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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14

A new method for calculating correction factors for near-field gain measurements.

A new method is demonstrated with which near-field antenna gain correction factors can be calculated directly from measured far-field pattern data by using a spherical wave expansion of the pattern. This eliminates the need for any assumptions regarding antenna aperture field distributions. For illustration, the method is applied to the case of a horn antenna. A comparison of the calculation results with direct measurement data shows an agreement within 0.03 dB. The method, when compared to the method used by Chu and Semplak (1965), is found to show similar agreement.

Ludwig, A. C.↗

Wall functions for the kappa-epsilon turbulence model in generalized nonorthogonal curvilinear coordinates

A k-epsilon turbulence model suitable for compressible flow, including the new wall function formulation, has been incorporated into an existing compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes code, F3D. The low Reynolds number k-epsilon model of Chien (1982) was added for comparison with the present method. A number of features were added to the F3D code including improved far-field boundary conditions and viscous terms in the streamwise direction. A series of computations of increasing complexity was run to test the effectiveness of the new formulation. Flow over a flat plate was computed by using both orthogonal and nonorthogonal grids, and the friction coefficients and velocity profiles compared with a semi-empirical equation. Flow over a body of revolution at zero angle of attack was then computed to test the method's ability to handle flow over a curved surface. Friction coefficients and velocity profiles were compared to test data. All models gave good results on a relatively fine grid, but only the wall function formulation was effective with coarser grids. Finally, in order to demonstrate the method's ability to handle complex flow fields, separated flow over a prolate spheroid at angle of attack was computed, and results were compared to test data. The results were also compared to a k-epsilon model by Kim and Patel (1991), in which one equation model patched in at the wall was employed. Both models gave reasonable solutions, but improvement is required for accurate prediction of friction coefficients in the separated regions.

Sondak, D. L.↗

Ocean color spectral variability studies using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence

It is suggested that chlorophyll-induced ocean color spectral variability can be studied using only a passive airborne spectroradiometer instrument, with solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence used as the standard against which all correlations are performed. The intraspectral correlation (ISC) method is demonstrated with results obtained during an airborne mapping mission in the New York Bight. The curvature algorithm is applied to the solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence at about 690 nm, and good agreement is found with results obtained using active-passive correlation spectroscopy. The ISC method has application to spectral variability and resulting chlorophyll concentration measurement in different environmental conditions and in different water types.

Hoge, Frank E.↗

Understanding the Impact of Unobservable Variables on the Performance of Predictive Models: The Need for Feature Space Partitioning and Fusion

When developing predictive models over a dataset, the model is globally optimized across the entire feature space to learn a decision boundary. However, when unobservable variables—which cannot be measured or estimated—interact with the observable variables, this can negatively impact the optimization applied to the decision boundary since the data samples introduced by unobservable variables may have little to no association with the applied global optimization. This, consequently, penalizes the entire decision boundary and model performance. This paper examines some of the detrimental effects of unobservable variables, particularly their role in creating new modes in the distribution of observable variables and reducing the separability of class distributions. Such challenges result in skewed or warped decision boundaries and decreased accuracy of model predictions, particularly for interpretable models like logistic regression and decision trees. Through two illustrative case examples, we highlight the need to address the challenges imposed by unobservable variables. We propose a strategy to mitigate these challenges by creating local regions within the feature space through partitioning. This enables the optimization of local models within the regions to overcome the impact of unobservability in different feature space localities. Research into a more sophisticated partitioning strategy and where the partition should be relative to the sample of interest is left as future work. Through the analysis of the impact of unobservability and the development of a partitioning method, we demonstrate the clear need for a partitioning strategy that integrates knowledge from multiple local models to estimate risk factors using information fusion. Thus, we establish the foundation and motivation for using partitioning and information fusion to overcome the effects of unobservability in predictive models. Formal fusion methods, such as Dempster-Shafer theory, can better leverage the information from local regions to improve the performance of interpretable predictive models in the presence of unobservable variables.

Time Series Data↗

Development of test methods for scale model simulation of aerial applications in the NASA Langley Vortex Research Facility

As part of basic research to improve aerial applications technology, methods were developed at the Langley Vortex Research Facility to simulate and measure deposition patterns of aerially-applied sprays and granular materials by means of tests with small-scale models of agricultural aircraft and dynamically-scaled test particles. Interactions between the aircraft wake and the dispersed particles are being studied with the objective of modifying wake characteristics and dispersal techniques to increase swath width, improve deposition pattern uniformity, and minimize drift. The particle scaling analysis, test methods for particle dispersal from the model aircraft, visualization of particle trajectories, and measurement and computer analysis of test deposition patterns are described. An experimental validation of the scaling analysis and test results that indicate improved control of chemical drift by use of winglets are presented to demonstrate test methods.

Jordan, F. L., Jr.↗

Multiobjective Multidisciplinary Optimization of Low-Boom Supersonic Transports Using Multifidelity Models

A multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) method has been developed to design a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based low-boom configuration that can be obtained from a Pareto solution of a low-fidelity multiobjective MDO problem with mission constraints. This paper refines the developed MDO method using multifidelity models for CFD-based multiobjective MDO. The refined MDO method can generate a low-boom configuration that satisfies the mission requirements, has the lowest takeoff gross weight and the longest range for the low-boom mission, trims the low-boom cruise flight with fuel redistributions, and has a reversed equivalent area distribution closely matching a low-boom target with ground noise level below 70 PLdB. The validity of the refined MDO method is demonstrated by a design study of a low-boom supersonic transport that carries 40 passengers, flies a low-boom mission with cruise Mach of 1.7 and range of 3500 nm, and cruises overwater at Mach 1.8 with range of 3882 nm. Moreover, the refined MDO method eliminates the difference between the assumed cruise weight for CFD-based low-boom inverse design optimization and the estimated cruise weight of the optimal inverse design solution with respect to the mission requirements.

multidisciplinary optimization↗

Multiobjective Multidisciplinary Optimization of Low-Boom Supersonic Transports Using Multifidelity Models

A multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) method has been developed to design a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based low-boom configuration that can be obtained from a Pareto solution of a low-fidelity multiobjective MDO problem with mission constraints. This paper refines the developed MDO method by using multifidelity models for CFD-based multiobjective MDO and a better method for the system-level trade between the target low boom ground noise level and the overland range. The refined MDO method can generate a low-boom configuration that satisfies the mission requirements, has the lowest takeoff gross weight and the longest range for the low-boom mission, trims the low-boom cruise flight with fuel redistributions, and has a reversed equivalent area distribution closely matching a low-boom target with ground noise level below 70 PLdB. The validity of the refined MDO method is demonstrated by a design study of a low-boom supersonic transport that carries 40 passengers, flies a low-boom mission with cruise Mach of 1.7 and range of 3500 nm, and cruises overwater at Mach 1.8 with range of 3882 nm. Moreover, the refined MDO method eliminates the difference between the assumed cruise weight for CFD-based low-boom inverse design optimization and the estimated cruise weight of the optimal inverse design solution with respect to the mission requirements.

MDO↗

An Ensemble Approach to Building Mercer Kernels with Prior Information

This paper presents a new methodology for automatic knowledge driven data mining based on the theory of Mercer Kernels, which are highly nonlinear symmetric positive definite mappings from the original image space to a very high, possibly dimensional feature space. we describe a new method called Mixture Density Mercer Kernels to learn kernel function directly from data, rather than using pre-defined kernels. These data adaptive kernels can encode prior knowledge in the kernel using a Bayesian formulation, thus allowing for physical information to be encoded in the model. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of the algorithm in situations with extremely small samples of data. We compare the results with existing algorithms on data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and demonstrate the method's superior performance against standard methods. The code for these experiments has been generated with the AUTOBAYES tool, which automatically generates efficient and documented C/C++ code from abstract statistical model specifications. The core of the system is a schema library which contains templates for learning and knowledge discovery algorithms like different versions of EM, or numeric optimization methods like conjugate gradient methods. The template instantiation is supported by symbolic-algebraic computations, which allows AUTOBAYES to find closed-form solutions and, where possible, to integrate them into the code.

Srivastava, Ashok N.↗

The least-squares finite element method for low-mach-number compressible viscous flows

The present paper reports the development of the Least-Squares Finite Element Method (LSFEM) for simulating compressible viscous flows at low Mach numbers in which the incompressible flows pose as an extreme. Conventional approach requires special treatments for low-speed flows calculations: finite difference and finite volume methods are based on the use of the staggered grid or the preconditioning technique; and, finite element methods rely on the mixed method and the operator-splitting method. In this paper, however, we show that such difficulty does not exist for the LSFEM and no special treatment is needed. The LSFEM always leads to a symmetric, positive-definite matrix through which the compressible flow equations can be effectively solved. Two numerical examples are included to demonstrate the method: first, driven cavity flows at various Reynolds numbers; and, buoyancy-driven flows with significant density variation. Both examples are calculated by using full compressible flow equations.

Yu, Sheng-Tao↗

Astrometry of Single-Chord Occultations: Application to the 1993 Triton Event

This paper outlines a method for reducing astrometric data to derive the closest approach time and distance to the center of an occultation shadow for a single observer. The method applies to CCD frames, strip scans or photographic plates and uses a set of field stars of unknown positions to define a common coordinate system for all frames. The motion of the occulting body is used to establish the transformation between this common coordinate system and the celestial coordinate system of the body's ephemeris. This method is demonstrated by application to the Tr6O occultation by Triton on 1993 July 10 UT. Over an interval of four nights that included the occultation time, 80 frames of Triton and Tr6O were taken near the meridian with the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) 61-inch astrometric reflector. Application of the method presented here to these data yields a closest approach distance of 359 +/- 133 km (corresponding to 0.017 +/- 0.006 arcsec) for the occultation chord obtained with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO). Comparison of the astrometric closest approach time with the KAO light-curve midtime shows a difference of 2.2 +/- 4.1 s. Relative photometry of Triton and Tr6O, needed for photometric calibration of the occultation light curve, is also presented.

Olkin, Catherine B.↗

Compressible laminar boundary layers with suction on swept and tapered wings

In this paper we present a numerical method for solving the compressible laminar boundary-layer equations with suction on swept and tapered wings. The method employs an efficient two-point finite-difference method to solve the governing equations, and a very convenient similarity transformation which removes the wall normal velocity as a boundary condition and places it into the governing equations as a parameter. In this way the awkward nonlinear boundary condition which couples all the variables is avoided. To test and demonstrate the method, we present a sample calculation for a typical laminar-flow-control (LFC) wing.

Kaups, K.↗

Real-Time Aerodynamic Parameter Estimation without Air Flow Angle Measurements

A technique for estimating aerodynamic parameters in real time from flight data without air flow angle measurements is described and demonstrated. The method is applied to simulated F-16 data, and to flight data from a subscale jet transport aircraft. Modeling results obtained with the new approach using flight data without air flow angle measurements were compared to modeling results computed conventionally using flight data that included air flow angle measurements. Comparisons demonstrated that the new technique can provide accurate aerodynamic modeling results without air flow angle measurements, which are often difficult and expensive to obtain. Implications for efficient flight testing and flight safety are discussed.

Morelli, Eugene A.↗

Reduction of Model Complexity by Active Control

The mathematical models of many dynamic systems of interest in the aerospace industry are inherently complex and of high order. Rather than grapple with the full-complexity models for such systems, the control designers often elect to derive low-order, reduced-complexity models for which a control system can be designed. The subject of model-order reduction has received a significant amount of attention in control engineering literature. This paper describes and demonstrates a novel active-control methodology that can be used to design a control system that automatically forces the original system to behave like a chosen reduced-complexity model by treating the effects of the original complexity-related terms as disturbances acting on the reduced-complexity system. The method is demonstrated by several worked examples involving both linear and nonlinear systems, supported by simulation results.

Bukley, Angelia P.↗

A Step-Wise Approach to Elicit Triangular Distributions

Adapt/combine known methods to demonstrate an expert judgment elicitation process that: 1.Models expert's inputs as a triangular distribution, 2.Incorporates techniques to account for expert bias and 3.Is structured in a way to help justify expert's inputs. This paper will show one way of "extracting" expert opinion for estimating purposes. Nevertheless, as with most subjective methods, there are many ways to do this.

Greenberg, Marc W.↗

Measurement of Cyanobacterial Bloom Magnitude Using Satellite Remote Sensing

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyano HABs) are a serious environmental, water quality and public health issue worldwide because of their ability to form dense biomass and produce toxins. Models and algorithms have been developed to detect and quantify cyanoHABs biomass using remotely sensed data but not for quantifying bloom magnitude,information that would guide water quality management decisions. We propose a method to quantify seasonal and annual cyanoHAB magnitude in lakes and reservoirs. The magnitude is the spatio temporal mean of weekly or biweekly maximum cyanobacteria biomass for the season or year. CyanoHAB biomass is quantified using a standard reflectance spectral shape based algorithm that uses data from Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS). We demonstrate the method to quantify annual and seasonal cyanoHAB magnitude in Florida and Ohio (USA) respectively during 2003-2011 and rank the lakes based on median magnitude over the study period. The new method can be applied to Sentinel-3 Ocean Land Color Imager (OLCI) data for assessment of cyanoHABs and the change over time, even with issues such as variable data acquisition frequency or sensor calibration uncertainties between satellites. CyanoHAB magnitude can support monitoring and management decision making for recreational and drinking water sources.

Sachidananda Mishra↗

New rubber qualification for the igniter adapter

Kirkhill Rubber Company (KRC) has informed Thiokol Corporation that two raw materials used in the asbestos and silica filled acrylonitrile butadience rubber (NBR) formulation per STW 2621 are no longer available from their vendors. Agerite White (Di-beta-naphthyl-paraphenylene diamine), manufactured by B. F. Goodrich, is an antioxidant used in NBR. This raw material makes up roughly 1-2 percent of the finished product. KRC proposed that this raw material be replaced by Agerite Stalite S (mixture of octylated diphenylamines) distributed by R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Protox-166 zinc oxide, manufactured by Zinc Corporation of America, is an activator currently used in NBR. This material also makes up about 1-2 percent of the finished material. Protox-166 is an American process grade zinc oxide. It is proposed by KRC to replace Protox-166 with Kadox-930C, a French process grade zinc oxide. American process grades have an ASTM minimum purity of 99.0 percent; the French process grades have a minimum purity of 99.5 percent. Previous testing per WTP-0270 has demonstrated that the mechanical and thermal properties of the rubber with the new ingredients are comparable to the 'old' rubber. The test results are reported in TWR-61790. One igniter adapter, Part no. 7U77562-02 serial no. 2 was insulated per ETP-1206 using the new rubber formulation and a modified lay up and cure method to demonstrate that there is no impact on this process. The results of this demonstration are reported.

Humpherys, Mark A.↗

An analysis of temperature-induced errors for an ultrasound distance measuring system

The presentation of research is provided in the following five chapters. Chapter 2 presents the necessary background information and definitions for general work with ultrasound and acoustics. It also discusses the basis for errors in the slant range measurements. Chapter 3 presents a method of problem solution and an analysis of the sensitivity of the equations to slant range measurement errors. It also presents various methods by which the error in the slant range measurements can be reduced to improve overall measurement accuracy. Chapter 4 provides a description of a type of experiment used to test the analytical solution and provides a discussion of its results. Chapter 5 discusses the setup of a prototype collision avoidance system, discusses its accuracy, and demonstrates various methods of improving the accuracy along with the improvements' ramifications. Finally, Chapter 6 provides a summary of the work and a discussion of conclusions drawn from it. Additionally, suggestions for further research are made to improve upon what has been presented here.

Wenger, David Paul↗

A spectral element approach to wave motion in layered solids

A matrix methodology similar to that of the finite element method is developed for the analysis of stress waves in layered solids. Because the mass distribution is modeled exactly, the approach gives the exact frequency response of each layer. The fast Fourier transform and Fourier series are used for inversion to the time/space domain. The impact of a structured medium with multiple layers is used to demonstrate the method. Comparison with existing propagator and direct global matrix methods show the present approach to be computationally more efficient.

Rizzi, S. A.↗