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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

EVI-EnSitePy (Electric Vehicle Infrastructure – Energy Estimation and Site Optimization Tool in Python) [EVI-X Modeling Suite] [SWR-25-07]

EVI-EnSitePy is a comprehensive agent-based tool designed for the analysis and design of high-power charging sites, encompassing a wide array of site agents including Electric Vehicles (EVs), chargers, energy storage units (ESS), renewable energy resources (DER), and loads. This versatile tool offers diverse functionalities and a modular modeling approach, allowing detailed configuration of agents based on power ratings, port numbers, energy capacities, demand requirements, charger interfaces, and flexibility to customize the tool for project specific goals. By simulating agent interactions and employing various metrics, EVI-EnSitePy enables the assessment of site performance, exploration of energy management systems (EMS), and implementation of innovative EV charging policies. Utilizing EV charge schedules and arrival states, the tool performs thorough charging site simulations, with outputs consisting of agent and site-level power profiles and statistical metrics. Employing a tree graph structure, EVI-EnSitePy supports nested site structures and power distribution modeling. The tool's ability to generate charging schedules deterministically or via stochastic analysis further enhances its versatility. Through its features and capabilities, EVI-EnSitePy offers a powerful platform for informed decision-making in the realm of high-power charging site design and operation.

Jackson, Derek [National Renewable Energy Laborato↗
DOE OSTI2023

USAID Colombia Young Leaders Workforce Training Program Action Plans: Planning for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Bogotá

As part of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)-National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Young Leaders Workforce Training Program in Colombia, the Grupo Energía Bogotá (GEB) participants leveraged their training and professional experience to develop an action plan for modeling and evaluating Bogotá's projected electric vehicle (EV) charging needs to meet future demand. This case study summarizes the collaboration between USAID-NREL, GEB, and the Bogotá Department of Transportation Mobility Secretariat (SDM) to estimate EV charging station needs to meet projected future EV sales in the city of Bogotá and determine high-priority locations within the greater Bogotá metropolitan area for planning and applying EVSE investment and installation.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Customer Experience at Public Charging Stations and Its Effects on the Purchase and Use of Electric Vehicles

To support the ChargeX Consortium’s mission to measure and significantly improve the reliability and usability of public charging infrastructure in North America, researchers in the consortium from the University of Washington (UW) reviewed the published literature and data from consortium members to evaluate how the consumer experience at public fast charging stations influences electric vehicle (EV) adoption.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Future of Vehicle Grid Integration: Harnessing the Flexibility of EV Charging

This document lays out a shared vision for a beneficial, EV-integrated future where EVs are safely and securely connected, reliably served, and harmonized with the electric grid. It was developed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) EVGrid Assist initiative. Stakeholder input was gathered through individual and collective conversations, including eight listening sessions with more than 100 participants representing utilities of different sizes and operating structures, manufacturers of vehicles and chargers, national associations, standards organizations, Tribes, fleet managers, consumer advocates, charging network operators, community-based organizations, utility regulators, consultants, vendors, labor, and environmental justice organizations. This document focuses on the future of electric on-road U.S. transportation, specifically the integration of light-duty vehicles (LDV) and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDV) and their charging infrastructure with the electric grid. However, many of the insights here may apply to electrifying other transportation modes, as well as other distributed energy resources (DER).

EVGrid Assist initiative, EV-integrated future, el↗
DOE OSTI2020

A Community Energy Operations and Planning System: Concept, Use cases, Metrics, and Benefits

Community and city leaders are interested in achieving sustainability goals, providing resilient energy infrastructure, and improving economic competitiveness. Community-level data acquisition and analysis can provide energy and associated benefits that are not possible at the single building level. However, there is a lack of organizational structure, common semantic data models, interoperable systems, and methods to support data-driven decision-making for community-scale energy supply and demand systems. We explored the need and opportunity for a Community Energy Operations and Planning System (Community EOPS), a potential data exchange platform. We conducted “customer discovery” interviews, and reviewed literature, public tools, and technology platforms to identify key energy data “users” and use cases in communities. The key users of the Community EOPS could be developers of mixed-use districts, corporate, defense and university campus energy managers, and city managers of cities that own their energy utility. The value could be for community planning and reporting (for energy data-integrated land use planning and community infrastructure investments in microgrids, storage, district heating and cooling), energy efficiency (leveraging optimizations for community scale energy supply and demand), flexible load management (grid-edge load management to offset, shift, and flatten loads for multiple buildings and EV fleets), cost savings and revenue generation (participating in grid services), and social benefits such as energy resilience, equity, and awareness. We developed a conceptual Community EOPS architecture with recommendations for streamlined and prioritized data acquisition, sharing, and integration driven by prioritized use cases, common metrics, and actionable visualizations that can provide value to a community’s users.

Singh, Reshma↗
DOE OSTI2024

Statistical Estimation of EV Driver Charging Behavior and Influential Factors

INL received data collected via telematics from battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and these vehicles were owned by retail customers who had entered into a telematics user agreement. The goal of analyzing these data was to develop mathematical models to characterize how different sets of BEV drivers use charging infrastructure at home and away from home (i.e., public charging) and quantify how various factors influence BEV drivers’ decision to charge and use available infrastructure. The data used in this analysis are unique because they provide real world BEV driving and charging behavior at the individual driving and parking event level. In this study we seek to leverage this data to quantify BEV charging and driving metrics to help inform models that predict quantities like the specific times when loads are imposed on the electrical grid due to BEV charging. Most models that have been developed to predict electrical grid load due to BEV charging, use simulations of BEV driving events and rely on assumptions such as every vehicle charges every night. Using a statistical modelling framework, we seek to investigate BEV charging behavior and quantitatively assess these common assumptions of BEV charging behavior.

33 - ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Future of Vehicle Grid Integration: Harnessing the Flexibility of EV Charging

This document lays out a shared vision for a beneficial, EV-integrated future where EVs are safely and securely connected, reliably served, and harmonized with the electric grid. It was developed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) EVGrid Assist initiative. Stakeholder input was gathered through individual and collective conversations, including eight listening sessions with more than 100 participants representing utilities of different sizes and operating structures, manufacturers of vehicles and chargers, national associations, standards organizations, Tribes, fleet managers, consumer advocates, charging network operators, community-based organizations, utility regulators, consultants, vendors, labor, and environmental justice organizations. This document focuses on the future of electric on-road U.S. transportation, specifically the integration of light-duty vehicles (LDV) and medium- and heavy-duty vehicles (MHDV) and their charging infrastructure with the electric grid. However, many of the insights here may apply to electrifying other transportation modes, as well as other distributed energy resources (DER).

EVGrid Assist initiative, EV-integrated future, el↗
DOE OSTI2023

Advancing Transportation Efficiency and Electric Vehicles in Tonga: A Review of Relevant Trends and Best Practices

Tonga is facing a transportation sector characterized by private passenger vehicles, poorly maintained roads and walkways, and an inadequate public transit system. By understanding detailed global and regional trends for transport energy efficiency and electric vehicles (EVs) within this context, the Government of Tonga can proactively plan its future transportation systems. In addition to global and regional trends, this report also covers a variety of international case studies and examines Tonga's own transportation policies and actions through this lens. Jurisdictions leading in EV adoption have implemented policies such as reducing taxes on EVs compared to internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, providing subsidies and rebates for EV charger installation, instituting an age limit on imported ICE vehicles, and developing EV maintenance courses to expand the skill set of current automotive technicians. Although there are key challenges and barriers to widespread EV adoption in Tonga, multiple studies have researched potential political, technical, financial, and educational interventions that can be adapted and applied in Tonga. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to synthesize the relevant trends and best practices in order to provide Tonga's Ministry of Meteorology, Energy, Information, Disaster Management, Environment, Climate Change and Communication (MEIDECC) with a wide range of information on electric vehicles (EVs) and transportation efficiency.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-Power Oak Ridge Converter (ORC) for Extreme Fast Charging Applications

This project report presents a novel power converter system called Oak Ridge Converter (ORC), a patented technology developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) for XFC wireless EV charging systems. ORC integrates the grid interface converter (also known as the active front-end rectifier with power factor correction) with the high-frequency inverter stage, promoting size and cost-effective charging technology with reduced infrastructure costs. The integration of the front-end rectifier with the high-frequency inverter truly eliminates one power conversion stage and achieves more than 33% size, weight, volume, and cost reduction on the wireless charging systems. Furthermore, ORC eliminates the primary side direct current (DC) bus bulk capacitors that are usually aluminum electrolytic capacitors and replaces them with very small, cost-effective, highly reliable, and high-temperature operation-capable alternate current (AC) film capacitors. ORC is also applicable to both single-phase and poly-phase couplers. When used with polyphase couplers, ORC further improves the power density of the overall system with higher power density power electronics. Moreover, ORC is inherently bidirectional and allows the system to provide power back to the grid for grid ancillary or grid support services. The ORC, based on a patented ORNL technology, is an excellent approach to resolving the high-power charging problems as described above, which directly converts the 60 hertz (Hz) line frequency into high frequency (i.e., 85 kilohertz (kHz)) to use with a high-frequency isolation transformer or wireless charging coils while eliminating the primary side number of power conversion stages from two to one. The result of the project is a prototype and reference design for a high-power wireless charging system—including power electronics, magnetics, and thermal—serving as a baseline for product development. The proposed system results are demonstrated for 270 kW of output power, with the system's overall efficiency of 92% from the AC grid, achieving less than 3% current total harmonic distortion (THD) and around 0.99 power factor (PF).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2026

EVSE Characterization

NextGen Profiles' EVSE characterization efforts explored performance variability in production EVSE through the use of EV emulation equipment and assessed how different operational conditions influence charging behavior. Data were collected at a frequency of 10 Hz from both the EV emulator and EVSE during each charge session and stored in a time-series database for further analysis. As part of the NextGen Profiles project, characterization of high-power EVSE was performed on both conductive and wireless charging infrastructure; however, only conductive charging data are currently included in this repository. This EVSE characterization was performed over a range of DC output currents and voltages, covering both nominal and off-nominal test conditions. This EVSE characterization dataset includes high-power charging data from two types of 350-kW-capable EVSE using liquid-cooled Combined Charging System-1 (CCS1, North American version) cables and connectors. To protect confidentiality, all EVSE metadata are anonymized, and the publicly released datasets are metered at 10-Hz frequency.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

The impact of energy-efficiency upgrades and other distributed energy resources on a residential neighborhood-scale electrification retrofit

We report ambitious targets for carbon emissions reductions are highlighting new challenges for electrification strategies, leading to an increased focus on building load flexibility and energy management to complement the variability inherent in renewable energy generation. Over the next decade millions of existing homes could undergo electrification retrofits, and there is an urgent need to understand the potential impacts of electrifying major residential loads such as water and space heating on community load characteristics, resident energy bills, and the utility's distribution system. Behind-the-meter distributed energy resources (DERs), including efficiency measures, photovoltaics (PV), battery storage, managed electric vehicle (EV) charging, and controls such as home energy management systems (HEMS), can significantly alter a neighborhood's load profile and provide benefits to both the residents and the grid. We present a novel approach to characterizing the impact of a hypothetical neighborhood-scale residential retrofit program on individual homes' energy use profiles, associated utility bills, and the local distribution system. We modeled a mixed-fuel community of 30 single-family homes in Denver, Colorado, and compared the effects of retrofit scenarios ranging from conventional energy-efficiency upgrades to full electrification with and without more advanced DER technologies. We analyzed which packages of DERs most reliably enable demand flexibility in response to a time-of-use (TOU) rate for this and similar neighborhoods. Our buildings-to-grid co-simulation framework includes a generic secondary distribution feeder model to capture voltage profiles, transformer loading, and other grid impacts in each case. We also calculated the carbon emissions associated with energy use in the community. The methodology developed here can be broadly applied to community-scale beneficial electrification studies in other regions, climates, utility infrastructures, and building typologies to make specific, targeted recommendations based on quantified projections of energy demand in any given community. Our findings indicate that residential electrification can be achieved without negatively impacting the monthly utility bill, and that a combination of conventional energy-efficiency measures, PV, battery, controls, and managed EV charging to maximize a community's demand flexibility is a promising strategy. Adding DERs (especially PV) as part of efficient electrification produces much bigger savings than efficient electrification without DERs. A key barrier is that upgrades require upfront costs, and modest utility bill savings result in long payback periods.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Technical Assistance 101 - How Can the Joint Office Support You?

The Joint Office of Energy and Transportation (Joint Office), in partnership with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides free technical assistance on the planning, deployment, operation, and maintenance of a national network of electric vehicle chargers, zero-emission fueling infrastructure, and zero-emission transit and school buses. This help sheet shares how technical assistance can support stakeholders.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENERGY PLANNING, POLIC↗
DOE OSTI2021

Of Actors, Cities and Energy Systems: Advancing the Transformative Potential of Urban Electrification

The electrification of transportation and the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) with buildings connected to clean grids has been touted as one of the key solutions to the global decarbonization challenge. Cities are on the frontlines of current and future electrification, as they depend on and drive electricity generation, distribution, and use. City actors also occupy a central role in the actions to enable electrification to support energy transitions in efficient, equitable, environmentally sound, and resilient ways. Currently, however, research and development on the interactions between actors, cities and energy systems is predominantly conducted in disciplinary siloes. This topical review analyzes the transformational potential of urban electrification. It focuses on efforts to electrify transportation and integrate EVs with buildings connected to a clean grid. We find that actions in these area are driving change; they are adopted by wealthier populations and on an experimental basis by specific communities. Their larger-scale growth is constrained by institutional, behavioral, and infrastructural factors. We also find that existing siloed disciplinary approaches are often incompatible with advancing holistic research. To achieve that, divergent communities of scholars need to come together to integrate their research and create broader perspectives. Through incorporation of the social sciences, these perspectives need to consider the societal limits and potentials brought to bear by human behavior and decision making. Only then can urban electrification be understood as the empirically rich and socially complex topic that it is. And only with this understanding will innovations and smart policy actions be able to tap into the transformational potential of urban electrification.

cities↗
DOE OSTI2022

Semiconductor: Supply Chain Deep Dive Assessment

In February 2021, President Biden signed Executive Order (EO) 14017, “America’s Supply Chains,” directing seven executive agencies to evaluate the resilience and security of the nation’s critical supply chains and to craft strategies for six industrial bases that underpin America’s economic and national security. See Sec. 3(b) of E.O. 14017. As part of the one-year response to EO 14017, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the national laboratories, conducted evaluations of the supply chains that encompass the Energy Sector Industrial Base, with a particular focus on technologies required to decarbonize the U.S. by 2050. This report focuses on one of these technologies, semiconductors, both conventional and wide bandgap (WBG) power electronics (PE). As noted in the 100-Day report, conventional semiconductors are a keystone technology that are essential for the operation of nearly every electronic device, including those that are critical to decarbonization, such as electric vehicles (EVs), industrial and building applications, and electricity generation and end use. In addition, power electronics have been applied to industrial equipment to improve energy efficiency and enhance controllability. Power electronics have also been used to improve the reliability of data centers and critical infrastructure, including the stabilization of the electric grid while subjected to disturbances. Increasingly, power electronics are being used to integrate renewable energy and battery storage systems, enabling new grid services and the development of microgrids. It is estimated that 30% of the electricity used in the U.S. passes through power electronic devices, and studies suggest that this number could reach 80% as power electronics are deployed in more markets. Nearly all forms of electrified transportation will depend on power electronics. Power electronic systems utilize high-capacity semiconductor devices at their core. The continued growth in power electronics depends on sustained innovation in the semiconductor industry.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advancing Grid Resilience through Smart Charge Management: Findings from Maryland’s Pilot

This report presents research findings from a four-year Smart Charge Management (SCM) pilot program conducted by Maryland’s largest electric utilities—Baltimore Gas and Electric (BGE), Potomac Electric Power Company (Pepco), and Delmarva Power & Light (DPL)—to evaluate strategies for optimizing electric vehicle (EV) charging loads and enhancing grid stability. Supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Argonne National Laboratory collaborated with all project partners and examined the effectiveness of Time-of-Use (TOU) and Load Balancing (LB) strategies in managing peak demand, deferring costly infrastructure upgrades, and reducing grid constraints at the feeder level.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sustainable Electric Vehicle Batteries for a Sustainable World: Perspectives on Battery Cathodes, Environment, Supply Chain, Manufacturing, Life Cycle, and Policy

Abstract Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) can reduce carbon emissions by powering electric vehicles (EVs) and promoting renewable energy development with grid‐scale energy storage. However, LIB production and electricity generation still heavily rely on fossil fuels at present, resulting in major environmental concerns. Are LIBs as environmentally friendly and sustainable as expected at the current stage? In the past 5 years, a skyrocketing growth of the EV market has been witnessed. LIBs have garnered huge attention from academia, industry, government, non‐governmental organizations, investors, and the general public. Tremendous volumes of LIBs are already implemented in EVs today, with a continuing, exponential growth expected for the years to come. When LIBs reach their end‐of‐life in the next decades, what technologies can be in place to enable second‐life or recycling of batteries? Herein, life cycle assessment studies are examined to evaluate the environmental impact of LIBs, and EVs are compared with internal combustion engine vehicles regarding environmental sustainability. To provide a holistic view of the LIB development, this Perspective provides insights into materials development, manufacturing, recycling, legislation and policy, and beyond. Last but not least, the future development of LIBs and charging infrastructures in light of emerging technologies are envisioned.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

EVs@Scale Next-Gen Profiles - Fleet Utilization 2024

As part of the U.S. Department of Energy’s EVs@Scale initiative, the Next-Gen Profiles (NGP) project provides a comprehensive, data-driven analysis of electric vehicle (EV) and electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) operations across real-world fleet deployments. This paper presents findings from the NGP’s Fleet Utilization study, which investigates operational behavior and asset usage across seventeen EV fleets and two EVSE fleets, encompassing a wide range of vehicle types and use cases. Data collected from diverse sources—varying in format and temporal resolution—are first reformatted into a unified structure. From this harmonized dataset, a suite of rigorously defined performance metrics is calculated at an hourly cadence, enabling consistent cross-comparison of charging, routing, and other key operational behaviors. Amid rapidly increasing EV adoption and growing demands for energy-efficient fleet operations, the analysis reveals clear utilization trends—including diurnal and weekly activity cycles, differences in short versus long charging session dependencies, and route-specific energy usage patterns. These findings highlight the need for tailored infrastructure strategies and the deployment of advanced energy management systems, such as Distributed Energy Resource Management Systems (DERMS) and Site Energy Management Systems (SEMS), which can optimize charging schedules and mitigate peak loads. By leveraging anonymized, harmonized datasets and standardized metrics, this study offers critical insights into fleet behavior and performance, providing a foundation to improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and enable the scalable deployment of electrified transportation.

Wells, Landon↗
DOE OSTI2020

Plug-in electric vehicles in China and the USA: a technology and market comparison

As the top two plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) markets in the world, China and the United States of America (USA) have developed different market structures that are influenced by government policies, test procedures, customer acceptance, and vehicle performance. There are differences in PEV test procedures and vehicle class definitions as well. This paper quantifies such differences and compares PEV characteristics and markets in the two countries using actual data collected over several years. First, although China surpasses the USA in annual PEV production because of generous PEV policies and higher charging infrastructure availability, the USA has a higher PEV adoption rate per capita (2.3 versus 0.81 per 1000 people at the end of 2017). Second, the most popular vehicle classes are A00 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in China but long-range mid-size BEVs in the USA. Moreover, China's electric and plug-in hybrid sport utility vehicle market is growing quickly. Third, the electricity consumption rated under Chinese test procedures is 20%-40% lower than that rated under US procedures. The sales-weighted electricity consumption of an average BEV in China is 23% lower than that in the USA because of larger proportions of small and micro BEVs in China. Fourth, PEV battery cost in the two countries is currently close to $210-$220 kWh. Finally, China has higher numbers of charging infrastructure, and the ratio of PEVs to public chargers is 9.0 in China versus 17.9 in the USA at the end of 2018.

China EV market↗