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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Photoelectrochemical materials for solar energy conversion

Research and development on semiconductors for applications in solar energy conversion has witnessed rapid growth over the past several decades. With the aim of producing chemical fuels from sunlight, intense research efforts have focused on the discovery of semiconductors with crystalline structures and chemical compositions that have the potential to satisfy the complex set of required photoelectrochemical properties. This chapter focuses on the foundational structure-property relationships of selected oxide and nitride semiconductors relevant to their uses as n-/p-type photoelectrodes and as photocatalysts. Their solid-state structures and compositions are described, with a special emphasis on strategies proven effective at targeting suitable band gaps with strong visible-light absorption, efficient charge separation and diffusion of charge carriers, and optimal band edge energies for driving surface redox reactions for water splitting.

O’Donnell, Shaun↗
NASA NTRS2020

The Slow Demise of the Long-Lived Sn 2005ip

The Type IIn supernova (SN IIn) 2005ip is one of the most well-studied and long-lasting examples of an SN interacting with its circumstellar environment. The optical light curve plateaued at a nearly constant level for more than five years, suggesting ongoing shock interaction with an extended and clumpy circumstellar medium (CSM). Here, we present continued observations of the SN from ∼1000 to 5000 d post-explosion at all wavelengths, including X-ray, ultraviolet, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared. The UV spectra probe the pre-explosion mass loss and show evidence for CNO processing. From the bolometric light curve, we find that the total radiated energy is in excess of 10 50 erg, the progenitor star’s pre-explosion mass-loss rate was >~ 1 × 10 −2 Mꙩ yr −1 , and the total mass lost shortly before explosion was >~1Mꙩ, though the mass lost could have been considerably larger depending on the efficiency for the conversion of kinetic energy to radiation. The ultraviolet through NIR spectrum is characterized by two high-density components, one with narrow high-ionization lines, and one with broader low-ionization H I, He I, [OI], Mg II, and Fe II lines. The rich Fe II spectrum is strongly affected by Lyα fluorescence, consistent with spectral modelling. Both the Balmer and He I lines indicate a decreasing CSM density during the late interaction period. We find similarities to SN 1988Z, which shows a comparable change in spectrum at around the same time during its very slow decline. These results suggest that, at long last, the shock interaction in SN 2005ip may finally be on the decline.

stars↗
DOE OSTI2026

Decorated Honeycomb Lattice and Successive Magnetic Transitions of the Delafossite Derivative K 4 Ni 5 Te 3 O 16

Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of the delafossite derivative K 4 Ni 5 Te 3 O 16 , which hosts a decorated honeycomb Ni 2+ lattice. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and neutron diffraction establish a noncentrosymmetric Pmm2 crystal structure that combines regular honeycomb units with elongated motifs formed by Ni 2+ trimers along extended edges. Magnetic susceptibility reveals strong antiferromagnetic interactions, while heat capacity measurements identify two successive magnetic transitions at 30 and 12 K. Neutron diffraction shows that these transitions correspond to a progression from partial to full long-range magnetic order on distinct Ni sites, reflecting competition among the various exchange interactions. The resulting magnetic point group, mm2.1′, inherits the lattice polarity and permits high-order magnetoelectric coupling. Consistent with this symmetry, a quadratic magnetic-field-induced polarization is experimentally observed below the magnetic ordering temperature, likely arising from exchange-driven magnetostriction coupled to the polar lattice. These results establish K 4 Ni 5 Te 3 O 16 as an interesting platform for engineering B-site ordering in delafossite derivatives to realize complex quantum magnetism and functional responses.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS2026

X-Hab 2026: LiDAR-Powered Autonomous Charging Service Capability for Surface Rovers and Systems

This document details the timeline of the LiDAR-Powered Autonomous Charging Service Capability for Surface Rovers and Systems project, initiated by the Fall 2025 semester class and completed by the Spring 2026 semester class. This project focuses on developing a fully autonomous system composed of a mobile surface rover and an induction charging station with a robotic arm, both controlled by their own NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano. Structural improvements to the rover suspension system and body eliminated excessive camber, reduced stress and strain on the plexiglass body, and improved maneuverability and durability of the rover. The charging station robotic arm was fully redesigned to increase reach while minimizing weight and increasing misalignment tolerance during docking on uneven terrain. Electrical system improvements addressed previous torque and power limitations of both the rover and charging station arm. High-torque servo motors were selected based on updated calculations which incorporated terrain slope and Factor of Safety, enabling zero-point turning for the rover and increased payload capacity of the charging station arm. Significant progress was made in autonomy and perception. The rover now employs 3D LiDAR and SLAM mapping for localization, mapping, and path planning. The Battery Monitoring System (BMS) was created to coordinate battery management between the rover and charging station. The BMS provides continuous monitoring of battery state of charge, temperature, current, and will enable the autonomous initiation, execution, and termination of the charging cycle via Bluetooth communication. Testing of the WIBOTIC induction charging system demonstrated reliable power transfer under both aligned and misaligned conditions. This project demonstrated the ability of an autonomously navigating surface rover to independently plan a path to the charging station, dock, and the charging station to autonomously deploy a robotic charging arm and initiate charging of the rover. This work details the progress made to demonstrate the feasibility of autonomous surface rover navigation and recharging systems.

Megan Steele↗
NASA NTRS1977

Radioactivity of the Moon, Planets, and Meteorites

This paper reviews and summarizes analytical data for the content of natural radioactive elements in meteorites, eruptive terrestrial rocks, and also, in lunar samples returned by Apollo missions and the Luna series of automatic stations. The K-U systematics of samples analyzed in the laboratory are combined with data for orbital gamma-ray measurements for Mars (Mars 5) and with the results of direct gamma-ray measurements of the surface of Venus by the Venera 8 lander. Using information about the radioactivity of solar system bodies and evaluations of the content of K, U, and Th in the terrestrial planets, we examine certain aspects of the evolution of material in the protoplanetary gas-dust cloud and then in the planets of the solar system.

Yu A Surkov↗
NASA NTRS2010

Ares I-X Ground Diagnostic Prototype

Automating prelaunch diagnostics for launch vehicles offers three potential benefits. First, it potentially improves safety by detecting faults that might otherwise have been missed so that they can be corrected before launch. Second, it potentially reduces launch delays by more quickly diagnosing the cause of anomalies that occur during prelaunch processing. Reducing launch delays will be critical to the success of NASA's planned future missions that require in-orbit rendezvous. Third, it potentially reduces costs by reducing both launch delays and the number of people needed to monitor the prelaunch process. NASA is currently developing the Ares I launch vehicle to bring the Orion capsule and its crew of four astronauts to low-earth orbit on their way to the moon. Ares I-X will be the first unmanned test flight of Ares I. It is scheduled to launch on October 27, 2009. The Ares I-X Ground Diagnostic Prototype is a prototype ground diagnostic system that will provide anomaly detection, fault detection, fault isolation, and diagnostics for the Ares I-X first-stage thrust vector control (TVC) and for the associated ground hydraulics while it is in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and on the launch pad. It will serve as a prototype for a future operational ground diagnostic system for Ares I. The prototype combines three existing diagnostic tools. The first tool, TEAMS (Testability Engineering and Maintenance System), is a model-based tool that is commercially produced by Qualtech Systems, Inc. It uses a qualitative model of failure propagation to perform fault isolation and diagnostics. We adapted an existing TEAMS model of the TVC to use for diagnostics and developed a TEAMS model of the ground hydraulics. The second tool, Spacecraft Health Inference Engine (SHINE), is a rule-based expert system developed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. We developed SHINE rules for fault detection and mode identification. The prototype uses the outputs of SHINE as inputs to TEAMS. The third tool, the Inductive Monitoring System (IMS), is an anomaly detection tool developed at NASA Ames Research Center and is currently used to monitor the International Space Station Control Moment Gyroscopes. IMS automatically "learns" a model of historical nominal data in the form of a set of clusters and signals an alarm when new data fails to match this model. IMS offers the potential to detect faults that have not been modeled. The three tools have been integrated and deployed to Hangar AE at KSC where they interface with live data from the Ares I-X vehicle and from the ground hydraulics. The outputs of the tools are displayed on a console in Hangar AE, one of the locations from which the Ares I-X launch will be monitored. In a previous publication, we discussed how we selected the three tools based primarily on their ability to be certified for human spaceflight and described our plans for the prototype. This abstract is due October 23, 2009, and the Ares I-X launch is currently scheduled for October 27, 2009. If this abstract is accepted, then the full paper will describe how the prototype performed before the launch. It will include an analysis of the prototype's accuracy, including false-positive rates, false-negative rates, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. It will also include a description of the prototype's computational requirements, including CPU usage, main memory usage, and disk usage. If the prototype detects any faults during the prelaunch period then the paper will include a description of those faults. Similarly, if the prototype has any false alarms then the paper will describe them and will attempt to explain their causes. Also, the paper will describe the three tools and how they are used in the prototype. It will include a description of the TEAMS models of the Ares I-X first-stage TVC and associated ground hydraulics and how we adapted the TVC model for use in real-time diagnostics. It will describe the SHINE rules used for fault detection and mode identification and the software architecture that interfaces the various pieces of existing software that are part of the prototype to one another. It will describe how we selected the sensor values and commands that were used to train the IMS model and how we optimized the number of clusters in the IMS model. It will include screen shots of the graphical display that we developed in Java to display the outputs of the three tools. Because Ares I-X data was not yet available to us while we were developing the prototype, we used historical data from the Space Shuttle's Solid Rocket Booster (SRB) TVCs and the associated ground hydraulics to train IMS and to test the entire prototype. Because most of the failure modes that we modeled have never occurred in the Shuttle we inserted simulated failures into the Shuttle data. The Ares I-X first-stage TVC is very similar to the SRB TVC and we expect the data will be very similar. After the launch, we will determine how similar the data actually is and report how any differences in the data affected the diagnostic accuracy of the prototype. Finally, although we did not get the prototype certified, we designed it in a way that it could be certified and wrote a preliminary certification plan. The paper will include a brief summary of how we considered the need for certification in the design of the prototype, how we tested the prototype before deploying it to Hangar AE, and how we would propose to get it certified if it were deployed as an operational system. The paper will conclude with a description of some of the challenges we faced and some of the lessons learned in developing and deploying the prototype.

International Space Station↗
NASA NTRS1993

Prediction of prompt NO(x) in hydrocarbon air flames

The gas turbine industry is directing particular attention to very low NOx combustors, whether for aircraft or land based CCGT systems. These low NOx combustors frequently use liquid fuels or natural gas burning under very lean premixed conditions with air or under rich-lean conditions, although only the first case is studied here. In land based systems, diluted steam or nitrogen are sometimes injected into the combustion chambers to reduce flame temperature. The NOx emissions from such systems are the product of three chemical mechanisms which are interrelated: the hydrocarbon prompt NO, the thermal NO (extended Zeldovich mechanism), and the nitrous oxide route to NO. Formation of NO2 from NO also occurs, as well as emission of carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons. When the fuel-oxidant proportion decreases towards leaner conditions, flame temperatures are lowered, resulting in the total NO being reduced and the thermal-NO contribution greatly diminished to the benefit of the remaining two mechanisms of NO formation. While knowledge of the elementary reactions and their chemical kinetics concerning methane and simple hydrocarbons combustion has existed for a number of years, its use for computer modeling is limited to simple flow dynamics configurations. Nevertheless, understanding of such combusting flows under a wide range of experimental conditions allows for analogies or speculations with more complex actual systems. Such understanding can be achieved by means of one dimensional laminar premixed flame modeling, with a full chemical mechanism which incorporates the three routes of NO formation. Complementary to this understanding is the modeling of the actual combustion system using a full description of the fluid dynamics coupled with a reduced chemical scheme, which is then compared against the first model. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the relative importance of the three mechanisms of NO formation in lean premixed methane-air combustion with increasing pressure using the one dimensional plug flow package PREMIX, and to test the validity of a three dimensional model with a global chemical mechanism against the one dimensional model in the atmospheric pressure case. Methane is chosen because it is the only mechanism which is reasonably well known and is a good guide to the behavior of other hydrocarbons. The mixture ratio chosen is richer than that in lean gas turbines, but the combustion of this mixture with the low preheat gives realistic gas turbine final flame temperatures. Conditions of NO2 formation are also analyzed in the one dimensional model and results extrapolated to the case of gas turbines.

Valerie Dupont↗
DOE OSTI2026

Thin Film Synthesis of SrZn2P2 with SrI2 Post-Annealing for Enhanced Crystallinity and Optoelectronic Quality

Ternary Zintl phosphides are promising light-absorbing semiconductors for thin-film optoelectronic applications, but strategies for controlling their microstructure and optoelectronic quality remain underexplored. Here, we report the synthesis of phase-pure SrZn2P2 thin films using radio-frequency co-sputtering in a PH3 + Ar atmosphere and investigate the impact of post-growth processing on their structural and optical properties. Grazing-incidence X-ray scattering and Raman spectroscopy confirm the formation of crystalline SrZn2P2 films over a finite compositional window. Optical measurements reveal clear absorption near the direct-band-gap energy (~1.8 eV) and near-band-edge photoluminescence. Further, we have studied the effects of chemically compatible halide-assisted annealing. It is found that SrI2 treatments lead to pronounced grain growth and reduced diffraction peak broadening while preserving phase purity, in contrast to rapid thermal or forming-gas annealing. Notably, annealing with SrI2 at 450 degrees C significantly enhances both the intensity and spatial uniformity of the photoluminescence, thus connecting the observed microstructural consolidation with improved radiative recombination. Our study demonstrates that halide-assisted annealing provides an effective pathway for microstructural control in SrZn2P2 thin films and highlights a generalizable processing strategy for advancing Zintl phosphide semiconductors toward optoelectronic applications.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2026

CH3OH and HCN in Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS Mapped with the ALMA Atacama Compact Array: Distinct Outgassing Behaviors and a Remarkably High CH3OH/HCN Production Rate Ratio

We report the detection of methanol (CH3OH) toward interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS using the At-acama Compact Array of the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) on UT 2025 August 28, September 18 and 22, and October 1, and of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) on September 12 and 15. These observations spanned pre-perihelion heliocentric distances (r H ) of 2.6 – 1.7 au. The molecules showed outgassing patterns distinct from one another, with HCN production being depleted in the sunward hemisphere of the coma, whereas CH3OH was enhanced in that direction. Statistical analysis of molecular scale lengths in 3I/ATLAS indicated that CH3OH included production from coma sources at Lp > 258 km at 99% confidence. However low signal-to-noise on long baselines, which sample emission on small spatial scales closest to the nucleus, prevented definitively ruling out CH3OH as purely a parent species. In contrast, HCN production was indistinguishable from direct nucleus sublimation. The CH3OH production rate increased sharply from August through October, including an uptick near the inner edge of the H2O sublimation zone at rH = 2 au. Compared to comets measured to date at radio wavelengths, the derived CH3OH/HCN ratios in 3I/ATLAS of 124+30−34 and 79+11−14on September 12 and 15, respectively, are among the most enriched values measured in any comet, surpassed only by anomalous solar system comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)

Comae↗
DOE OSTI2026

Combined dark matter search towards dwarf spheroidal galaxies with Fermi -LAT, HAWC, H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS

Dwarf spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) are excellent targets for indirect dark matter (DM) searches using gamma-ray telescopes because they are thought to have high DM content and a low astrophysical background. The sensitivity of these searches is improved by combining the observations of dSphs made by different gamma-ray telescopes. We present the results of a combined search by the most sensitive currently operating gamma-ray telescopes, namely: the satellite-borne Fermi -LAT telescope; the ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS; and the HAWC water Cherenkov detector. Individual datasets were analyzed using a common statistical approach. Results were subsequently combined via a global joint likelihood analysis. We obtain constraints on the velocity-weighted cross section 〈σv〉 for DM self-annihilation as a function of the DM particle mass. This five-instrument combination allows the derivation of up to 2-3 times more constraining upper limits on 〈σv〉 than the individual results over a wide mass range spanning from 5 GeV to 100 TeV. Depending on the DM content modeling, the 95% confidence level observed limits reach 1.5×10 -24 cm 3 s -1 and 3.2×10 -25 cm 3 s -1 , respectively, in the τ + τ - annihilation channel for a DM mass of 2 TeV.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2010

Precipitation Hardenable High Temperature Shape Memory Alloy

A composition of the invention is a high temperature shape memory alloy having high work output, and is made from (Ni+Pt+Y) x Ti (100-x) wherein x is present in a total amount of 49-55 atomic % Pt is present in a total amount of 10-30 atomic %, Y is one or more of Au, Pd. and Cu and is present in a total amount of 0 to 10 atomic %. The alloy has a matrix phase wherein the total concentration of Ni, Pt, and the one or more of Pd. Au, and Cu is greater than 50 atomic %.

Ronald D Noebe↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nuclear quantum effects in molecular liquids across chemical space

Abstract Nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) influence many physical and chemical phenomena, particularly those involving light atoms or occurring at low temperatures. However, their impact has been carefully quantified in few systems-like water-and is rarely considered more broadly. Here we use path-integral molecular dynamics to systematically investigate NQEs on thermophysical properties of 92 organic liquids at ambient conditions. Depending on chemical constitution, we find substantial impact across thermal expansivity, compressibility, dielectric constant, enthalpy of vaporization, and notably molar volume, which shows consistent, positive quantum-classical differences up to 5%; similar, less pronounced trends manifest as isotope effects from deuteration. Using data-driven analysis, we identify three features-molar mass, classical hydrogen density, and classical thermal expansivity-that accurately predict NQEs and facilitate understanding of how characteristics like branching and heteroatom content influence behavior. This work highlights the broad relevance of NQEs in molecular liquids, while also providing a conceptual and practical framework to anticipate their impact.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
NASA NTRS1999

The 1998 NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop

This document contains the proceedings of the 31st annual NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop, hosted by the Marshall Space Flight Center on October 27-29, 1998. The workshop was attended by scientists and engineers from various agencies of the U.S. Government, aerospace contractors, and battery manufacturers, as well as international participation in like kind from a number of countries around the world. The subjects covered included nickel-hydrogen, silver-hydrogen, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-based technologies, as well as results from destructive physical analyses on various cell chemistries.

Brewer, Jeffrey C.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Electron-Deficient Phenazines: Synthesis, Structures, Redox, and Optoelectronic Properties in the Gas Phase, in Solution, and in the Solid State

High-temperature gas-phase reactions of 1,4-C4F8I2 with phenazine (PHNZ) afforded new thermally- and air-stable derivatives with cyclo-C4F8 substituents, viz. 1,2-PHNZ(C4F8), 2,3-PHNZ(C4F8), 1,2:6,7-PHNZ(C4F8)2, 1,2:7,8-PHNZ(C4F8)2, and 1,2:8,9-PHNZ(C4F8)2. Reactions in the presence of Cu powder resulted in reductive-defluorination/aromatization of some of the cyclo-C4F8 substituents to produce 2,3-PHNZ(C4F4), 2,3-PHNZ(C4HF3), and 1,2:6,7-PHNZ(C4F8)(C4F4), which are formally tri- or tetrafluoro derivatives of benzo[a]phenazine. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction structures of these compounds demonstrate the planarity of 2,3-PHNZ(C4F4) and 2,3-PHNZ(C4HF3) and ordered p-stacking in 1,2-PHNZ(C4HF3), 1,2-PHNZ(C4F4), 1,2-PHNZ(C4F8), and 2,3-PHNZ(C4F8). Low-temperature gas-phase photoelectron spectra of the PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 compounds show that they are strong electron acceptors, with the three PHNZ(C4F8)2 isomers having electron affinities exceeding that of C60. Cyclic voltammetry in acetonitrile show that the five PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 compounds exhibit reversible one-electron reductions with large positive shifts in their reduction potentials relative to unsubstituted PHNZ. Spectroelectrochemical absorption and EPR spectra of PHNZ(C4F8)1,2- • anion radicals and extensive DFT calculations revealed the significant role that the different substitution patterns have on determining the optoelectronic properties of the PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 derivatives and PHNZ(C4F8)1,2- • anion radicals. Time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements and photoluminescence spectra of blends of the PHNZ(C4F8)1,2 derivatives with the donor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were recorded to assess the possible use of the new compounds in optoelectronic devices.

Balser, Sebastian↗
NASA NTRS1977

Riddles About the Origin and Thermal History of the Moon

Analyses of lunar rocks have confirmed that the interior of the Moon has been subjected to magmatic differentiation, as has been determined by calculation of the thermal history of the Moon. However, it appears that differentiation occurred so early that it could not have been related to heating by long-lived radioactive elements, but rather indicates a high initial temperature of the Moon. The reasons for the high initial temperature remain unknown. The presence of a central, partially melted area revealed by seismic observations forces us to reject convective models of the Moon, while the dimensions of this area, together with the measured heat fluxes from the interior, serve as "boundary conditions" for any new calculations of the thermal history for a two-layered differentiated model of the Moon operative over the past 3.5 billion years. If we start with the early differentiation of the Moon and the high content of long-lived radioactive elements in it, explanation of its current thermal properties represents no difficulty. But these prerequisites themselves remain unexplained. Due to the continuing controversy concerning the true nature of the process of magmatic differentiation of the Moon, estimation of the composition of the entire Moon on the basis of analyses of surface rock remains unreliable, and use of these estimates to clarify the origin of the Moon is premature. Existing hypotheses concerning the origin of the Moon encounter dynamic difficulties, as well as difficulties with explanation of the high initial temperature, to say nothing of the difficulty involved in explaining the proposed differences in the composition of the Earth and Moon.

B Yu Levin↗
DOE OSTI2026

Reconstruction of cosmic-ray muon events with CUORE

We report the in-situ 3D reconstruction of through-going muons in the CUORE experiment, a cryogenic calorimeter array searching for neutrinoless double beta (0vββ) decay, leveraging the segmentation of the detector. Due to the slow time response of the detector, time-of-flight estimation is not feasible. Therefore, the track reconstruction is performed using a multi-objective optimization algorithm that relies on geometrical information from the detector as a whole. We measure the integral flux of cosmic-ray muons underground at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, and find our value to be in good agreement with other experiments that have performed a similar measurement. To our knowledge, this work represents the first demonstration of 3D particle tracking and reconstruction of through-going muons with per-event angular determination in a millikelvin cryogenic detector array. The analysis performed for this work will be critical for validating the muon-related background in CUPID, a next-generation 0vββ experiment, and for follow-up studies on detector response and on delayed products induced by cosmic-ray muons.

Adams, D. Q. [University of South Carolina]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Direct observation of diamond formation in a shock-compressed high explosive

Understanding the formation timescale and structure of carbonaceous reaction products is critical for modeling the high-pressure equation-of-state of organic materials. We use the National Ignition Facility to shock-compress polycrystalline TATB (C 6 H 6 N 6 O 6 ) samples to ~70–130 GPa and ~4000–5500 K, employing in situ nanosecond X-ray diffraction to probe reaction products and velocimetry to measure transmitted compression wave profiles. Our diffraction data is consistent with the formation of diamond over timescales less than ~60 ns. This represents carbon condensation from a molecular explosive on timescales three times faster than previously reported and the earliest observation of diamond produced from reacting TATB. Reactive flow simulations with explicit chemistry reproduce the observed temporal structure within wave profiles to inform the distribution of P-T states. These findings provide direct evidence of ultrafast diamond formation in a reactive system at extreme conditions and provide new constraints for models of shock and detonation chemistry.

Clarke, Samantha M. [Lawrence Livermore National L↗