minimum in the rotational velocity v T and the quadrupolar signature in radial velocity v R expected for stars orbiting in a bar. From the minimum in v T , we measure $R_0 = 8.23\pm 0.12\, \mathrm{kpc}$. We validate our measurement using realistic N-body simulations of the Milky Way. We further measure the pattern speed of the bar to be $\Omega _\mathrm{bar} = 40.08\pm 1.78\, \mathrm{km\, s}^{-1}\,\mathrm{kpc}^{-1}$. Because the bar forms out of the disc, its centre is manifestly the barycentre of the bar+disc system and our measurement is therefore one of the most robust and accurate measurements of R 0 to date.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Machine learning approaches to streamline and enhance the analysis of multiscale imaging data for bioaerosol and soil particles

Bioaerosol and soil particles are ubiquitous in the environment. They are multicomponent and complex in nature displaying mixed inorganic and organic components. The way components are mixed in a bioaerosol sample is referred to as its mixing state. Soil particles are also a mixture of inorganic (mineral) and organic (soil organic matter) components. Bioaerosol particles contribute to a major fraction of coarse mode atmospheric particles, especially in the tropical areas, contributing up to 80 % of the particle mass concentration. The mixing state of particles is crucial to evaluate because it impacts several important environmental processes such as warm and cold cloud formation and radiation budget. Mixing states in aerosols are accompanied by chemical reactions across solid-liquid-gas interfaces. In this study, we utilized elemental compositions and microcopy images of thousands of atmospheric particles acquired by computer-controlled scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer to compute the mixing state of atmospheric particles. A 2D convolutional neural network (CNN), also known as convnet, was used to model the relationship between low resolution imaging data and higher resolution spectroscopy data, with the former as training input and the latter as target output. Two types of CNNs were implemented and tested; a basic CNN and an Inception-v3 network. For binary classification, the basic CNN achieved an accuracy of 84.29 % across all atom types, and the Inception-v3-like network achieved an accuracy 85.51 %. This study demonstrates the applicability of deep learning to handle large amounts of imaging/chemical spectroscopy data efficiently and evaluate particle mixing state from a range of environmental samples.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

TITUS: Visualization of Neutrino Events in Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers

The amount and complexity of data recorded by high energy physics experiments are rapidly growing, and with these grow the difficulties in visualizing such data. To study the physics of neutrinos, a type of elementary particle, scientists use liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) detectors, among other technologies. LArTPCs have a very high spatial resolution and resolve many of the elementary particles that come out of a neutrino interacting within the argon in the detector. Visualizing these neutrino interactions is of fundamental importance to understanding the properties of neutrinos, but also monitoring and checking on the detector conditions and operations. From these ideas, we have developed TITUS, an event display that shows images recorded by these neutrino detectors. TITUS is a piece of software that reads data coming from LArTPC detectors (as well as the corresponding simulation) and allows users to explore such data in multiple ways. TITUS is flexible to enable fast prototyping and customization.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Incident exercise in a virtual environment

An incident simulation system supports an incident exercise in a virtual environment. The incident simulation system accesses a simulation plan defining an incident within a theater of operation. The incident simulation system simulates the incident exercise by displaying, to a participant in the incident exercise, images representing what the participant would see within the theater of operation as the participant moves within the theater of operation. The incident simulation system further simulates the incident by generating incident data indicating effects of the incident at target locations and at target times as the participant moves within the theater of operation. The incident simulation system further simulates the incident by displaying to the participant images representing the user experience that a detector would provide based on the generated incident data.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗