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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Electric Drive Technology Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Future Electric Vehicles

The transition to electric road transport technologies requires electric traction drive systems to offer improved performances and capabilities, such as fuel efficiency (in terms of MPGe, i.e., miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent), extended range, and fast-charging options. The enhanced electrification and transformed mobility are translating to a demand for higher power and more efficient electric traction drive systems that lead to better fuel economy for a given battery charge. To accelerate the mass-market adoption of electrified transportation, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in collaboration with the automotive industry, has announced the technical targets for light-duty electric vehicles (EVs) for 2025. This article discusses the electric drive technology trends for passenger electric and hybrid EVs with commercially available solutions in terms of materials, electric machine and inverter designs, maximum speed, component cooling, power density, and performance. Additionally, the emerging materials and technologies for power electronics and electric motors are presented, identifying the challenges and opportunities for even more aggressive designs to meet the need for next-generation EVs. Some innovative drive and motor designs with the potential to meet the DOE 2025 targets are also discussed.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2020

A comprehensive diffusion mobility database comprising 23 elements for magnesium alloys

We report that reliable experimental diffusion coefficients of 10 key alloying elements in Mg obtained by the present authors together with experimental data in the literature enabled us to perform a systematic test of the reliability of diffusion coefficients obtained from DFT calculations. The computed activation energy values were found to be quite accurate (mostly within 0.2 eV) but the computed pre-factors were less reliable. Such insights allowed us to develop a practical and yet robust strategy to perform diffusion mobility assessments by adopting the computed activation energy while fitting only the pre-factor when available experimental data are limited to a narrow temperature range. The overall good agreement between the DFT data and experimental data also gave us the confidence to employ the computed data for those that were still missing or inaccessible from experimental measurements. A systematic assessment of both the measured and computed diffusion data in hcp Mg was performed using the above holistic approach to yield the most comprehensive open Mg mobility database to date, comprising 23 elements (Mg, Ag, Al, Be, Ca, Cd, Ce, Cu, Fe, Ga, Gd, In, La, Li, Mn, Nd, Ni, Pu, Sb, Sn, U, Y, Zn). This more reliable mobility database will contribute to future development of advanced Mg alloys. The holistic approach developed in this study will be very beneficial to the future establishment of reliable mobility databases for other alloy systems as well.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Analytic Neural Network Gaussian Process Enabled Chance-Constrained Voltage Regulation for Active Distribution Systems with PVs, Batteries and EVs

This paper proposes an analytic neural network Gaussian process (NNGP)-based chance-constrained real-time voltage regulation method for active distribution systems with photovoltaics (PVs), batteries, and electric vehicles (EVs). NNGP can utilize historical measurement data to achieve real-time probabilistic node voltage estimation through Bayesian inference. Then, NNGP is fully analytically embedded into the optimal power flow model to perform voltage regulation and adapt to various topological changes. The uncertainties of voltage estimations are easily considered via the chance constraint, and it has been shown that the adoption of this chance constraint can significantly improve the reliability of voltage regulation under various scenarios. The comparison results with other methods, carried out on a real 759-node distribution system located in western Colorado, U.S., show that the proposed method can achieve accurate voltage estimation across different topologies and reliably perform voltage regulation considering PVs, batteries, and EVs.

active distribution systems↗
DOE OSTI2026

Neutron detector response modeling in NOvA

Neutrons can present a significant challenge for neutrino experiments in which energy reconstruction is critical. With the ability to escape detection completely and with a weak correlation between their kinetic energy and any eventual energy deposition, it is difficult to fully account for neutrons produced in neutrino interactions. This in turn leads to significant model dependence when evaluating neutron-related systematic uncertainties. The NOvA experiment is a long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment with a high-statistics sample of antineutrino data collected by its near detector. We report an excess relative to data of simulated neutron candidates with low energy depositions when using standard Geant4 physics lists. The simulation excess is traced to an overabundance of secondary photons produced from interactions of neutrons with kinetic energy greater than \SI{20}{\mega\eV}. Improved agreement with data is obtained by applying the data-driven neutron-on-carbon \menate model for neutrons between \SI{20}{\mega\eV} and ${\sim}$\SI{100}{\mega\eV}. With \menate, the residual oversimulation is more uniform across the calorimetric neutron energy spectrum, suggesting possible overproduction of primary neutrons by the GENIE neutrino interaction generator. These results motivate the adoption of \menate-supplemented Geant4 simulation as the nominal simulation in the production of future \nova simulation.

Abubakar, S.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Role of Electric Vehicles in the U.S. Power Sector Transition: A System-Level Perspective

After over a century of petroleum dominance many anticipate that electrification could disrupt the transportation energy landscape. At the same time, the electric power systems are undergoing profound changes: variable renewables are displacing conventional generation sources; distributed generation is disrupting utility business models; energy storage and other new technologies are emerging; and the traditional system based on the premise that generation is dispatched to match an inelastic demand is evolving to create a system with greater participation in power system planning and operations from traditionally passive consumers. In this context, it is important to understand how transportation electrification will impact electricity demand and in turn electricity supply, including changes in the load shapes that characterize the system and the opportunity to leverage flexible electric vehicle (EV) charging to better integrate demand and supply. Assessing the impacts of electrification on the energy system requires an understanding of how it might impact the amount and shape of electricity consumption, and how this electricity can be supplied. In particular, increased adoption of electric vehicles introduces a new source of demand altogether, potentially very flexible. Moreover, electrification could shift the consumption of natural gas between sectors, thereby affecting the economics for natural gas-fired generation relative to other electricity generation options. Several factors will impact the evolution of the power system under a widespread electrified future, which, in turn, could have far-reaching effects on future energy costs and emissions.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

liionpack: A Python package for simulating packs of batteries with PyBaMM

Electrification of transport and other energy intensive activities is of growing importance as it provides an underpinning method to reduce carbon emissions. With an increase in reliance on renewable sources of energy and a reduction in the use of more predictable fossil fuels in both stationary and mobile applications, energy storage will play a pivotal role and batteries are currently the most widely adopted and versatile form. Therefore, understanding how batteries work, how they degrade, and how to optimize and manage their operation at large scales is critical to achieving emission reduction targets. The electric vehicle (EV) industry requires a considerable number of batteries even for a single vehicle, sometimes numbering in the thousands if smaller cells are used, and the dynamics and degradation of these systems, as well as large stationary power systems, is not that well understood. As increases in the efficiency of a single battery become diminishing for standard commercially available chemistries, gains made at the system level become more important and can potentially be realised more quickly compared with developing new chemistries. Mathematical models and simulations provide a way to address these challenging questions and can aid the engineer and designers of batteries and battery management systems to provide longer lasting and more efficient energy storage systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

EV Stock and Load Forecasting for HECO [Slides]

This presentation covers the work completed for the HECO Forecasting Department for the Electric Vehicle Stock and Load Forecast for Integrated Grid Planning project. This project uses a suite of detailed analytical tools developed by the National Laboratory of the Rockies, including TEMPO and EVI-Pro, to develop future scenarios to 2050 of county-level electric vehicle adoption and associated annual hourly charging load profiles for the state of Hawaii.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Rb 4 CuSb 2 Cl 11 and Rb 2 In 0.91(0.2) Sb 0.09 Cl 5 ·H 2 O: Wide Band Gap 0D Metal Halide Semiconductors

Herein, we report the discovery, structural and photophysical characterization of a new zero-dimensional (0D) lead-free all-inorganic halide, Rb 4 CuSb 2 Cl 11 , which adopts a new structure type. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) shows that the structure consists of isolated, distorted seesaw [SbCl 4 ] − and trigonal planar [CuCl 3 ] 2− units, separated by Rb + cations that provide charge balance. Optoelectronic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate an indirect band gap of 2.89 eV, making it a candidate for wide-bandgap optoelectronic applications. Electrical resistivity was measured at 1.29 × 10 10 Ω·cm, and the trap-state density (n trap ) was found to be 7.44 × 10 10 cm −3 . Attempts to synthesize substitution analogs of Rb 4 CuSb 2 Cl 11 led to the synthesis of Rb 2 In 0.91(0.2) Sb 0.09 Cl 5 ·H 2 O, which was erroneously reported as Rb 2 SbCl 5 O in a previous study. Rb 2 In 0.91(0.2) Sb 0.09 Cl 5 ·H 2 O adopts a vacancyordered perovskite structure and exhibits broad-band yellow emission under UV excitation. The measured photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) for Rb 2 In 0.91 (0.2)Sb 0.09 Cl 5 ·H 2 O is 18.2%. These findings add to the growing class of quaternary metal halides with multiple cation and anion compositions, expanding the chemical phase space for the discovery of new materials with functional properties.

Crystal structure↗
DOE OSTI2025

CyberMESA: Evaluation Procedures and Metrics for Charging Infrastructure Cybersecurity

A report detailing the cybersecurity evaluation and assessment procedures for EV charging infrastructure. This report is authored by three national lab contributors. INL, PNNL, NRL. The grid integration of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure (EVCI) is a large and complex system of systems (SoS) made up of components from many manufacturers and integrated by various companies responsible for their operation and maintenance. This complexity makes it challenging to implement security standards like IEC 62443 across the entire infrastructure. This document aims to aid in the vulnerability assessments of individual devices, such as Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE), to support vendors in adopting and implementing security standards such as UL 2900, NIST SP 800-53 and Common Criteria (CC) (ISO/IEC 15408). This document serves as a guide to help evaluate the cybersecurity posture of EVCI assets. It aims to provide a consistent method for evaluating EVCI, enabling cybersecurity research teams to systematically test a wide range of electric vehicle (EV) assets. The target audiences include cybersecurity research teams, vendor development teams, automotive OEMs, and third-party evaluators.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2021

High performance tandem organic solar cells via a strongly infrared-absorbing narrow bandgap acceptor

Tandem organic solar cells are based on the device structure monolithically connecting two solar cells to broaden overall absorption spectrum and utilize the photon energy more efficiently. Herein, we demonstrate a simple strategy of inserting a double bond between the central core and end groups of the small molecule acceptor Y6 to extend its conjugation length and absorption range. As a result, a new narrow bandgap acceptor BTPV-4F was synthesized with an optical bandgap of 1.21 eV. The single-junction devices based on BTPV-4F as acceptor achieved a power conversion efficiency of over 13.4% with a high short-circuit current density of 28.9 mA cm -2 . With adopting BTPV-4F as the rear cell acceptor material, the resulting tandem devices reached a high power conversion efficiency of over 16.4% with good photostability. The results indicate that BTPV-4F is an efficient infrared-absorbing narrow bandgap acceptor and has great potential to be applied into tandem organic solar cells.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Electric vehicle supply equipment location and capacity allocation for fixed-route networks

Electric vehicle (EV) supply equipment location and allocation (EVSELCA) problems for freight vehicles are becoming more important because of the trending electrification shift. Some previous works address EV charger location and vehicle routing problems simultaneously by generating vehicle routes from scratch. Although such routes can be efficient, introducing new routes may violate practical constraints, such as drive schedules, and satisfying electrification requirements can require dramatically altering existing routes. To address the challenges in the prevailing adoption scheme, we approach the problem from a fixed -route perspective. We develop a mixed -integer linear program, a clustering approach, and a metaheuristic solution method using a genetic algorithm (GA) to solve the EVSELCA problem. The clustering approach simplifies the problem by grouping customers into clusters, while the GA generates solutions that are shown to be nearly optimal for small problem cases. A case study examines how charger costs, energy costs, the value of time (VOT), and battery capacity impact the cost of the EVSELCA. Charger equipment costs were found to be the most significant component in the objective function, leading to a substantial reduction in cost when decreased. VOT costs exhibited a significant decrease with rising energy costs. Further, an increase in VOT resulted in a notable rise in the number of fast chargers. Longer EV ranges decrease total costs up to a certain point, beyond which the decrease in total costs is negligible.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Demand-Side Grid (dsgrid) TEMPO Light-Duty Vehicle Charging Profiles v2022

Simulated hourly electric vehicle charging profiles for light-duty household passenger vehicles in the contiguous United States, 2018-2050. Profiles are differentiated by scenario, county, household and vehicle types, and charging type. Data was produced in 2022 using the Transportation Energy & Mobility Pathway Options (TEMPO) model and published in demand-side grid (dsgrid) toolkit format. Data are available for three adoption scenarios: "AEO Reference Case", which is aligned with the U.S. EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2018 (linked below), "EFS High Electrification", which is aligned with the High Electrification scenario of the Electrification Futures Study (linked below), and "All EV Sales by 2035", which assumes that average passenger light-duty EV sales reach 50% in 2030 and 100% in 2035. The charging shapes are derived from two key assumptions of which data users should be aware: "ubiquitous charger access", meaning that drivers of vehicles are assumed to have access to a charger whenever a trip is not in progress, and "immediate charging", meaning that immediately after trip completion, vehicles are plugged in and charge until they are either fully recharged or taken on another trip. These assumptions result in a bounding case in which vehicles' state of charge is maximized at all times. This bounding case would minimize range anxiety, but is unrealistic from the point of view of both electric vehicle service equipment (EVSE) (i.e., charger) access, and plug-in behavior as it can result in dozens of charging sessions per week for battery electric vehicles (BEVs) that in reality are often only plugged in a few times per week.

Array↗
DOE OSTI2020

Layered Antiferromagnetism Induces Large Negative Magnetoresistance in the van der Waals Semiconductor CrSBr

The recent discovery of magnetism within the family of exfoliatable van der Waals (vdW) compounds has attracted considerable interest in these materials for both fundamental research and technological applications. However, current vdW magnets are limited by their extreme sensitivity to air, low ordering temperatures, and poor charge transport properties. In this work, the magnetic and electronic properties of CrSBr are reported, an air-stable vdW antiferromagnetic semiconductor that readily cleaves perpendicular to the stacking axis. Below its Néel temperature, T N = 132 ± 1 K, CrSBr adopts an A-type antiferromagnetic structure with each individual layer ferromagnetically ordered internally and the layers coupled antiferromagnetically along the stacking direction. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) reveal that the electronic gap is Δ E = 1.5 ± 0.2 eV with a corresponding PL peak centered at 1.25 ± 0.07 eV. Using magnetotransport measurements, strong coupling between magnetic order and transport properties in CrSBr is demonstrated, leading to a large negative magnetoresistance response that is unique among vdW materials. These findings establish CrSBr as a promising material platform for increasing the applicability of vdW magnets to the field of spin-based electronics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Cost Effective 6.5% Silicon Steel Laminate for Electric Machines

Iowa State University teamed with United Technologies Research Center and the University of Delaware and demonstrated a high switching frequency non-rare earth permanent magnet motor. A prototype motor with 400 Hz switching frequency, dummy MnBi permanent magnet with 8 MGOe energy density, and 6.5%Si steel as the laminate materials was designed, built, and tested. The performance of the prototype met the expectations showing a higher frequency motor enabled by 6.5%Si steel is a viable approach to meet DOE 2022 cost and performance targets for electric vehicle drive. Adoption of 6.5%Si steel will result in 3% improvement in energy conversion efficiency of the soft magnetic materials. In addition, the ability to use non-rare earth magnet for high power density application effectively mitigate the risk of EV traction motor from the rising rare earth price.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Mauka Energy FEVER Tool DOE SBIR Phase 1 Final Scientific/Technical Report

This report is on the Forestry Electric Vehicle Energy Routing (FEVER) Tool, a novel software system developed to support heavy-duty electric vehicle (EV) operations in remote, forested, and mountainous regions. The Phase I project aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of modeling EV energy consumption using terrain elevation, road conditions, and route features specific to forestry logistics. The tool combines geographic information systems (GIS), electric motor physics, and vehicle-specific data to calculate feasible, energy-efficient routes. Collaborations with Oregon State University’s Research Forests and Titan Freight Systems enabled collection and validation of GPS and elevation-based trip data. The FEVER Tool offers substantial opportunities for the efficient management of medium- and heavy-duty electric vehicles in sectors like forestry, agriculture, mining, defense and waste management—areas which are beginning to adopt HDEVs. The project demonstrated technical feasibility and lays the groundwork for commercial development and deployment in other industries and environmental conditions in Phase II.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Energy Spectrum and Mass Composition of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays Originating from Relativistic Jets of Nearby Radio Galaxies

Relativistic jets of radio galaxies (RGs) are possible sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). Recent studies combining relativistic hydrodynamic simulations with Monte Carlo particle transport have demonstrated that UHECRs can be accelerated to energies beyond 10 20 eV through shocks, turbulence, and relativistic shear in jet-induced flows of Fanaroff–Riley type RGs. The resulting time-asymptotic UHECR spectrum is well modeled by a double power law with an “extended” exponential cutoff, primarily shaped by relativistic shear acceleration. In this study, we adopt this novel source spectrum and simulate the propagation of UHECRs from nearby RGs using the CRPropa code. We focus on Virgo A (Vir A), Centaurus A (Cen A), Fornax A (For A), and Cygnus A (Cyg A), expected to be the most prominent UHECR sources among RGs. We then analyze the energy spectrum and mass composition of UHECRs arriving at Earth. We find that, due to the extended high-energy tail in the source spectrum, UHECRs from Vir A, which has a higher Lorentz factor, exhibit a higher flux at the highest energies and a lighter mass composition at Earth compared to those from Cen A and For A with lower Lorentz factors. Despite Cyg A having an even higher Lorentz factor, the large distance limits its contribution. With a small number of nearby prominent RGs, our findings suggest that if RGs are the major sources of UHECRs, the energy spectrum and mass composition of observed UHECRs would exhibit hemispheric differences between the Northern and Southern skies at the highest energies.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Decarbonizing all-electric communities via carbon-responsive control of behind-the-meter resources

The progression of electrification in the building and transportation sectors brings new opportunities for energy decarbonization. With higher dependence on the grid power supply, the variation of the grid carbon emission intensity can be utilized to reduce the carbon emissions from the two sectors. Existing coordinated control methods for buildings with distributed energy resources (DERs) either consider electricity price or renewable energy generation as the input signal, or adopt optimization in the decision-making, which is difficult to implement in the real-world environment. This paper aims to propose and validate an easy-to-deploy rule-based carbon responsive control framework that facilitates coordination between all-electric buildings and electric vehicles (EVs). The signals of the grid carbon emission intensity and the local photovoltaics (PV) generation are used for shifting the controllable loads. Extensive simulations were conducted using a model of an all-electric mixed-use community in a cold climate to validate the control performance with metrics such as emissions, energy consumption, peak demand, and EV end-of-day state-of-charge (SOC). Our study identifies that 4.5% to 27.1% of annual emission reduction can be achieved with limited impact on energy costs, peak demand, and thermal comfort. Additionally, up to 32.7% of EV emission reduction can be obtained if the EV owners reduce the target SOC by less than 21.2%.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Three-Dimensional Lead Iodide Perovskitoid Hybrids with High X-ray Photoresponse

Large organic A cations cannot stabilize the 3D perovskite AMX 3 structure because they cannot be accommodated in the cubo-octhedral cage (do not follow the Goldschmidt tolerance factor rule), and they generally template low-dimensional structures. In this paper, we report that the large dication aminomethylpyridinium (AMPY) can template novel 3D structures which resemble conventional perovskites. They have the formula (xAMPY)M 2 I 6 (x = 3 or 4, M = Sn 2+ or Pb 2+ ) which is double of the AMX3 formula. However, because of the steric requirement of the Goldschmidt tolerance factor rule, it is impossible for (xAMPY)M 2 I 6 to form proper perovskite structures. Instead, a combination of corner-sharing and edge-sharing connectivity is adopted in these compounds leading to the new 3D structures. DFT calculations reveal that the compounds are indirect band gap semiconductors with direct band gaps presenting at slightly higher energies and dispersive electronic bands. The indirect band gaps of the Sn and Pb compounds are ~1.7 and 2.0 eV, respectively, which is slightly higher than the corresponding AMI 3 3D perovskites. The Raman spectra for the compounds are diffuse, with a broad rising central peak at very low frequencies around 0 cm –1 , a feature that is characteristic of dynamical lattices, high anharmonicity, and dissipative vibrations very similar to the 3D AMX 3 perovskites. Devices of (3AMPY)Pb 2 I 6 crystals exhibit clear photoresponse under ambient light without applied bias, reflecting a high carrier mobility (μ) and long carrier lifetime (τ). The devices also exhibit sizable X-ray generated photocurrent with a high μτ product of ~1.2×10 -4 cm 2 /V and a X-ray sensitivity of 207 μC∙Gy -1 ∙cm -2 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗