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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

The Effect of Electrolyte Composition on Lithium Plating During Low Temperature Charging of Li-Ion Cells

In the present work, a number of additives have been investigated for their effect on the charge characteristics of cells containing low temperature, high ester content electrolytes (1.0 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC) + ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) + methyl propionate (MP) 20:20:60 vol % + X additive). These experimental three-electrode cells are composed of graphite anodes, LiNiCoAlO2 cathodes, and a lithium metal reference electrode. Cells were first subjected to electrochemical characterization at various temperatures, consisting of performing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), linear micropolarization and Tafel polarization measurement to determine the kinetic parameters for both the anodes and cathodes. Following electrochemical characterization, the cells were subjected to charging at decreasing temperatures using C/5 rates to 4.10V, with a constant potential C/50 current taper. Analysis of the C/20 discharge following the charge at low temperature revealed either the presence or absence of a high voltage plateau during the initial stages of the discharge. This plateau has been linked to the presence of lithium metal on the anode previously and was used as a measure for the extent of lithium plating in the cell. Differential analysis (dV/dQ) was applied as well to more clearly visualize the position of the high voltage plateau and use the peak position (x-axis) in the dV/dQ plot as a gauge for the amount of plating which took place in the cell on the prior charge. Most additives investigated increased the resistance of the anode and decreased the resistance of the cathode, thereby leading to an overall increase in plating observed at low temperature. One additive, LiFSI, was found to be beneficial during low temperature charging, however studies of electrode kinetics from the cell containing LiFSI did not reveal significant improvements compared to the baseline.

Jones, John-Paul↗
NASA NTRS2019

Short Course on Lithium-Ion Batteries: Fundamental Concepts, Battery Safety, and Modeling Techniques

When developing this course several years back I asked myself, "What do I think the TFAWS community needs to know about lithium-ion batteries and why should they care?" I think the answers to these questions can be boiled down to the following statements: 1. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery electrical performance and efficiency are heavily driven by thermal conditions. 2. Li-ion battery assemblies can experience single cell thermal runaway events which can lead to cell-to-cell propagation; these are thermally driven failure events that can be controlled with effective thermal management systems. 3. Knowledge of BOTH Li-ion battery fundamentals AND traditional thermal design principles are required to develop safe battery assemblies that are both gravimetrically and volumetrically optimized.This year the Short Course on Lithium-ion Batteries will be presented in a 2-part series. The first portion, "Fundamentals, Battery Safety, and Thermal Runaway," will focus on educating participants on the fundamental aspects of Li-ion batteries and on battery safety related topics (i.e. thermal runaway, cell-to-cell propagation, safe handling practices, et...). The second portion, "Practical Thermal Simulation Techniques," will provide participants with a real time demonstration of how to use Thermal Desktop to model of Li-ion battery assemblies. This part of the lesson will cover geometry simplification, mesh development, boundary conditions, and heat loads for both nominal operations (charge and discharge) and for thermal runaway events.

Walker, William↗
NASA NTRS1995

Lithium Battery Space Experiment

The In-Space Technology Experiments Program selected the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to conduct a Phase A study of the Lithium Battery Experiment. The experiment will mark the first time a rechargeable lithium battery will be flown in space. The operation of the battery involves lithium deposition and dissolution processed. Micro gravity influences these processes significantly. The experiment will check the rate capability, discharge voltage, capacity and the phenomena affecting cycle life. The paper describes the design and methodology of this experiment.

Mueller, R.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Local Ultrasonic Resonance Spectroscopy of Lithium Metal Batteries for Aerospace Applications

As next-generation aircraft and vehicles continue to develop, so do their associated energy demands. Lithium metal batteries are a leading candidate to fulfill this energy requirement, but these batteries are prone to internal dendrite defects that can lead to catastrophic thermal runaway events. Current battery management systems are capable of mitigating such risks, but are unable to detect such defects until thermal runaway has already begun. Various nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, particularly ultrasonic NDE, can directly monitor internal battery parameters giving them the potential to detect critical defects prior to catastrophic failure. However, most of the current battery NDE research has focused on improved battery state-of-charge (SOC) and stateof- health (SOH) monitoring with little emphasis on critical defect detection. Thus, a measurement technique sensitive to subtle battery defects is needed. In addition, the complex mechanics of ultrasound in porous, thin, multilayered batteries prompt the use of physics-based simulation to guide inspections. In this work, an ultrasonic NDE technique has been developed utilizing frequency domain analysis of local battery resonances to detect the presence of battery defects. This technique is a practical extension of local ultrasonic resonance spectroscopy (LURS) – which previously required non-contact laser ultrasonics – to measurements with piezoelectric contact and immersion scan transducers. To extend the technique to work with piezoelectric transducers, ultrasonic battery measurements were compared to a sans-battery calibration measurement. Then, a linear systems deconvolution was used to eliminate the transfer functions of extraneous factors such as the transducer and electronics, leaving only the frequency-dependent battery reflection coefficient. The LURS technique was first validated on stainless steel and aluminum plates, producing reflection coefficients in line with analytical and numerical finite element modeling (FEM) results. Functioning Li-metal pouch cells were then seeded with lithium chip defects prior to LURS measurements. The presence of these defects is shown to cause a measurable shift in the battery’s through-thickness local resonances. 2D, frequency-domain poroelastic models of ultrasonic propagation in a single-cell lithium metal pouch battery were created and corroborated these findings. Thus, this work has both extended and proven the feasibility of the LURS technique in the detection of local battery defects.

Ultrasound↗
NASA NTRS2024

Optimization of Mission Enabling Broadband Lyman Ultraviolet Series to Infrared Aluminum Lithium Fluoride Reflectors

The Habitable Worlds Observatory (HWO) concept NASA flagship mission aims extend the ultraviolet (UV) observation range and sensitivity capabilities of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) with respective goals of reaching photons down to 100 nm and containing an ultraviolet multi-object spectrograph with sensitivity improved 30-100 times. Adding the sensitivity capabilities near the Lyman series spectral range of ~100-121.6 nm reduces the reliance of redshift for key diagnostic ion lines such as O VI (103.2 nm), and heavily ionized gases of Ne VIII (77.5 nm) and MgX (62.5 nm). Clean and unoxidized aluminum (Al) reflectors provide optimal efficiency over a broadband down to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelength of ~83 nm. To prevent oxidation and maintain high spectral efficiency down to ~100 nm, the Al reflector is conventionally overcoated with a thin lithium fluoride (LiF) layer. We investigate the optimization of the deposition of the Al+LiF coating material composition to attain high spectral efficiency broadband reflectors down to 100 nm and enable the scientific goals of HWO. Lithium hexafluoroaluminate (Li3AlF6) is investigated as a different composition form of LiF to overcoat Al. The spectral efficiency and durability of the reflectors is evaluated. We will demonstrate the use of Li3AlF6 as an overcoat to protect aluminum yields ultra-high efficiency at the Hydrogen Lyman-alpha (HLyα, 121.6 nm) line with experimental reflectance values peaking up to 99%.

optical coatings↗
NASA NTRS1985

The stopping of deuterons in lithium

The interaction of 52 MeV deuterons with lithium was investigated, in view of the optimization of a lithium target for an intense neutron source based on the d-Li stripping reaction. The experimental results are compared with theoretical calculations obtained from an updated version of the Bragg code. This code describes in detail the interaction of charged particles with matter. Within the experimental uncertainties the theoretical results are well reproduced by the experiments.

NASA Program Space Medicine↗
NASA NTRS2012

Electrolytes for Use in High Energy Lithium-ion Batteries with Wide Operating Temperature Range

Met programmatic milestones for program. Demonstrated improved performance with wide operating temperature electrolytes containing ester co-solvents (i.e., methyl butyrate) containing electrolyte additives in A123 prototype cells: Previously demonstrated excellent low temperature performance, including 11C rates at -30 C and the ability to perform well down to -60 C. Excellent cycle life at room temperature has been displayed, with over 5,000 cycles being demonstrated. Good high temperature cycle life performance has also been achieved. Demonstrated improved performance with methyl propionate-containing electrolytes in large capacity prototype cells: Demonstrated the wide operating temperature range capability in large cells (12 Ah), successfully scaling up technology from 0.25 Ah size cells. Demonstrated improved performance at low temperature and good cycle life at 40 C with methyl propionate-based electrolyte containing increasing FEC content and the use of LiBOB as an additive. Utilized three-electrode cells to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of high voltage systems coupled with wide operating temperature range electrolytes: From Tafel polarization measurements on each electrode, it is evident the NMC-based cathode displays poor lithium kinetics (being the limiting electrode). The MB-based formulations containing LiBOB delivered the best rate capability at low temperature, which is attributed to improved cathode kinetics. Whereas, the use of lithium oxalate as an additive lead to the highest reversible capacity and lower irreversible losses.

low temperature batteries↗
NASA NTRS2014

Lithium-Air Cell Development

Lithium-air (Li-air) primary batteries have a theoretical specific capacity of 11,400 Wh/kg, the highest of any common metal-air system. NASA is developing Li-air technology for a Mobile Oxygen Concentrator for Spacecraft Emergencies, an application which requires an extremely lightweight primary battery that can discharge over 24 hours continuously. Several vendors were funded through the NASA SBIR program to develop Li-air technology to fulfill the requirements of this application. New catalysts and carbon cathode structures were developed to enhance the oxygen reduction reaction and increase surface area to improve cell performance. Techniques to stabilize the lithium metal anode surface were explored. Experimental results for prototype laboratory cells are given. Projections are made for the performance of hypothetical cells constructed from the materials that were developed.

Lithium-air↗
NASA NTRS2014

Development of Large-Format Lithium-Ion Cells with Silicon Anode and Low Flammable Electrolyte

NASA is developing safe, high energy and high capacity lithium-ion cell designs and batteries for future missions under NASAs Advanced Space Power System (ASPS) project. Advanced cell components, such as high specific capacity silicon anodes and low-flammable electrolytes have been developed for improving the cell specific energy and enhancing safety. To advance the technology readiness level, we have developed large-format flight-type hermetically sealed battery cells by incorporating high capacity silicon anodes, commercially available lithium nickel, cobalt, aluminum oxide (NCA) cathodes, and low-flammable electrolytes. In this report, we will present the performance results of these various battery cells. In addition, we will also discuss the post-test cell analysis results as well.

lithium-ion cell↗
NASA NTRS2017

International Space Station Lithium-Ion Battery Start-Up

International Space Station Lithium-Ion Battery Start-Up.The International Space Station (ISS) primary Electric Power System (EPS) was originally designed to use Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni-H2) batteries to store electrical energy. The electricity for the space station is generated by its solar arrays, which charge batteries during insolation for subsequent discharge during eclipse. The Ni-H2 batteries are designed to operate at a 35 depth of discharge (DOD) maximum during normal operation in a Low Earth Orbit. As the oldest of the 48 Ni-H2 battery Orbital Replacement Units (ORUs) has been cycling since September 2006, these batteries are now approaching their end of useful life. In 2010, the ISS Program began the development of Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries to replace the Ni-H2 batteries and concurrently funded a Li-Ion ORU and cell life testing project. The first set of 6 Li-ion battery replacements were launched in December 2016 and deployed in January 2017. This paper will discuss the Li-ion battery on-orbit start-up and the status of the Li-Ion cell and ORU life cycle testing.

Lithium-Ion↗
NASA NTRS1967

Magnesium-lithium alloys developed for low temperature use

Three new magnesium-lithium alloys have been developed for application at cryogenic temperatures. These lightweight alloys have approximately doubled the tensile and yield strengths at room temperature of previously described magnesium-lithium alloys.

Dunkerley, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1967

Vanadium diaphragm electrode serves as hydrogen diffuser in lithium hydride cell

Lithium hydride cell uses vanadium diaphragm electrode as a hydrogen diffuser. Vanadium is high in hydrogen gas solubility and permeability, is least sensitive to adverse surface effects, maintains good mechanical strength in hydrogen atmospheres, and appears to be compatible with all alkali-halide electrolytes and lithium metals.

Crouthamel, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1970

Diffusion technique for lithium-doped silicon

Sample is doped by constructing a sandwich of five slices of silicon with lithium dopant deposited on the outside surfaces of the second and fourth slices and placing the sample in the middle. Upon heating, the lithium diffuses through the carrier slices and into the sample wafer.

Kendall, D. L.↗