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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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362 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Fracture‐Resistant and Thermally Insulating Ultrahigh‐Temperature Carbide Foams

Dense ultrahigh‐temperature ceramics (UHTCs) carbides are recognized as potential materials for thermal protection systems (TPS) owing to properties beyond existing structural materials’ capabilities. Recent advances in UHTCs have enabled the development of multiscale porous microstructures. Herein, it is highlighted that the porosity in UHTCs are no longer treated as a defect but as a functional property specifically tailored for thermal insulation. It is a promising solution to design and fabricate bulk UHTC foams via a freeze‐drying (FD) approach followed by calibrated pressureless spark plasma sintering. Herein, monolithic TaC and HfC UHTC foams and their composite show the partial solid–solution formation of (Ta, Hf)C with porosity ≥50%. TaC–HfC foam (≈80–92 N) shows an intermediate load‐bearing capability compared to monolithic TaC (≈120–135 N) and HfC (≈28–35 N) foams, with no evident cracking on the sample surface. The thermal conductivity of partial solid‐solution TaC–HfC foam increases up to fivefold compared to parent UHTC foams. In the results, solid solutions’ efficacy and pores’ unidirectionality in providing thermal insulation to TaC–HfC while maintaining its high‐load bearing capability are illustrated. In conclusion, the developed technique establishes a new paradigm shift in UHTCs, expanding their potential for TPS in extreme environments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Effect of Fe on Co-Based SiO2Al2O3 Mixed Support Catalyst for Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis in 3D-Printed SS Microchannel Microreactor

This research explores the effect of a composite support of SiO2 and Al2O3 with Fe and Co incorporated as catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) using a 3D-printed stainless steel (SS) microchannel microreactor. Two mesoporous catalysts, FeCo/SiO2Al2O3 and Co/SiO2Al2O3, were synthesized via a one-pot (OP) method and extensively characterized using N2 physisorption, XRD, SEM, TEM, H2-TPR, TGA-DSC, FTIR, and XPS. H2-TPR results revealed that the synthesis method significantly affected the reducibility of metal oxides, thereby influencing the formation of active FTS sites. SEM-EDS and TEM further revealed a well-defined hexagonal matrix with a porous surface morphology and uniform metal ion distribution. FTS reactions, carried out in the 200–350 °C temperature range at 20 bar with a H2/CO molar ratio of 2:1, exhibited the highest activity for FeCo/SiO2Al2O3, with up to 80% CO conversion. Long-term stability was evaluated by monitoring the catalyst performance for 30 h on stream at 320 °C under identical reaction conditions. The catalyst was initially active for the methanation reaction for up to 15 h, after which the selectivity for CH4 declined. Correspondingly, the C4+ selectivity increased after 15 h of time-on-stream, indicating a shift in the product distribution toward longer-chain hydrocarbons. This trend suggests that the catalyst undergoes gradual activation or restructuring under reaction conditions, which enhances chain growth over time. The increase in C4+ products may be attributed to the stabilization of the active sites and suppression of methane or light hydrocarbon formation.

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology↗
DOE OSTI2023

Review of Carbon Support Coordination Environments for Single Metal Atom Electrocatalysts (SACS)

This topical review focuses on the distinct role of carbon support coordination environment of single-atom catalysts (SACs) for electrocatalysis. The article begins with an overview of atomic coordination configurations in SACs, including a discussion of the advanced characterization techniques and simulation used for understanding the active sites. A summary of key electrocatalysis applications is then provided. These processes are oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO 2 RR). The review then shifts to modulation of the metal atom-carbon coordination environments, focusing on nitrogen and other non-metal coordination through modulation at the first coordination shell and modulation in the second and higher coordination shells. Representative case studies are provided, starting with the classic four-nitrogen-coordinated single metal atom (M$-$N 4 ) based SACs. Bimetallic coordination models including homo-paired and hetero-paired active sites are also discussed, being categorized as emerging approaches. The theme of the discussions is the correlation between synthesis methods for selective doping, the carbon structure–electron configuration changes associated with the doping, the analytical techniques used to ascertain these changes, and the resultant electrocatalysis performance. In conclusion, critical unanswered questions as well as promising underexplored research directions are identified.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

The effect of gamma ray irradiation on few layered MoSe2: A material for nuclear and space applications

In recent years, emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2), have been at the center of attention for many researchers. This is due to their unique and fascinating physicochemical properties that make them attractive in space and defense applications that include shielding harsh irradiation environments. In this study, we examined the effects of gamma (γ) rays at various doses on the structural, chemical, and optical properties of MoSe2 layers. After the samples were exposed to intense gamma radiation (from a 60Co source) with various exposure times to vary the total accumulated dosage (up to 100 kGy), Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies were used to study and probe radiation-induced changes to the samples. When compared to pristine materials, very few changes in optical properties were typically observed, indicating good robustness with little sensitivity, even at relatively high doses of gamma radiation. The imaging using scanning electron microscopy revealed a number of nano-hillocks that were connected to substrate alterations. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies revealed that Mo’s binding energies remained the same, but Se’s binding energies blueshifted. We associated this shift with the decrease in Se vacancies that occurred after irradiation as a result of Mo atoms creating adatoms next to Se atoms. When compared to pristine materials, very few changes in optical, chemical, and structural properties were typically observed. These findings highlight the inherent resilience of MoSe2 in hostile radioactive conditions, which spurs additional research into their optical, electrical, and structural characteristics as well as exploration for potential space, energy, and defense applications.

Materials Science↗
DOE OSTI2022

Conformer-Specific Dissociation Dynamics in Dimethyl Methylphosphonate Radical Cation

The dynamics of the dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) radical cation after production by strong field adiabatic ionization have been investigated. Pump-probe experiments using strong field 1300 nm pulses to adiabatically ionize DMMP and a 800 nm non-ionizing probe induce coherent oscillations of the parent ion yield with a period of about 45 fs. The yields of two fragments, PO 2 C 2 H 7 + and PO 2 CH 4 + , oscillate approximately out of phase with the parent ion, but with a slight phase shift relative to each other. We use electronic structure theory and nonadiabatic surface hopping dynamics to understand the underlying dynamics. The results show that while the cation oscillates on the ground state along the P=O bond stretch coordinate, the probe excites population to higher electronic states that can lead to fragments PO 2 C 2 H 7 + and PO 2 CH 4 + . The computational results combined with the experimental observations indicate that the two conformers of DMMP that are populated under experimental conditions exhibit different dynamics after being excited to the higher electronic states of the cation leading to different dissociation products. These results highlight the potential usefulness of these pump-probe measurements as a tool to study conformer-specific dynamics in molecules of biological interest.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Interaction of Soil pH and Mineralogy Controls Soil Organic Matter Persistence through Changes in the Composition and Amount of Microbial Necromass

Microbial necromass–mineral associations are key to long-term soil organic matter (SOM) persistence. However, how soil pH and mineralogy interact to regulate SOM stability remains poorly understood. Here, we used artificial soils to test how three clay minerals (bentonite, kaolinite, and goethite), adjusted to four pH levels (5–8), affect microbial activity (respiration), microbial physiology (carbon use efficiency, CUE), microbial-derived residue material (necromass), and the formation and stability of mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM). Artificial soils were inoculated with a rhizosphere-derived microbial community cultured under the same pH conditions and on two representative simulated exudate types (organic acids and carbohydrates) and incubated for 6 weeks. In two complementary experiments, we added necromass from known microbial taxa to the same minerals across pH levels to isolate the role of necromass chemistry and loading. We found that soil pH shaped MAOM chemistry by altering microbial activity and necromass composition. In interaction with mineral type, pH also controlled MAOM thermal stability. Higher necromass loading weakened mineral-organic bonding, reducing MAOM stability, consistent with zonal mineral–organic interaction models. Our results demonstrate that microbial activity, rather than carbon use efficiency, better predicts MAOM formation and that pH-dependent necromass composition and loading govern MAOM persistence. These findings advance mechanistic understanding of SOM stabilization and have implications for predicting soil carbon dynamics under shifting environmental conditions.

carbon use efficiency↗
DOE OSTI2025

CO Adsorption on a Single‐Atom Catalyst Stably Embedded in Graphene

Abstract Confined single metal atoms in graphene‐based materials have proven to be excellent catalysts for several reactions and promising gas sensing systems. However, whether the chemical activity arises from the specific type of metal atom or is a direct consequence of the confinement itself remains unclear.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2026

Uncovering the linear boron environment in Na 3 BP 2 through solid-state 11 B NMR spectroscopy

Boron-based compounds exhibit a wide range of structural diversity, with potential applications spanning organic and inorganic chemistry. Herein, we focus on the characterization of the linear boron-phosphorus unit P═B═P in Na 3 BP 2 using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. High-resolution 11 B ssNMR spectra were recorded at two fields, and key parameters such as chemical shift anisotropy (CSA), quadrupolar coupling constants (C Q ), and electric field gradient (EFG) tensors were extracted. The 11 B NMR results revealed a distinct chemical environment for the two-coordinate boron atom, with a CSA span (Ω) of 280 ppm and a C Q of 3.0 MHz. These values were further validated through periodic plane-wave DFT calculations, which showed good agreement with experimental results. The obtained spectral parameters are compared to other linear boron units, such as the BO 2 motif, providing a broader context for understanding boron coordination in inorganic compounds. This work expands the body of NMR knowledge on boron-containing materials, particularly for linear boron motifs. The findings contribute to the growing field of boron chemistry and its potential applications in advanced materials.

Porter, Andrew P. [Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, I↗
DOE OSTI2024

Why Perovskite Thermal Stress is Unaffected by Thin Contact Layers

Metal halide perovskite photovoltaics have emerged as a high efficiency, low-cost alternative that can potentially rival or enhance conventional silicon technology. Despite exceptional initial power conversion efficiencies, achieving compliance with international standards and widespread adoption requires further enhancements to their operational stability. Notably, addressing mechanical strain and stress in brittle perovskites has emerged as a pivotal approach to mitigate chemical degradation and improve reliability during thermal cycling. Here, in this study, a popularized strain engineering strategy is investigated in which a high coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) hole transport layer (i.e., PDCBT) is cast onto inorganic perovskite (CsPbI 2 Br) at 100 °C. Contrary to previously published results, the X-ray diffraction (XRD):Sin 2 ψ and substrate curvature measurement techniques show that the hole transport layer has no discernible impact on perovskite strain. The accuracy of the XRD:Sin 2 ψ method for measuring strain is highlighted in contrast to an analysis based on shifts of single XRD peaks which can be influenced by multiple artifacts. The findings in this study are in accordance with mechanics theory: thin layers are unable to induce significant strain changes in perovskite thin films as the force they apply is negligible compared to that applied by a thick and stiff substrate.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Photoelectrochemical materials for solar energy conversion

Research and development on semiconductors for applications in solar energy conversion has witnessed rapid growth over the past several decades. With the aim of producing chemical fuels from sunlight, intense research efforts have focused on the discovery of semiconductors with crystalline structures and chemical compositions that have the potential to satisfy the complex set of required photoelectrochemical properties. This chapter focuses on the foundational structure-property relationships of selected oxide and nitride semiconductors relevant to their uses as n-/p-type photoelectrodes and as photocatalysts. Their solid-state structures and compositions are described, with a special emphasis on strategies proven effective at targeting suitable band gaps with strong visible-light absorption, efficient charge separation and diffusion of charge carriers, and optimal band edge energies for driving surface redox reactions for water splitting.

O’Donnell, Shaun↗
DOE OSTI2026

Observed Land Surface Influence on Atmospheric Heat and Moisture Profiles During Interstorms

Land-atmospheric (L-A) feedbacks have historically been studied using models whose structure and parameterizations influence outcomes and insights. The representation of L-A feedbacks based on observations alone remains an ongoing challenge for understanding boundary layer development and precipitation. To address this gap, we use ground-based passive remote sensing and in-situ observations to present an analysis of the atmosphere during 103 interstorm soil moisture drydown events spanning nine warm seasons (2016–2024) in the U.S. Southern Great Plains region. By separating events based on local L-A coupling signals and characterizing the profiles of atmospheric heat and moisture to surface energy flux behavior, we investigate the physical mechanisms linking land surface processes to boundary layer development. We find that during interstorm drydowns, the atmospheric column follows a consistent pattern: moisture increases within the boundary layer, peaks near its top, and declines rapidly above, while warming occurs through the depth. Drydowns that shift toward evaporation produce stronger and deeper thermodynamic responses than cases dominated by sensible heating, which are weaker and shallower. Additionally, moisture is accumulated faster within the boundary layer during shorter drydowns, with longer drydowns representing slower, moisture-limited growth. Drydowns with wetter initial soil moisture will sustain stronger moistening within and above the boundary layer, accelerating buoyancy growth and convective potential toward the next storm. These results provide observational evidence linking surface flux evolution to boundary layer thermodynamics and offer a process-level benchmark for evaluating coupled L-A representations in models and demonstrating the influence of soil moisture on short-term weather forecasting skill.

Zhang, M. S. [Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (M↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electricity Markets and Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Survey of Grid Services and Revenue Streams

Purpose of Review Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) is increasingly viewed as a potential resource for providing grid services that enhance the stability and flexibility of electricity systems. While some LDES services are integrated into existing market frameworks, traditional mechanisms may not fully account for their operational characteristics, potentially leading to undervaluation. Within this context, this paper reviews the literature and industry practices to assess potential grid services for LDES, evaluates existing compensation mechanisms, and identifies challenges to full market integration. Recent Findings We first review existing literature and identify key grid services unique to LDES, including enhancing grid resilience during extreme weather events, enabling long-term energy shifting, and providing flexible and firm energy in systems with limited dispatchable resources. Here, we also review how LDES services are compensated in current market frameworks and the challenges associated with the full realization of LDES values. Additionally, we summarize market mechanisms for storage technologies across U.S. wholesale markets. We find that some markets are adjusting incentive structures, such as incorporating storage duration in capacity accreditation, to better align with system needs and LDES contributions to the grid. However, further refinements in capacity remuneration and dispatch timeframes may be needed for more effective realization of LDES value. Summary This review evaluates potential grid services for LDES, examines existing compensation mechanisms for LDES technologies, and identifies gaps between these mechanisms and LDES operational characteristics. The review concludes by outlining potential market enhancements for more effective LDES integration and articulating additional research needs to support its efficient participation in future power systems.

Flexible resources↗
DOE OSTI2025

Impact of Advances in Anion Exchange Membranes and Ionomers on Alkaline Fuel Cells

Abstract The operation of low‐temperature electrochemical energy conversion systems (fuel cells, electrolyzers) at high pH values is of perennial interest due to the possibility of moving away from expensive platinum group metal catalysts and reducing cost. Historically, the anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and ionomers have been hampered by performance (ionic conductivity, mechanical strength) and chemical stability issues. In this context, select developments over the past decade in alternate AEM chemistries, water management methods, and production of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) that have enabled a significant leap in performance of alkaline fuel cells are examined. These developments are linked to performance improvements in alkaline H 2 /O 2 fuel cells and also consider developments in alkaline fuel cells using nitrogen‐containing fuels (ammonia, hydrazine), carbon‐containing fuels (alcohols, glycols), and boron‐containing fuels (sodium borohydride, ammonia borane). Finally, current challenges and bottlenecks are identified, and potential solutions are proposed.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nuclear quantum effects in molecular liquids across chemical space

Abstract Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) influence many physical and chemical phenomena, particularly those involving light atoms or occurring at low temperatures. However, their impact has been carefully quantified in few systems-like water-and is rarely considered more broadly. Here we use path-integral molecular dynamics to systematically investigate NQEs on thermophysical properties of 92 organic liquids at ambient conditions. Depending on chemical constitution, we find substantial impact across thermal expansivity, compressibility, dielectric constant, enthalpy of vaporization, and notably molar volume, which shows consistent, positive quantum-classical differences up to 5%; similar, less pronounced trends manifest as isotope effects from deuteration. Using data-driven analysis, we identify three features-molar mass, classical hydrogen density, and classical thermal expansivity-that accurately predict NQEs and facilitate understanding of how characteristics like branching and heteroatom content influence behavior. This work highlights the broad relevance of NQEs in molecular liquids, while also providing a conceptual and practical framework to anticipate their impact.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2026

Working Fluid Characterization and Performance Assessment of Subcritical Organic Rankine Cycles Based on the Lee–Kesler Approach for Energy Recovery

Here, a generalized model using the Lee–Kesler approach based on the corresponding states principle is developed to assess the performance of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycles operating with different working fluids. Each fluid is characterized by five parameters: the acentric factor, critical temperature, critical pressure, molar mass, and the ideal-gas ratio of specific heats at the critical temperature. The model was developed using the compressibility factor modified version of the Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation proposed by Lee and Kesler and the enthalpy and entropy functions to calculate thermodynamic state properties. The model was validated by comparing the results calculated with the model and working fluid thermodynamic properties obtained with the CoolProp database. This comparison was conducted for 91 working fluids, obtaining a relative error below 5% for 88 out of the 91 fluids (∼97%). A generalized parametric study was conducted to determine the influence of the pinch point and each fluid parameter on the performance of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems. It was found that efficiency increases with critical temperature, ideal-gas ratio of specific heats at the critical temperature, and acentric factor, reaching up to 13%. The developed model enables the evaluation of ORC system performance for existing working fluids. It also allows the formulation and evaluation of new fluids to enhance the performance of the ORC while retrieving energy from any kind of source; and likewise, the methodology can be applied to other power generation cycles.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Comparing the fluorination of Pb+ and Po+: insights into p-block relativistic effects for superheavy elements

It is expected that the chemical properties of the heaviest of the superheavy elements (SHEs, = 113 – 118) do not align with what is suggested by their current positions on the periodic table. Specifically, the onset of significant relativistic effects, including increased spin–orbit splitting of the p-orbitals may lead to enhanced stability of low-oxidation states. Notably, it is predicted that flerovium ( = 114) may exhibit pseudo-noble gas behavior from a electron configuration that acts as an ‘inert pair’. Even though it is expected that the – splitting becomes pronounced toward the end of the p-block’s sixth row, there is currently limited experimental evidence to confirm its extent or impact. Here, the production of gas-phase lead ( = 82) and polonium ( = 84) fluoride cations (PbF and PoF ) were compared to elucidate differences in accessible oxidation states. The PoF and PbF species were produced and identified with the FIONA spectrometer at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 88-Inch Cylctron Facility. Polonium showed notably different fluorination chemistry than lead, producing PoF and PoF as primary products compared to lead’s PbF and PbF . The distribution of PoF products observed offer insights as to the role of spin–orbit splitting for polonium. Similar studies of superheavy elements would elucidate the accessibility of their low-oxidation states as well as to inform chemical predictions for eighth-row elements not yet discovered.

Pore, Jennifer L [Nuclear Science Division, Lawren↗
DOE OSTI2026

Toward an AI-Powered Software Pipeline for Real-Time Tracking and Analysis of Wildfire and Smoke

Real-time tracking of wildfires and smoke is crucial for effective response, minimizing damage, protecting lives, and efficiently managing resources during fire emergencies. We develop a web-based AI-powered pipeline that detects wildfires in aerial video and estimates deployment-relevant behavior metrics, including cumulative burned area, burned-area growth rate, fire spread direction, and smoke dispersion. The system combines a YOLO-based detector with YCbCr-based fire segmentation, HSV-based smoke segmentation, Farneback optical flow, and centroid-based spatiotemporal tracking. Using ground sampling distance (GSD), pixel-level fire masks are converted to physical burned-area measurements by correlating fire pixel counts with camera altitude and tilt angle. We benchmark YOLO variants and non-YOLO baselines (GoogLeNet, CNN, DBN, Autoencoder, U-Net, and AlexNet) on the IEEE FLAME dataset and a newly created aerial frame dataset, Wildfire-DB. Cross-dataset evaluation uses a strict threshold-transfer protocol: decision thresholds are selected on FLAME validation and transferred unchanged to Wildfire-DB to quantify generalization under domain shift. YOLOv6 achieves the strongest cross-dataset frame-level fire detection on Wildfire-DB (ROC-AUC 0.8200, PR-AUC 0.8044, and transferred-threshold F1 0.7596). For tracking-oriented deployment requiring oriented localization, YOLO11-OBB provides the most reliable cross-dataset behavior among OBB-capable models while remaining computationally feasible. To analyze the feasibility of UAV deployment, we further measure inference efficiency using synchronized GPU and CPU power logs on a fixed workload of 1569 frames. YOLO-family models process the video in 5.73–12.47 seconds with net energy of 1247.28–1775.39 J, substantially lower latency and energy than heavier classification and reconstruction baselines. Overall, model optimality depends on operational objectives: YOLOv6 is best for cross-dataset detection robustness, whereas YOL...

Color segmentation↗
DOE OSTI1988

Nuclear Safety [Vol. 29, No. 3, July-September 1988]

Nuclear Safety is a review journal that covers significant developments in the field of nuclear safety. Its scope includes the analysis and control of hazards associated with nuclear energy, operations involving fissionable materials, and the products of nuclear fission and their effects on the environment. Primary emphasis is on safety in reactor design, construction, and operation; however, the safety aspects of the entire fuel cycle, including fuel fabrication, spent-fuel processing, nuclear waste disposal, handling of radioisotopes, and environmental effects of these operations, are also treated. Table of Contents for this issue follows. GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS: 259 Fifteenth Water Reactor Safety Information Meeting by E. G. Silver; CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION: 284 Reliability Technology to Improve and/or Maintain Emergency Diesel Generator Performance by S. Karimian and J. H. Taylor, 293 A Noise Diagnostics System for Operator Advice by G. Hessel, P. Liewers, P. Schumann, W. Schmitt, and F.-P. Weiss; PLANT SAFETY FEATURES: 307 A Passive Containment System for Advanced Light-Water Reactors by O. B. Falls, Jr., and F. W. Kleimola; ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS: 318 Data Base Construction for a Computerized Radiological Risk Investigation System by L. M. Hively, J. E. Nyquist, J. L. Bledsoe, and A. L. Sjoreen, 326 Erratum to "Radiation Hormesis and Nuclear Safety," Vol. 29, No. 1; OPERATING EXPERIENCES: 327 Operational Safety Experience and Passive Safety Testing at the Fast Flux Text Facility by Q. L. Baird, J. L. Rathbun, D. D. Stepnewski, R. L. Stover, and A. E. Waltar, 344 Backfilling of Independent Residual Heat Removal Systems in West Germany and Switzerland by G. Eckert and Y. Salomon, 353 Reactor Shutdown Experience Compiled by J. W. Cletcher, 356 Selected Safety-Related Events Compiled by G. A. Murphy, 363 Operating U.S. Power Reactors Compiled by E. G. Silver; RECENT DEVELOPMENTS: 384 General Administrative Activities Compiled by E. G. Silver, 390 Reports, Standards, and Safety Guides by D. S. Queener, 395 Status of Power-Reactor Projects Undergoing Licensing Review Compiled by E. G. Silver, 400 Proposed Rule Changes as of Mar. 31,1988; ANNOUNCEMENTS: 283 International ENS/ANS Conference on Thermal Reactor Safety "NUCSAFE 88", 317 Northwestern University Short Course on Radiation Safety, 407 Second International Seminar on Small- and Medium-Sized Nuclear Reactors, 407 International Workshop on New Developments in Occupational Dose Control and ALARA Implementation at Nuclear Power Plants and Similar Facilities, 408 Fourth International Topical Meeting on Nuclear Reactor Thermal Hydraulics (NURETH-4), 404 The Authors.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗