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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

NewLife Nuclear - An Environmentally and Economically Minded Solution for Fusion Energy Waste Handling

Energy demand is rising as a result of innovative and increasingly more energy intensive processes coming to fruition, particularly through the recent interest in the development of AI data centers as well as manufacturing with the push towards increasing domestic manufacturing interest. Fusion energy can provide virtually limitless energy to support this increase in energy demand. Fusion energy concepts, largely classified as magnetic fusion energy (MFE) and inertial fusion energy (IFE) are being pursued, each having unique challenges to overcome before the successful deployment of electricity to the grid. Achieving fusion ignition on the National Ignition Facility, first in December 2022, and eight times since, has demonstrated the scientific viability of the IFE approach. Meanwhile, MFE test stands continue to improve confinement times, making meaningful strides in progressing towards experimental scientific viability. In each of these approaches, an emphasis is placed on generating more power out of the system than what is required to power the system. An under-researched area applicable to both IFE and MFE is handling activated waste coming out of fusion energy systems, both in the course of normal daily operations, as well as in intermittent periods as structural materials may need to be replaced. In the context of an IFE plant system, commonly discussed plant designs suggest targets are ignited within a chamber at a rate of up to one million targets per day. Between each shot, the chamber housing the ignition event will clear a portion of the chamber – resulting in a mixture of vaporized target gas, target debris, and other materials being expelled from the chamber [source]. Additionally, IFE system concepts typically discuss the modularization of plant designs, which are expected to be replaced periodically as the components degrade over time. This would result in the irradiated chamber structure materials, likely metals and alloys, needing to be removed and safely stored. In MFE plant systems, while targets are not ignited at a repetition rate with the frequent chamber clearing as is expected in IFE plant systems, it is anticipated that portions of the confinement area interfacing with the hot plasma will need to be replaced periodically. In each system, without additional investment and research into alternative processing and recycling methods, the result is storing irradiated materials, and other elements in a safe containment area until they are no longer activated. – resulting in significant waste both economic and environmental.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solid State Additive Manufacturing of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened-FeCrAl Alloy Components for High-Temperature Supercritical CO2 Power Cycle Applications

In this research, material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) has been explored as an SSAM method for fabrication of 3-D components using ODS-FeCrAl alloy. MEAM-printed 3-D parts go through a series of process steps, e.g., chemical treatment, thermal treatment etc. in order to create a high density fully metallic part. Final 3-D part quality is associated with various process steps, e.g., filament fabrication, print design, and thermal treatment optimization. In MEAM, a metal powder loaded filament is used for printing 3-D shapes. Composition of the filament is very important since it provides shape retention at low-to-medium temperature. There are a few commercially available metallic alloy filaments. However, FeCrAl alloy filaments are not commercially available. In this project, we came up with a method to fabricate high quality composite FeCrAl filaments that could be used for MEAM printing. Subsequently, we have optimized MEAM print methods to fabricate samples that are larger than 10 mm, by using a modular print design approach. Finally, we have been able to optimize the chemical and high temperature heat treatment steps to achieve very high density (>98%) in sintered MEAM-printed products.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

InDEEP, DEEC-Tec, and Direct Generation Synergies for Ocean Wave Energy: Wave Energy Scotland's Direct Generation Programme Review

The presentation highlights: (i) how DEEC-Tec, advanced through the U.S. DOE's InDEEP Prize, holds the potential to redefine ocean wave energy conversion through modular, embedded energy conversion; (ii) a global scan that identified 158 participants and 35 promising concepts, showcasing strong international momentum; (iii) InDEEP's innovation-first approach and how it complements Wave Energy Scotland's structured Direct Generation research; and (iv) the ongoing and possible future collaborative pathways for co-funded trials, joint metric/standards developments, and maturation of these technologies toward and real-world deployment.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electromagnetic Transient Simulation of Large-Scale Inverter-Based Resources With High-Granularity

The power grid is undergoing a significant transformation with the rapid increase in inverter-based resources (IBRs), including large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plants. Ensuring reliable and resilient grid operation in this new paradigm necessitates high-granularity electromagnetic transient (EMT) modeling that accurately captures the behavior of individual inverters and their interactions within IBR plants. Central to this approach is the detailed representation of both the IBR plant’s collector system and the dynamics of individual inverters. To achieve this, a high-granularity EMT model of a large-scale PV plant has been developed using advanced simulation algorithms, including matrix splitting and the Schur complement. These proposed techniques significantly enhance simulation speed, numerical stability, and accuracy while improving the modularity and efficiency of the collector system’s representation. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is validated through simulations of a representative large-scale PV plant consisting of 125 individual PV inverters, 25 IBR unit transformers, and a 52-bus collector system.

Choi, Jongchan [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORN↗
DOE OSTI2025

Experimental Characterization of High-Surface Area Thermal Energy Storage

There is growing interest in energy storage technologies due to the expansion of renewable energy sources that are inherently intermittent and the increasing frequency of extreme weather events that disturb the power grid. Power consumption in buildings makes up approximately 76% of all electricity usage on the grid and is primarily used for thermal applications such as space conditioning, hot water, and cooking. This makes thermal energy storage (TES) an ideal solution for many of these applications. Many TES technologies rely on latent energy storage, which utilizes the melting/solidification of phase change materials (PCM) to store energy. Typically, TES designs suffer from low power density due to their low inherent thermal conductivity. This limitation makes the deployment of TES in active applications difficult as the ease of access to energy is essential for effective use. Common routes for improving power density include high thermal conductivity additives or extended features such as fins that increase cost. This study presents an alternative approach to improving performance through increasing the overall surface area to volume ratio of the device, to increase the available area for convection to occur between the working fluid and PCM. In the study a commercial PCM was selected with a transition temperature ideal for space heating applications. The heat exchanger design utilizes a unique application of triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) for macro-encapsulation of the PCM. The use of TPMS for heat exchangers has been growing in interest due to their high-surface area to volume ratios, which were previously unmanufacturable until the development of additive manufacturing. A modular system was designed and manufactured with a stereolithography resin printing system that is then backfilled with PCM. An experiment test set-up is designed to test the charge and discharge performance of the thermal storage using a conditioned air stream. The pressure drop of the design is tested across a variety of flow rates. When compared to existing experimental data within literature, there is excellent agreement based on the Reynolds number at similar hydraulic diameters. Several inlet temperatures are tested at consistent temperature differences from the phase change temperature for both charging and discharging. Additionally, the volumetric flow rate is varied for each temperature set point. It was found that increasing flow rate had diminishing returns in reducing the overall charge time of the TES. The temperature delta from the melting temperature was the primary contributor to the change in average heat flux with limited variation in average heat transfer rate between charging and discharging at similar inlet temperatures and flow rates. The TPMS heat exchanger design has a high air-side pressure drop but it provides high heat transfer rates. This helps maintain a high outlet temperature during discharge, which is important to thermal comfort applications. The design, manufacturing, and experimental characterization of the TES device will be presented as part of this study.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Photo-Swing CO2 Capture Using a Branched Polyethylenimine As Sorbents and TiN Light Absorber

Using branched polyethylenimine as the sorbent material for dilute CO2 capture, a photo-swing method is demonstrated in an industrially relevant support architecture using titanium nitride (TiN) nanosized light absorbers coupled with low-power LEDs with irradiances up to 420 mW cm-2. The photo-swing desorption process is applied to dry and humid streams of 400 ppm CO2 diluted in N2. Consistent with known sorption mechanisms for aminopolymers, humid CO2 streams increased the CO2 uptake, in our case by ~30%. The photo-swing CO2 capture desorbed ~83% and ~100% CO2 compared to thermally-driven desorption over the same period for a dry and humid CO2 stream, respectively. The photo-swing CO2 capture exhibits robust performance over >90 cycles without significant signs of photo(thermal) induced sorbent degradation. This work lays the groundwork for photo-swing DAC technology as a scalable, energy-efficient solution for CO2 capture, well-suited for modular systems in remote locations utilizing intermittent renewable energy sources.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Flashlamp drive system for a high-energy 10–100 kHz pulse-burst Nd:YAG laser

We present the design of the flashlamp drive system for the NG100 laser, a 1 J/pulse, 10–100 kHz, pulse-burst Nd:YAG laser system being developed for application in a Thomson scattering plasma diagnostic. This flashlamp drive system is under active development, with a prototype now being constructed. The flashlamp drive system is modular, with each module capable of driving a series pair of linear flashlamps. Each drive module contains and is controlled by a dedicated Analog Regulator Controller. Thus each module is independently operable and controllable. This modular approach imposes no intrinsic limit to the number of modules that may be applied to drive the flashlamp pairs in a laser system. Each flashlamp drive module has a switch-regulated topology. An 1800 V main capacitor bank provides 25 kJ of energy storage, while a lower voltage output capacitor bank provides filtering and the initial energy delivered to the flashlamps at the start of the drive pulse. The main bank is recharged after each flashlamp drive pulse. As energy is drawn from the output bank by the flashlamps, an IGBT switching regulator feeds current from the main bank through an inductor to replenish the output capacitor bank. The rate of replenishment is feedback-controlled to maintain a regulated supply of power to the flashlamp load, with a setpoint range of 0.07 to 1.65 MW. An Analog Regulator Controller produces two-state variable pulse width feedback switching of the regulator IGBT. The switching frequency is ≤ 20 kHz, dynamically adjusted to limit ripple of the flashlamp power to ±3% statistical standard deviation of mean. For development or troubleshooting, each module is operable independent of the laser digital control system (microcontroller and FPGA).

Plasma diagnostics - interferometry↗
DOE OSTI2025

First-Principles Cost Analysis of Advanced High-Temperature Nuclear Plants

Due to the vast number of recent nuclear reactor innovations, particularly those pertaining to generation IV reactor types like high-temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) and sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs), and the newer deployment strategies envisioned, such as use of small modular reactors (SMRs) or even microreactors, reliable, detailed, and complete costs of these nuclear innovations are needed in wide availability. The types of models that generally achieve these objectives are those incorporating the fundamental nature of the real-world systems they aspire to predict, such as first-principles models. Furthermore, first principles models typically offer predictiveness that is not attained by most other types of individual-models. However, detailed, first-principles cost modeling of nuclear reactors and entire nuclear plants is relatively limited. To address this limitation in the availability of detailed, predictive models based on fundamentals, we recently developed a range of cost models, mostly based on first-principles methodologies, to project full lifecycle costs (LCCs) of nuclear power plants (NPPs) based on multiple parallel SM-HTG-pebble bed reactors (PBRs) and SM-SFRs.

Prosser, Jacob H. [Strategic Analysis, Inc., Arlin↗
DOE OSTI2025

First-Principles Cost Analysis of Advanced High-Temperature Nuclear Plants

Due to the vast number of recent nuclear reactor innovations, particularly those pertaining to generation IV reactor types like high-temperature gas cooled reactors (HTGRs) and sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs), and the newer deployment strategies envisioned, such as use of small modular reactors (SMRs) or even microreactors, reliable, detailed, and complete costs of these nuclear innovations are needed in wide availability. The types of models that generally achieve these objectives are those incorporating the fundamental nature of the real-world systems they aspire to predict, such as first-principles models. Furthermore, first principles models typically offer predictiveness that is not attained by most other types of individual-models. However, detailed, first-principles cost modeling of nuclear reactors and entire nuclear plants is relatively limited. To address this limitation in the availability of detailed, predictive models based on fundamentals, we recently developed a range of cost models, mostly based on first-principles methodologies, to project full lifecycle costs (LCCs) of nuclear power plants (NPPs) based on multiple parallel SM-HTG-pebble bed reactors (PBRs) and SM-SFRs.

Prosser, Jacob H. [Strategic Analysis, Inc., Arlin↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of a Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem (DAISY) for characterizing radiated noise from marine energy converters

Marine energy converters can generate electricity from energetic ocean waves and water currents. Because sound is extensively used by marine animals, the radiated noise from these systems is of regulatory interest. However, the energetic nature of these locations poses challenges for performing accurate passive acoustic measurements, particularly with stationary platforms. The Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem (DAISY) is a modular hydrophone recording system purpose-built for marine energy environments. Using a flow shield in currents and mass–spring–damper suspension system in waves, we demonstrate that DAISYs can effectively minimize the masking effect of flow noise at frequencies down to 10 Hz. In addition, we show that groups of DAISYs can utilize time-delay-of-arrival post-processing to attribute radiated noise to a specific source. Consequently, DAISYs can rapidly measure radiated noise at all frequencies of interest for prototype marine energy converters. Furthermore, the resulting information from future operational deployments should support regulatory decision-making and allow technology developers to make design adjustments that minimize the potential for acoustic impacts as their systems are scaled up for utility-scale power generation.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2025

DUNE ND-LAr 2x2 Demonstrator Tests

A modular liquid argon (LAr) Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will be part of the near-detector facility for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). Such a TPC is being developed by the ArgonCube collaboration. To demonstrate the feasibility of the LAr DUNE Near Detector, a medium size prototype has been built: the ArgonCube 2x2 Demonstrator. The detector will be placed in the MINOS-ND hall, upstream of the current MINERνA/MINOS-ND locations, at Fermilab. Currently two modules are being tested at the Liquid Argon Test Facility (LArTF), before being place on-axis in the NuMI neutrino beam. The present report will be focused on the work done within the 2x2 Demonstrator group: the first part of the project is focused on the Low Noise AC Power distribution at LArTF, whereas the second is related to the 2x2 demonstrator light readout system tests.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advancing Sustainability in Data Centers: Evaluation of Hybrid Air/Liquid Cooling Schemes for IT Payload Using Sea Water

Abstract-The growth in cloud computing, Big Data, AI and high-performance computing (HPC) necessitate the deployment of additional data centers (DC's) with high energy demands. The unprecedented increase in the Thermal Design Power (TDP) of the computing chips will require innovative cooling techniques. Furthermore, DC's are increasingly limited in their ability to add powerful GPU servers by power capacity constraints. As cooling energy use accounts for up to 40% of DC energy consumption, creative cooling solutions are urgently needed to allow deployment of additional servers, enhance sustainability and increase energy efficiency of DC's. The information in this study is provided from Start Campus' Sines facility supported by Alfa Laval for the heat exchanger and CO 2 emission calculations. The study evaluates the performance and sustainability impact of various data center cooling strategies including an air-only deployment and a subsequent hybrid air/water cooling solution all utilizing sea water as the cooling source. Here we evaluate scenarios from 3 MW to 15+1 MW of IT load in 3 MW increments which correspond to the size of heat exchangers used in the Start Campus' modular system design. This study also evaluates the CO 2 emissions compared to a conventional chiller system for all the presented scenarios. Results indicate that the effective use of the sea water cooled system combined with liquid cooled systems improve the efficiency of the DC, plays a role in decreasing the CO 2 emissions and supports in achieving sustainability goals.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Progress Towards the Validation of a new RELAP5-3D model of the High Temperature Test Facility

Validation is a key step in the development of any type of systems model. As the next generation of reactors approaches, the need for codes that have been validated for these new types of systems continues to grow. An example of a prominent option is the Reactor Excursion Leak Analysis Program (RELAP5-3D), developed by Idaho National Laboratory. This code was developed for the purpose of systems level thermal-hydraulic modeling of light water reactors (LWRS) and postulated transients that can occur in LWRS.RELAP5-3D has been substantially validated against LWR data. Due to its long history as a reactor safety analysis tool, there has been an effort to adapt RELAP5-3D for the purposes of advanced reactor concepts such as prismatic high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs). However, RELAP5-3D has not nearly been validated and verified for HTGRs to the degree of LWRs, warranting verification and validation opportunities with computational benchmarks and existing experimental facilities. Examples of such facilities include the modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (MHTGR) 350 and the high temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) from Japan. The MHTGR 350 is a benchmark design concept for code-to-code verification purposes; therefore, it does not provide any experimental data for validation opportunities The HTTR provides useful multiphysics validation data but does not have the in-core instruments to generate thermal-hydraulic experimental data to help with RELAP5-3D validation. Consequently, a facility that could provide key in-core temperatures for thermal-hydraulic validation was still needed. The High Temperature Test Facility (HTTF) is an integral effects facility for HTGR thermal hydraulics developed and operated by Oregon State University. HTTF represents ¼ length scale of the General Atomics MHTGR and is rated for a total power of 2.2 MW. Axially, the core consists of an upper and lower reflector and 10 blocks, numbered from bottom to top (Block 1 is right above lower reflector). The core is heated via graphite resistive heater rods, with respective channels distributed throughout the core. The primary coolant is helium and heat can radiate out of the core to the reactor cavity cooling system (RCCS), which is cooled by water. The primary purpose of the facility is to investigate pressurized conduction cooldown (PCC) and depressurized conduction cooldown (DCC) transients, which are also referred to as the pressurized and depressurized loss of forced cooling respectively. Two experiments were chosen to perform the validation study with a RELAP5-3D model of HTTF. These experiments are PG-27 (PCC) and PG-29 (DCC). These were chosen based off of the quality of available experimental data before and during the experiment which led to their inclusion in the HTGR Thermal Hydraulics Benchmark.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Insights from FEED studies for retrofitting existing fossil power plants with carbon capture technology

Recent United States Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored front-end engineering design (FEED) studies for retrofitting existing fossil-fueled power plants with state-of-the-art carbon capture technology contain previously overlooked real-world design considerations for near-term deployment of carbon capture. Insights from examining seven recently published FEED study reports are summarized in this paper. This includes a discussion of the design, performance, and cost implications associated with (1) location-specific considerations such as water availability, land availability, and accessibility; (2) host-plant-specific factors such as flue gas specifications, allowable degree of integration between the capture system and host plant, and operational mode; and (3) miscellaneous factors such as market conditions, permitting requirements, and business case incentives. In conclusion, this manuscript highlights (1) water availability as a key design and cost driver, with host plant steam extraction increasing capture system cooling water availability, (2) modularization and constructability impacts on the number of capture trains, (3) the impacts of host plant operational mode and capacity factor on the business case for installing capture, and (4) the merit of continued research, development, and demonstration efforts addressing steam extraction, host plant tie-in at the stack, solvent reclamation and air emissions control.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

FENIX: An Open-Source Multiphysics Integrated Framework Enabling Collaborative Development of Plasma Facing Component Modeling Capabilities

Advanced modeling and simulation tools have a crucial role to play in accelerating fusion energy deployment as a sustainable power source. Multiphysics, high-fidelity computational tools can help understand, model, and quantify the complex interactions between materials performance, plasma and neutron exposure, and engineering processes. As a result, they accelerate the design, safety analysis, and performance evaluation of fusion systems. This webinar introduces the Fusion ENergy Integrated multiphys-X (FENIX) framework, an open-source multiphysics tool for plasma facing component modeling. FENIX leverages the Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment (MOOSE) framework, which has been developed by the United States Department of Energy Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation (NEAMS) program. FENIX couples various MOOSE capabilities such as heat transfer, thermomechanics, thermal hydraulics, electromagnetics, and plasma kinetics with the MOOSE-based applications Cardinal (neutronics) and TMAP8 (tritium transport). During the webinar, we will present FENIX and discuss how its modularity, openness, software quality assurance processes, and licensing approach supports effective collaborations, including public-private partnerships.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Advances in genetic tools for metabolic engineering of non-conventional yeasts

Non-conventional yeasts are emerging as powerful alternatives to Saccharomyces cerevisiae for metabolic engineering, owing to their innate stress tolerance, broad substrate utilization, and distinctive metabolic capabilities. These attributes position them as promising chassis for producing biofuels, pharmaceuticals, and specialty chemicals. This review synthesizes recent advances in genetic toolkits for four such species—Pichia kudriavzevii (Issatchenkia orientalis), Starmerella bombicola, Debaryomyces hansenii, and Pachysolen tannophilus—highlighting progress across plasmid architectures (episomal and integrative), identification of autonomously replicating sequences and centromeric elements, and the development of safe-harbor genomic loci. We summarize promoter and terminator libraries enabling tunable expression, the expansion of auxotrophic and antifungal selection markers with recycling strategies, and the rapid adaptation of CRISPR-based systems (Cas9 and Cas12a) with optimized guide RNA expression, multiplex editing, and approaches that enhance homologous recombination (e.g., KU70/80 disruption). We also review landing-pad platforms for modular, repeated integrations and transposon-based tools (e.g., piggyBac) that facilitate multigene pathway assembly. Collectively, these innovations are accelerating design-build-test-learn cycles and enabling precise, scalable engineering of non-conventional yeasts. Remaining challenges—including limited species-specific episomal systems, variable transformation efficiencies, genome-stability concerns, and alternative codon usage—define clear priorities for future toolkit development. Together, these advances and open needs chart a path toward robust, sustainable biomanufacturing using diverse non-conventional yeast chassis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Distributed Energy Resource (DER) Integration Framework: Regulatory Innovation for DER Compensation and Cost Allocation

Existing regulatory approaches to DER lack the precision and granularity necessary to ensure that DER can continue to scale in a cost-effective manner that is aligned with the public interest. To address this need, with the support of the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Electricity, Berkeley Lab and Current Energy Group developed an illustrative regulatory framework. By adopting a technology-neutral and modular approach, the framework enables flexibility and scalability for DER providers, utilities, and regulators. Clear price signals and incentives encourage the provision of valuable grid services, while equitable cost allocation promotes efficient use of distribution capacity and interconnection resources. This approach mirrors traditional ratemaking principles for importing customers and positions DERs as integral components of a dynamic and cost-effective energy future.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hydrogen Education for a Decarbonized Global Economy (H 2 EDGE) (Final Technical Report)

The energy sector is undergoing rapid growth and transformation, creating urgent demand for a skilled workforce to support emerging technologies and resilient systems. Hydrogen is an emerging solution for “hard to abate” sectors, including heavy industry and transportation that also provides optionality for the electric system and enables long‑duration energy storage. As hydrogen scales from traditional industrial uses to new applications, success depends on knowledgeable engineers, technicians, planners, and operators safely deploying hydrogen technologies across the full value chain: production, delivery, storage, and end use. The H 2 EDGE initiative, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office from 2020 to 2025, was launched to prepare people for careers hydrogen and related technologies. Through its interactive approach, H 2 EDGE equipped stakeholders with knowledge and tools to build a reliable and sustainable energy future together. H 2 EDGE built a national network of academic and industry partners to deliver modular training, share open-access curricula, and engage diverse talent pipelines. The program leveraged EPRI’s extensive industry membership and expanded on the train-the-trainer model of the GridEd program to connect educators, employers, and community organizations across all regions of the U.S. New methods were introduced to more systematically map hydrogen competencies and assess curricula using traditional and AI-assisted approaches. Outcomes included delivery of professional short courses, developing university curriculum, sponsoring faculty and student projects, and engaging stakeholders through workshops, site tours, and webinars.

08 HYDROGEN↗