Solder-circuitry separation problems associated with plated printed circuit boards
Investigation of soldered component failure in plated printed circuit boards consisting of tinned laminate copper, plated copper, and gold overplate
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Investigation of soldered component failure in plated printed circuit boards consisting of tinned laminate copper, plated copper, and gold overplate
Fabrication and environmental tests of circuit boards with polyimide plastic dielectrics and pyrolyzed polyacrylonitrile conductors
Navigation and communication experiment at L band on board S.S. Manhattan using ATS-5 satellite with biphase PSK modulation of three tones for ranging
Board that fits over the control panel decreases errors and time loss. Device has cutouts for controls and indicators, bears all appropriate labeling information, can be removed with the changing computer assignments, and guards against accidental changes in control settings.
The transfer of liquid from one container to another in a weightless environment was demonstrated by the crew of Apollo 14. A scale-model liquid-transfer system was used on board the spacecraft during the transearth coast period. The liquid transfer unit consisted of a surface tension baffled tank system containing two baffle designs. Liquid was transferred between tanks with a hand pump operated by the astronaut. The results showed that liquid was efficiently transferred to and from either baffled tank to within two percent of the design value residual liquid without reaching gas ingestion. The liquid-vapor interface in the receiver tank was positioned successfully with the gas located at the vent.
The support software package is described which exists for the advanced on-board processor (AOP) being developed as a general purpose stored program digital computer, with an 18-bit word.
The development of a nondestructive test with the capability to interrogate plated-through holes as small as 0.51 millimeters inside diameter is discussed. The system can detect defects such as holes, voids, cracks, and thin spots that reduce the current carrying capability of plates-through interconnects by 20 percent or more. Efforts were directed toward the design and fabrication of magnetic circuitry mutual coupling probes and to evaluate the effectiveness of these devices for detecting in multilayer board plated-through holes.
On-board spacecraft image data processing systems for transmitting processed data rather than raw data are discussed. A brief history of the development of the optical data processing techniques is presented along with the conceptual design of a coherent optical system with a noncoherent image input.
The high energy multicharged cosmic-ray-particle exposure of the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device package on board the Apollo 16 spacecraft was monitored using cellulose nitrate, Lexan polycarbonate, nuclear emulsion, and silver chloride crystal nuclear-track detectors. The results of the analysis of these detectors include the measured particle fluences, the linear energy transfer spectra, and the integral atomic number spectrum of stopping particle density. The linear energy transfer spectrum is used to compute the fractional cell loss in human kidney (T1) cells caused by heavy particles. Because the Microbial Ecology Evaluation Device was better shielded, the high-energy multicharged particle exposure was less than that measured on the crew passive dosimeters.
A four component system was developed which consists of a particle size reduction mechanism, a pneumatic waste transport system, a rotating-paddle incinerator, and a catalytic afterburner to be integrated into a six-man, zero-g subsystem for processing human wastes on board spacecraft. The study included the development of different concepts or functions, the establishment of operational specifications, and a critical evaluation for each of the four components. A series of laboratory tests was run, and a baseline subsystem design was established. An operational specification was also written in preparation for detailed design and testing of this baseline subsystem.
Gamma-ray bursts of cosmic origin have recently been detected by instruments on the Vela satellites. We now confirm the detection of the June 30, 1971 event with an instrument on board the OGO-5 satellite. The intensity of this burst is calculated to be approximately 100-200 photons per sq cm/sec for photons of energy greater than 150 keV with an upper limit of 50 photons per sq cm/sec for the intensity above 5 MeV. An upper limit of one-third of the intensity of the June 30, 1971 event is set for 10 other events studied.
High drag satellites frequently require precise verification of orbital maneuvers and the accurate prediction of perigee height. An in-flight ground support system designed to monitor and compute orbital state and maneuvers is described. The use of on-board three-axis accelerometer data in a flight support software system to perform on-line maneuver analysis and atmospheric model updating is discussed. In addition, automated analytic techniques to rapidly and accurately predict perigee height following a maneuver are described, as well as semianalytic averaging techniques designed to predict a decaying orbital state for mission control.
Experimental board includes three layers of special tridirectionally woven fabric. Alumina particles play major role in reducing coefficient of expansion. They also serve as heat sink for heat-generating components.
Microfilm records of the Skylab 2, 3, and 4 voice transcriptions are presented. The data are contained on ten 16 millimeter reels. The transcriptions are identified as air-to-ground communication and onboard communication. The Skylab 2 data are contained on one roll for air-to-ground and one roll for onboard communication. Skylab 3 data consist of two rolls for air-to-ground and two rolls for on board communication. Skylab 4 data consists of three rolls for air-to-ground and two rolls for onboard communication.
A computer-controlled data acquisition system has been developed for the 40x80-foot wind tunnel at Ames Research Center. The system, consisting of several small onboard units installed in the model and a data-managing, data-displaying ground station, is capable of sampling up to 256 channels of raw data at a total sample rate of 128,000 samples/sec. Complete signal conditioning is contained within the on-board units. The sampling sequence and channel gain selection is completely random and under total control of the ground station. Outputs include a bar-graph display, digital-to-analog converters, and digital interface to the tunnel's central computer, an SEL 840MP. The system can be run stand-alone or under the control of the SEL 840MP.
An optical correlation technique for the nondestructive evaluation of printed circuit board solder joints was evaluated. Reliable indications of induced stress levels in solder joint lead wires are achievable. Definite relations between the inherent strength of a solder joint, with its associated ability to survive stress, are demonstrable.
The structure and use of an Interactive Graphics Packaging Program (IGPP), conceived to apply computer graphics to the design of packaging electronic circuits onto printed circuit boards (PCB), were described. The intent was to combine the data storage and manipulative power of the computer with the imaginative, intuitive power of a human designer. The hardware includes a CDC 6400 computer and two CDC 777 terminals with CRT screens, light pens, and keyboards. The program is written in FORTRAN 4 extended with the exception of a few functions coded in COMPASS (assembly language). The IGPP performs four major functions for the designer: (1) data input and display, (2) component placement (automatic or manual), (3) conductor path routing (automatic or manual), and (4) data output. The most complex PCB packaged to date measured 16.5 cm by 19 cm and contained 380 components, two layers of ground planes and four layers of conductors mixed with ground planes.
Orbiter/payload data and communications interface was examined. It was found that the Configuration Control Board Directive (CCBD) greatly increases the capability of the orbiter to communicate with a wide variety of projected shuttle payloads. Rather than being derived from individual payload communication requirements, the CCBD appears to be based on an operational philosophy that requires the orbiter to duplicate or augment the ground network/payload communication links. It is suggested that the implementation of the CCBD be reviewed and compared with the Level 1 Program Requirements Document, differences reconciled, and interface characteristics defined.