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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 271 records · Page 15
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1989

Effect of control surface mass unbalance on the stability of a closed-loop active control system

The effects on stability of inertial forces arising from closed-loop activation of mass-unbalanced control surfaces are studied analytically using inertial energy approach, similar to the aerodynamic energy approach used for flutter suppression. The limitations of a single control surface like a leading-edge (LE) control or a trailing-edge (TE) control are demonstrated and compared to the superior combined LE-TE mass unbalanced system. It is shown that a spanwise section for sensor location can be determined which ensures minimum sensitivity to the mode shapes of the aircraft. It is shown that an LE control exhibits compatibility between inertial stabilization and aerodynamic stabilization, and that a TE control lacks such compatibility. The results of the present work should prove valuable, both for the purpose of flutter suppression using mass unbalanced control surfaces, or for the stabilization of structural modes of large space structures by means of inertial forces.

Nissim, E.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Coronal mass ejection recurrence studies indicating global activity and local suppression

The distribution of time intervals between successive coronal mass ejection events observed from the SMM and Skylab coronagraphs has been analyzed. Histograms of such recurrence times show that mass ejections tend to cluster in periods of activity. Evidence is found for simultaneous activity on a global scale. A second result is that, statistically, limb regions within + or - 59 deg position angle of a mass ejection show a marked absence of subsequent observable ejections for approximately 10 h. Flares of importance greater than or equal to 1 show no such deficit; however, large disparitons brusques tend similarly to be suppressed, for 24 h. This result, together with the closer association of mass ejection with eruptive prominences rather than with flares and the realization that eruptive prominences are rarely if ever seen without an accompanying mass ejection, obviates suggestions that magnetohydrodynamic conditions in the outflow following the earlier mass ejection hide subsequent coronal events.

Wagner, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Understanding Skill in EVA Mass Handling: An Integrated Methodology for Evaluating Space Suit Mobility and Stability - Volume 4

The empirical investigation of extravehicular activity (EVA) mass handling conducted on NASA's Precision Air-Bearing Floor led to a Phase I SBIR from JSC. The purpose of the SBIR was to design an innovative system for evaluating space suit mobility and stability in conditions that simulate EVA on the surface of the Moon or Mars. The approach we used to satisfy the Phase I objectives was based on a structured methodology for the development of human-systems technology. Accordingly the project was broken down into a number of tasks and subtasks. In sequence, the major tasks were: 1) Identify missions and tasks that will involve EVA and resulting mobility requirements in the near and long term; 2) Assess possible methods for evaluating mobility of space suits during field-based EVA tests; 3) Identify requirements for behavioral evaluation by interacting with NASA stakeholders;.4) Identify necessary and sufficient technology for implementation of a mobility evaluation system; and 5) Prioritize and select technology solutions. The work conducted in these tasks is described in this final volume of the series on EVA mass handling. While prior volumes in the series focus on novel data-analytic techniques, this volume addresses technology that is necessary for minimally intrusive data collection and near-real-time data analysis and display.

McDonald, P. Vernon↗
NASA NTRS2000

Prediction of Coronal Mass Ejections from Vector Magnetograms: Results from More Active Regions

In a previous pilot study of four predominantly bipolar active regions observed by the MSFC vector magnetograph in 1991-92, we found that two quantitative measures of the global nonpotentiality of an active region were promising predictors of whether the active region produced coronal mass ejections (CMES) during its rotation across the Sun. The two quantitative measures are 1) the length (L(sub ss)) of the segments along the active region's main neutral line on which the vector magnetic field is both strong and strongly sheared, and 2) the global net current (I(sub N) flowing up one side of the bipole and down the other. Two of the active regions had large measured global nonpotentiality (L(sub ss) approximately >10(exp 5) km and I(sub N) approximately >4x 10(exp 12) Amp) and produced three CMEs each. The other two active regions had much smaller measured global nonpotentiality and produced no CMES. We have now expanded our sample of active regions by a factor of 3 with active regions from 1991 to the present. We have calibrated the line-of-sight magnetic field by comparing it to the line-of-sight field measured by Kitt Peak and/or SOHO/MDI. We have resolved the 180 deg. ambiguity in the transverse field by using three different methods, and compared the resulting global net currents. We will compare the two measures of global nonpotentiality to each other and to the CME productivity of each active i-eolon in our expanded set. We will examine the extent to which these results from the expanded set confirm or modify the tentative rule for CME prediction that we found in our pilot study.

Falconer, D. A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Massive black holes seeded by dark matter: Implications for little red dots and gravitational wave signatures

Observations of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at high redshifts challenge standard seeding scenarios. We examine a dissipative self-interacting dark matter (dSIDM) model in which gravothermal collapse leads to the formation of massive BH seeds ab initio. We utilize a semianalytical framework to predict properties of the dSIDM-seeded SMBH population. Billion solar mass quasars are reproduced along with low-mass faint active galactic nuclei (known as little red dots) with SMBH-to-galaxy stellar mass ratios consistent with recent James Webb Space Telescope observations. To match the abundance of the observed bright quasars, a subpercent-level duty cycle is suggested, implying a large population of dormant SMBHs. The gravitational wave (GW) signals from mergers of these massive SMBHs can be detected by LISA while remaining within the NANOGrav constraints on the GW background. These results provide testable signatures of DM-driven SMBH formation, offering a pathway to probe hidden-sector physics through SMBH and GW observables.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1996

Evolving Magnetic Structures and Their Relation to Coronal Mass Ejections

Solar activity regions are frequently concentrated into cluster which persist for many solar rotations. These activity complexes are associated with weak dispersed magnetic fields which are most apparent after the activity itself has ceased. We call this combination of persistent activity and dispersed Evolving Magnetic Structures (EMS). Here we show examples of EMSs and describe the evolution of an EMS associated with major Coronal Mass Ejections (CME) and other solar and magnetic disturbances.

magnetic activity↗
DOE OSTI2025

Illuminated nights accelerate the migration‐linked phenology in a passerine finch redheaded bunting

Abstract The excessive use of artificial light is altering the natural light–dark cycles, consequently impacting animal behavior and physiology. Dim light at night (dLAN) can disrupt migratory patterns, alter hormone levels, and impact breeding success in birds. The present research aims to address the effects of dLAN on the metabolic and reproductive tissues of migratory redheaded bunting ( Emberiza bruniceps ). For this, buntings under short winter‐like days (10L:14D) were exposed to either dark nights ( D = 0.00014 W/m 2 ) or dLAN ( D = 0.058 W/m 2 ), and their locomotor activity, body mass, fat score, food intake, testicular volume, and plasma testosterone levels were measured. The histological architecture of the muscle, intestine, testis, and liver tissues was assessed. Birds exposed to dark nights confined their activity to the daytime only, whereas the dLAN group showed nocturnal activity and initiated Zugunruhe (nighttime restlessness). The body mass, food intake, fat score, and testicular volume significantly increased under dLAN. Histomorphometry revealed increased muscle width, epithelium thickness, and lumen diameter in the testis, proximal and distal muscularis thickness in the intestine, hepatic lipid droplet size, and decreased proximal villi length and intestinal diameter under dLAN. Further, plasma testosterone levels also increased under dLAN. Our results suggest that dLAN can induce migration‐linked phenotypes even under non‐stimulatory short days leading to mistimed seasonal activities.

Tiwari, Jyoti [Department of Zoology University of↗
NASA NTRS2003

Masses of Black Holes in Active Galactic Nuclei

We present a progress report on a project whose goal is to improve both the precision and accuracy of reverberation-based black-hole masses. Reverberation masses appear to be accurate to a factor of about three, and the black-hole mass/bulge velocity dispersion (M-sigma) relationship appears to be the same in active and quiescent galaxies.

Peterson, Bradley M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Masses and radii for thirteen chromospherically active ellipsoidal variables

The amplitude of the ellipticity effect, the mass function, and the V sin i in ten long-period RS CVn SB1 binaries are used to compute limits on the masses of the two stars and the radius of the primary: zeta And, UV CrB, V1764 Cyg, V826 Her, V350 Lac, GX Lib, V1197 Ori, AP Psc, 33 Psc, and EE UMa. Explicit masses and radii are computed for three SB2 systems: BL CVn, V1817 Cyg, and TZ Tri. The primary in several is found to fill 95 percent or more of its Roche lobe. The two minima produced by the ellipticity effect are unequal in depth, with the effect largest when i is near 90 deg and the primary nearly fills its Roche lobe. The greatest inequality found, in UV CrB, was 0.08 mag.

Hall, Douglas S.↗
NASA NTRS2022

Quantifying Feedback from Narrow Line Region Outflows in Nearby Active Galaxies. IV. The Effects of Different Density Estimates on the Ionized Gas Masses and Outflow Rates

Active galactic nuclei (AGN) can launch outflows of ionized gas that may influence galaxy evolution, and quantifying their full impact requires spatially resolved measurements of the gas masses, velocities, and radial extents. We previously reported these quantities for the ionized narrow-line region outflows in six low-redshift AGN, where the gas velocities and extents were determined from Hubble Space Telescope long-slit spectroscopy. However, calculating the gas masses required multicomponent photoionization models to account for radial variations in the gas densities, which span ∼6 orders of magnitude. To simplify this method for larger samples with less spectral coverage, we compare these gas masses with those calculated from techniques in the literature. First, we use a recombination equation with three different estimates for the radial density profiles. These include constant densities, those derived from [S ii], and power-law profiles based on constant values of the ionization parameter (U). Second, we use single-component photoionization models with power-law density profiles based on constant U, and allow U to vary with radius based on the [O iii]/Hβ ratios. We find that assuming a constant density of nH = 10(^2) cm(^−3) overestimates the gas masses for all six outflows, particularly at small radii where the outflow rates peak. The use of [S ii] marginally matches the total gas masses, but also overestimates at small radii. Overall, single-component photoionization models where U varies with radius are able to best match the gas mass and outflow rate profiles when there are insufficient emission lines to construct detailed models.

Mitchell Revalski↗
NASA NTRS2010

Combining Modis and Quikscat Data to Delineate Surface and Near-Surface Melt on the Greenland Ice Sheet

Over the last two decades, increasing melt has been measured on the Greenland Ice Sheet, along with mass loss as determined from satellite data, Monitoring the state of the Greenland Ice Sheet becomes critical especially because it is actively losing mass, and the ice sheet has a sea-level rise potential of 7 in. However measurement of the extent of surface melt varies depending on the sensor used, whether it is passive or active microwave or visible or thermal infrared. We have used remote-sensing data products to study surface and near-surface melt characteristics of the Greenland Ice Sheet. We present a blended MODIS-QS melt daily product for 2007 [1]. The products, including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) daily land-surface temperature (LST) and a special daily melt product derived from the QuikSCAT (QS) scatterometer [2,3] show consistency in delineating the melt boundaries on a daily basis in the 2007 melt season [I], though some differences are identified. An assessment of maximum melt area for the 2007 melt shows that the QSCAT product detects a greater amount of melt (862,769 square kilometers) than is detected by the MODIS LST product (766,184 square kilometers). The discrepancy is largely because the QS product can detect both surface and near-surface melt and the QS product captures melt if it occurred anytime during the day while the MODIS product is obtained from a point in time on a given day. However on a daily bases, other factors influence the measurement of melt extent. In this work we employ the digital-elevation model of Bamber et al. [4] along with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data to study some areas and time periods in detail during the 2007 melt season. We focus on times in which the QS and MODIS LST products do not agree exactly. We use NCEP and elevation data to analyze the atmospheric factors forcing the melt process, to gain an improved understanding of the conditions that lead to melt and melt persistence, and our ability to capture surface melt accurately using MODIS and QS data.

Hall, Dorothy K.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mass action model of solution activity via speciation by solvation and ion pairing equilibria

Abstract Solutes and their concentrations influence many natural and anthropogenic solution processes. Electrolyte and solution models are used to quantify and predict such behavior. Here we present a mechanistic solution model based on mass action equilibria. Solvation and ion pairing are used to model speciated solute and solvent concentrations such that they correlate to a solution’s vapor pressure (solvent activity) according to Raoult’s law from dilute conditions to saturation. This model introduces a hydration equilibrium constant ( K ha ) that is used with either an ion dissociation constant ( K id ) or a hydration modifier ( m ) with an experimentally determined ion dissociation constant, as adjustable parameters to fit vapor–liquid equilibrium data. The modeled solvation equilibria are accompanied by molecular dynamics (MD) studies that support a decline in the observed degree of solvation with increased concentration. MD calculations indicate this finding is a combination of a solvent that solvates multiple solutes, and changes in a solute’s solvation sphere, with the dominant factor changing with concentration. This speciation-based solution model is lateral to established electrostatics-based electrolyte theories. With its basis in mass action, the model can directly relate experimental data to the modeled solute and solvent speciated concentrations and structures.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Rapid Quantification of 237 U Specific Activity for Nuclear Forensics

In the event of an unattributed nuclear explosion, rapid assessment of the short-lived uranium isotope activity and mass can provide valuable information for subsequent forensic analysis. Rapid analysis in the field is enabled by using microfluidic chemistry and deployable instrumentation. Here, this work presents a flow chemistry system, controlled in LabVIEW, that integrates three functionalities: (1) selective extraction of uranium from the sample matrix via a 3D-printed supported liquid membrane module; (2) UV–visible absorbance spectrophotometry to measure the total uranium concentration in the strip flow; and (3) a portable CdTe γ-ray spectrometer coupled to a 3D-printed flow cell to measure 237 U activity concentration in the strip solution. The system was calibrated using standard solutions, and its functionality was demonstrated using a solution of depleted uranium spiked with 237 U. Uranium concentrations of 40–5000 μg/mL were directly quantified online using a 100 mm optical flow cell, while concentrations of 0.5–10 μg/mL were quantified online using a colorimetric reagent. The mass concentration measurement takes approximately 60 min while the activity concentration via γ-ray spectrometry varies depending on the activity of 237 U, with 1 kBq/mL requiring about 30 min of acquisition time to obtain <10% uncertainty at 1σ. This platform provides a fieldable approach for quantifying uranium mass and radioactivity relevant to postdetonation nuclear debris.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

K2-79b and K2-222b: Mass Measurements of Two Small Exoplanets with Periods beyond 10 days that Overlap with Periodic Magnetic Activity Signals

We present mass and radius measurements of K2-79b and K2-222b, two transiting exoplanets orbiting active G-type stars observed with HARPS-N and K2. Their respective 10.99 day and 15.39 day orbital periods fall near periods of signals induced by stellar magnetic activity. The two signals might therefore interfere and lead to an inaccurate estimate of exoplanet mass. We present a method to mitigate these effects when radial velocity (RV) and activityindicator observations are available over multiple observing seasons and the orbital period of the exoplanet is known. We perform correlation and periodogram analyses on subsets composed of each target's two observing seasons, in addition to the full data sets. For both targets, these analyses reveal an optimal season with little to no interference at the orbital period of the known exoplanet. We make a confident mass detection of each exoplanet by confirming agreement between fits to the full RV set and the optimal season. For K2-79b, we measure a mass of 11.8 ± 3.6 M ⊕ and a radius of 4.09 ± 0.17 R ⊕ . For K2-222b, we measure a mass of 8.0 ± 1.8 M ⊕ and a radius of 2.35 ± 0.08 R ⊕ . According to model predictions, K2-79b is a highly irradiated Uranus analog and K2-222b hosts significant amounts of water ice. We also present a RV solution for a candidate second companion orbiting K2-222 at 147.5 days.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2016

Individual Variability in Aerobic Fitness Adaptations to 70-d of Bed Rest and Exercise Training

Change in maximal aerobic capacity (VO2pk) in response to exercise training and disuse is highly variable among individuals. Factors that could contribute to the observed variability (lean mass, daily activity, diet, sleep, stress) are not routinely controlled in studies. The NASA bed rest (BR) studies use a highly controlled hospital based model as an analog of spaceflight. In this study, diet, hydration, physical activity and light/dark cycles were precisely controlled and provided the opportunity to investigate individual variability. PURPOSE. Evaluate the contribution of exercise intensity and lean mass on change in VO2pk during 70-d of BR or BR + exercise. METHODS. Subjects completed 70-d of BR alone (CON, N=9) or BR + exercise (EX, N=17). The exercise prescription included 6 d/wk of aerobic exercise at 70 - 100% of max and 3 d/wk of lower body resistance exercise. Subjects were monitored 24 hr/d. VO2pk and lean mass (iDXA) were measured pre and post BR. ANOVA was used to evaluate changes in VO2pk pre to post BR. Subjects were retrospectively divided into high and low responders based on change in VO2pk (CON > 20% loss, n=5; EX >10% loss, n=4, or 5% gain, n=4) to further understand individual variability. RESULTS. VO2pk decreased from pre to post BR in CON (P<0.05) and was maintained in EX; however, significant individual variability was observed (CON: -22%, range: -39% to -.5%; EX: -1.8%, range: -16% to 12.6%). The overlap in ranges between groups included 3 CON who experienced smaller reduction in VO2pk (<16%) than the worst responding EX subjects. Individual variability was maintained when VO2pk was normalized to lean mass (range, CON: -33.7% to -5.7%; EX: -15.8% to 11%), and the overlap included 5 CON with smaller reductions in VO2pk than the worst responding EX subjects. High responders to disuse also lost the most lean mass; however, this relationship was not maintained in EX (i.e. the largest gains/losses in lean mass were observed in both high and low responders). Change in VO2pk was not related to exercise intensity. CONCLUSION. Change in VO2pk in response to disuse and exercise was highly variable among individuals, even in this tightly controlled study. Loss in lean mass accounts for a significant degree of variability in the CON; however, training induced gains in VO2pk appear unrelated to lean mass or exercise intensity.

Downs, Meghan↗
DOE OSTI2023

Controlling Mass Transport in Direct Carbon Dioxide Zero-Gap Electrolyzers via Cell Compression

The development of high-performance CO 2 electrolyzers is crucial for accelerating the sustainable production of fuels and chemicals integrated with renewable energy sources. Here, we introduce a methodology to actively control mass transport inside a realistic zero-gap membrane electrode assembly of a CO 2 electrolyzer by varying the gasket thickness, which consequently changes the cell compression. This allows control over the thickness and porosity of the gas diffusion electrodes, influencing the overall electrolyzer performance, as demonstrated using Ag-deposited electrodes. At low operating voltages (<2.9 V), both high- and low-compression electrolyzers exhibit similar faradaic efficiencies and partial current densities for CO formation. However, at high voltages, the low-compression electrolyzer with high electrode porosity demonstrates superior CO selectivity and activity with suppressed H 2 formation. These experimental results are validated by the computational membrane electrode assembly (MEA) model developed by using the measured in situ electrode thicknesses and electrode porosities. Additionally, liquid electrolyte saturation at the catalyst layer is found to play a dominant role in determining the mass transport, resulting in a decreased electrolyzer performance with low electrode porosity. Finally, the systematic investigation in this study improves the understanding of the transport dynamics in MEA-based devices and provides insights into optimizing device design parameters for industry-relevant CO 2 electrolysis.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗