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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

High-Efficiency, Medium-Voltage-Input, Solid-State-Transformer-Based 400-kW/1000V/400A Extreme Fast Charger for Electric Vehicles

Range anxiety and long battery charging time continue to be critical challenges to mass adaptation of EVs. A major identified gap to wider adoption of BEVs is the ability and availability to refuel quickly or to fast charge. Studies have shown that in areas where drivers have access to 50-kW or 120-kW fast charge stations, annual electric vehicle (EV) miles traveled (i.e., eVMT) increased by over 25%, even in cases where fast charging was used for 1% to 5% of total charging events. Charge stations of higher power not only alleviate the “range anxiety” and reduce the driver’s waiting time, but also requires less investment. Michigan Energy Office completed a study in early 2019 titled “Electric Vehicle Charger Placement Optimization in Michigan: Phase I – Highways”. This study finds a system with 150kW chargers, though more expensive individually, actually has lower total system cost when compared to a 50kW charging system when serving the same battery size EV. To be truly competitive to the ICEV refueling experience, even higher power stations are necessary. However, high power charge stations would create large power draws from the grid. If this occurs during peak demand periods, grid capacity could be overloaded. This problem needs to be addressed to reduce the impact on the electric utility infrastructure. The main goal of this project is to develop a 400-kW/400-A XFC system targeting total efficiency of 96.5 percent from the MVAC grid to a vehicle. The novel SST power cell topology, combined with a new silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFET device, enables a 3.5 percent improvement in system efficiency, a 50-percent smaller equipment footprint, and four times less weight than today’s DCFC systems. The SST technology would directly utilize MVAC at 4.8-kV or 13.2-kV. This would eliminate the line frequency transformer (LFT), which steps down medium-voltage AC to 3-Phase 480-V line-to-line voltage in current DCFC systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Simultaneous flow of zero-carbon and conventional fuel liquids through Trans-Alaska Pipeline System [Abstract]

The purpose of this CRADA is to address key technical challenges specific to the transport of ammonia, a promising carbon-free fuel and hydrogen-carrier, through crude oil pipelines. Specifically, the project seeks to develop novel technologies for preparing liquid ammonia/ hydrocarbon mixtures for the dual purpose of (i) pipeline transport, and (ii) developing advanced marine fuel blends. By demonstrating compatibility with the Trans-Alaskan Pipeline System (TAPS) ammonia/oil blends may improve access to stranded natural gas and help overcome low-flow issues associated with declining oil productivity. In Alaska, this technology enhances the capabilities of TAPS allowing it to function as a statewide “Hydrogen Highway” for exporting green or blue ammonia. This is strategically important for Alaska which lacks statewide electrical transmission infrastructure but contains vast renewable and fossil resources located in remote regions with few local markets. Nationally, Alaska-sourced green (hydropower) or blue ammonia has the potential to improve reliability of a Pacific Northwest hydrogen storage hub as a hydrogen-carrier by helping to overcome seasonality of green hydrogen produced from solar or wind energy. Globally, this technology project has significant potential to improve the safety and efficacy of ammonia-rich fuel compositions for use in maritime propulsion and other mid-sized engines.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Adoption of Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Local Fuel Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reductions Across the U.S.

The dependence on gasoline-powered light-duty automobiles has made U.S. households vulnerable to the burden of fuel costs. Tailpipe emissions from these vehicles constitute 58% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the U.S., which are damaging to the environment (EPA, 2023). The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has been shown to effectively reduce fuel costs and GHG emissions. However, local effects on these benefits are not well understood by American consumers, potentially limiting adoption and therefore the realization of PEV benefits at scale (MacInnis & Krosnick, 2020; EY Americas, 2023). To fill this research gap, this study estimates the fuel cost savings and GHG emission reductions at the state and ZIP code levels by considering local fuel prices, vehicle class preference, average vehicle model year, fuel efficiencies, and driving intensities. The study's findings reveal that the adoption of PEVs can yield substantial benefits in terms of fuel cost savings and GHG emission reductions nationwide. Specifically, driving a battery electric vehicle (BEV) is estimated to result in annual savings of up to $\$2,200$, while driving a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) can lead to savings up to $\$1,500$, when compared to an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) of equivalent size. Moreover, using population-weighted averages by ZIP code, BEVs and PHEVs show the potential to save 400 and 200 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per mile, respectively, compared to a representative ICEV of the same class. The magnitude of fuel cost savings and emissions reduction vary by region due to various factors. Generally, regions with high gasoline prices, low electricity prices, preferences for larger vehicles, and high driving intensities tend to see relatively large fuel savings. The emissions reductions are more pronounced in areas with clean grids where consumer preferences lie with large vehicles. This regional variability underscores the importance of considering local contextual factors when assessing the potential benefits of PEV adoption. In more than 99% of U.S. ZIP codes, PEVs result in overall savings in fuel use (and subsequent costs) and GHG emissions. While not a central focus of this analysis, reductions in GHG tailpipe emissions from PEV adoption would also come with reductions in criteria pollutant emissions, contributing to improved local air quality depending on the PEV penetration, population density, and electricity generation infrastructure in the locality.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Data Quality Objectives Supporting Radiological Air Emissions Monitoring for the PNNL-Richland Campus: North Campus Construction (Rev. 3)

Starting in fiscal year 2023, the north area of the PNNL-Richland Campus will undergo development. Initially, infrastructure (water, electrical) improvements will be installed. Later development includes the construction of several new office buildings. The area to be developed currently contains no buildings but does have two existing solar-powered ambient air sampling stations. Under the requirements of Washington State Department of Health Radioactive Air Emissions License -005, the PNNL-Richland Campus must operate and maintain a radiological air monitoring program. This revision documents and evaluates how the new North Campus construction impacts ambient air surveillance stations within the development region. This revision also considers current stack configurations and uses an updated environmental dispersion model and updated meteorological data. The DQO team concluded that one sampling station in the construction area will be relocated and the other remain in place. The evaluations conducted for this DQO also identified a third sampling station outside the development area that is recommended for relocation as a result of updated dispersion modeling. Recommended sites for the relocations are presented. Considerations for sampling in and around a construction zone are also addressed. Additionally, programmatic improvements to the ambient air sampling program were identified in the DQO process.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Gas-Electric Interdependence

Presentation to February 2024 DOE Electricity Advisory Committee (EAC) Meeting regarding interrelationship between gas and electric. The EAC is a Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) committee. The purpose of the EAC is to provide advice to the U.S. Department of Energy in implementing the Energy Policy Act of 2005, executing the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, and modernizing the nation's electricity delivery infrastructure.

Brewer, John↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multilevel Cybersecurity for Photovoltaic Systems

The motivation behind this project is to protect critical infrastructure in electric power generation pertaining to solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. This growing renewable energy resource is becoming a more vital part of the nation’s energy portfolio, particularly since it has achieved grid-parity to existing generation methods in terms of cost. It is thus vital that steps be taken to ensure the cybersecurity of these assets. The project goal was to devise a multilevel cybersecurity solution to address PV security gaps at the inverter and system levels, and field test the solution under the supervision and review of a US-based solar inverter manufacturer and PV installer/operator. A two-level cyberattack defense approach was formulated whereby the first level, the solar inverter level, hardens individual devices and achieves a deeply cyber-secure inverter. The inverter level security involves a multi-layer defense-in-depth approach for securing the inverter while also providing data for the system level algorithms. The second level, the system level, addresses intrusion detection and restoration involving an ensemble of inverters and relevant systems.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Guanajuato Policy Options for Land Transportation Greenhouse Gas Reduction [Slides]

NREL consulted the Mexican state of Guanajuato to help them identify and prioritize policies that are specifically applicable to their land transportation system and help them meet their greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals. Three focus groups were held across Guanajuato to get the input from a wide variety of users of the transportation system. These focus groups performed a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis of Guanajuato's transportation system and logged the policy goals of participants. NREL then developed a menu of policy options that have been used successfully in relevant countries and prioritized these policies based on the weighted input from stakeholder groups. The most applicable policies were a paid parking strategy, regional transit master plan, and expanded bike and pedestrian infrastructure. Case studies of these three policies, plus a few more, were then presented to inform Guanajuato of how these policies could successfully be implemented. Finally, the GHG reductions for five of the most applicable policies were estimated to reduce emissions from Guanajuato's land transportation system nearly 40% below business-as-usual emissions by 2050.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

eMosaic: Electrification Mosaic Platform for Grid Informed Smart Charging Management (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

ABB (Prime Contractor), in collaboration with its partners at the Utah State University (USU), Idaho National Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Power (RMP), and Electric Power Engineers (EPE), have performed research, development, and wide scale demonstration of a scalable and resilient Electrification Mosaic (eMosaic) platform for Smart Charge Management (SCM) for Electric Vehicle Infrastructure. Work was completed under DE EE0009194, titled “eMosaic Electrification Mosaic Platform for Grid Informed Smart Charging Management”, funded by the US Department of Energy. The project members developed algorithms that provide localized and bulk grid services and that reduce and stabilize costs all the way down the supply chain to the PEV owner through SCM. This platform aggregates telemetry from multiple data sources as pieces of the larger picture including personal, private fleet or transportation EVs, fast chargers and other supply equipment, weather service information, and geographically distributed charging sites such as public lots, garage and retail, and private or shared usage depots. ABB and the project team designed, tested, and improved a charging management system at local/edge and cloud levels. The ultimate objective of the project was to convincingly demonstrate that the developed secure eMosaic plat-form can be readily and favorably adopted by diverse utilities and site owners at scale. This was achieved through a demonstration plan with field deployment at several physical sites across 4 states and additional scalable simulation from high fidelity charging models.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhancing the EVI-X National Framework to Address Emerging Questions on Charging Infrastructure Deployment

As national investments in EV charging infrastructure accelerate, this project advances the state-of-the-art in infrastructure analysis to better inform deployment strategies. It enhances NLR's EVI-X Suite, a set of tools supporting national network planning, local site design, and financial evaluation. These capabilities will position VTO to provide timely analysis to the DOT/DOE Joint Office, and to guide the strategic buildout of the national charging network. EVI-X development is closely coordinated with other VTO-funded efforts to ensure consistent, integrated use of key inputs and outputs, including EV adoption scenarios from TEMPO and infrastructure designs developed through EVs@Scale.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Deer Isle and Stonington Energy Reliability Opportunities

The towns of Deer Isle and Stonington, located on the island of Deer Isle in Maine, partnered with the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Technology Innovation Partnership Project (ETIPP) to examine options to enhance energy resilience, reduce dependence on imported fuels, and mitigate high energy costs. With technical support from the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and regional partner the Island Institute, the project focused on evaluation of the local electricity distribution infrastructure, examination of ongoing activities to reduce the frequency of outages, review of the applicable policy and regulatory environment, and identification of potential on-site energy solutions. Key findings revealed the island's reliance on a single distribution line, and limited hosting capacity for additional distributed energy resources. Solar photovoltaics (PV) technology, with and without battery storage, was found to be the most viable technology given economic, technical, and social considerations. While also technically feasible, wind energy faces more difficult siting and less public acceptance compared to PV. Marine energy technologies were determined to be infeasible due to technology immaturity and lengthy permitting timelines. Modeling of potential building-scale PV plus storage systems resulted in successful grant applications for installations at two local facilities. Analysis of community scale energy generation and storage options resulted the local utility, Versant, submitting a grant application for a proposed community-scale battery storage system to increase grid resilience and hosting capacity. This initiative has strengthened the communities' energy planning capabilities and laid the groundwork for future clean energy development.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe Strategic Energy Plan

The Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe's Strategic Energy Plan (SEP) details the outcomes and efforts of a 1.5-year Energy Technology Innovation Partnership Program (ETIPP) project. This collaboration involved the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, Spark Northwest, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Project partners supported the Tribe in identifying key energy research focus areas and the Tribe's energy vision. As the technical lead on the project, PNNL led a series of research initiatives to evaluate potential pathways for the Tribe to achieve its energy goals, subsequently providing associated recommendations. The SEP offers a comprehensive analysis encompassing several critical aspects including: -The Tribe's current energy landscape -Availability of renewable resources -Potential microgrid designs, developed by Säzän Group -Critical infrastructure analysis -Electric vehicle integration -An energy workforce development framework, led by Spark Northwest The analysis results come with recommended next steps, categorized by implementation timeframe (short-term, medium-term, long-term) and priority.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Report on Lightning Simulation Standards and Facilities

Lightning strikes pose a significant threat to various forms of infrastructure and electrical equipment. Aircraft and high explosives are of particular interest due to the massive ramifications of the device being compromised due to exposure to lightning damage. However, due to lightning being a varying weather phenomenon, testing a device’s vulnerability to lightning is generally not as simple as simply exposing it to real world lightning. To consistently test a device’s ability to survive the worst-case scenario of lightning exposure, the effects of the most severe lightning strikes must be able to be reproduced consistently and measurably. One such facility for this purpose is the Sandia Lightning Simulator (SLS), which is designed to simulate the current waveform of a severe lightning flash. However, the SLS’s design and age lead to difficulties in its operation and inconsistencies in its output. The methodology used in other lightning simulation facilities may offer information on how to improve the SLS’s operation, or at the very least, expose the SLS’s hidden strengths. This report explores lightning simulation, lightning testing standards, and lightning simulation facilities.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhancing the EVI-X National Framework to Address Emerging Energy Questions

This project advances the state-of-the-art in infrastructure analysis to better inform deployment strategies. It enhances NLR's EVI-X Suite, a set of tools supporting national network planning, local site design, and financial evaluation. These capabilities will position DOE to provide timely analysis and inform the strategic buildout of the national charging network. EVI-X development is closely coordinated with other DOE-funded efforts to ensure consistent, integrated use of key inputs and outputs, including EV adoption scenarios from NLR's TEMPO model.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Comparison Study of Machine Learning Techniques to Predict Flight Energy Consumption for Advanced Air Mobility

This paper addresses the need to predict the flight energy consumption of aerial vehicles in the presence of wind using machine learning techniques. The presented work is critical to achieving sustainable and efficient operations for Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) and to evaluating the readiness of the ground-supporting energy infrastructure, e.g., electric grid and AAM portals. The flight energy consumption is described using the "energy per meter" (EPM) metric. We present a comparison study of influential machine learning techniques in predicting EPM using real-world flight test data. We presented new results of using the Decision Tree, Random Forest, and linear regression techniques, along with our previous results using the Recurrent Neural Network and Feed Forward Neural Network techniques. The comparison results show that the Linear Regression method outperforms other methods on the basis of the Mean Squared Error and error variance.

Machine Learning↗
DOE OSTI2020

Unprecedented Analysis of LA’s Clean Energy Transformation

Jurisdictions like the City of Los Angeles are boldly establishing ambitious energy objectives—and NREL can be a key partner in informing these transitions.The City of Los Angeles is one of several U.S. local governments setting monumental, measurable goals to transform their energy economies. At the direction of its City Council, LA has embarked on a plan to modernize its electricity system infrastructure—aiming for a 100% renewable energy supply by 2045, along with aggressive electrification targets for buildings and vehicles.

LA100↗
DOE OSTI2023

Enhancing the EVI-X National Framework to Address Emerging Questions on Charging Infrastructure Deployment

As large national investments in EV charging continue to be made, this project seeks to improve the state-of-the-art in EV infrastructure analysis. New and improved quantitative analysis capabilities will position VTO to support EERE Leadership, assist the DOT/DOE Joint Office through timely analysis, and provide a strategy for the deployment of the national charging network. This project supports on-going development of NREL's EVI-X Suite of charging infrastructure analysis tools, including tools supporting large-scale network planning, local site design decisions, and comprehensive financial analysis. EVI-X development complements and leverages other VTO-funded efforts to ensure inputs to EVI-X and output produced by EVI-X are consistent with and well-integrated into the VTO portfolio (e.g., EV adoption scenarios from TEMPO, charging infrastructure design provided to EVs@Scale, etc.).

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENERGY PLANNING, POLIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

Disrupting EV Charging Sessions and Gaining Remote Code Execution with DoS, MITM, and Code Injection Exploits using OCPP 1.6

Open Charge Point Protocol (OCPP) 1.6 is widely used in the electric vehicle (EV) charging industry to communicate between Charging System Management Services (CSMSs) and Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). Unlike OCPP 2.0.1, OCPP 1.6 uses unencrypted websocket communications to exchange information between EVSE devices and an onpremise or cloud-based CSMS. In this work, we demonstrate two machine-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks on OCPP sessions to terminate charging sessions and gain root access to the EVSE equipment via remote code execution (RCE). Second, we demonstrate a malicious firmware update with a code injection payload to compromise an EVSE. Lastly, we demonstrate two methods to prevent availability of the EVSE or CSMS. One of these, originally reported by SaiFlow, prevents traffic to legitimate EVSE equipment using a DoS-like attack on CSMSs by repeatedly connecting and authenticating several CPs with the same identities as the legitimate CP. These vulnerabilities were demonstrated with proof-of-concept exploits in a virtualized Cyber Range at Wright State University and/or with a 350 kW Direct Current Fast Charger (DCFC) at Idaho National Laboratory. The team found that OCPP 1.6 could be protected from these attacks by adding secure shell (SSH) tunnels to the protocol, if upgrading to OCPP 2.0.1 was not an option. Index Terms—Electric vehicle charging, cybersecurity, OCPP, cyberattack, cyber-resilience. INSPEC Accession Number: 23981565

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗