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DOE OSTI2024

Queued Up: 2024 Edition, Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2023 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require projects seeking to connect to the grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. The amount of new electric capacity in these queues is growing dramatically, with nearly 2,600 gigawatts (GW) of total generation and storage capacity now seeking connection to the grid (over 95% of which is for zero-carbon resources like solar, wind, and battery storage). However, most projects that apply for interconnection are ultimately withdrawn, and those that are built are taking longer on average to complete the required studies and become operational. Data from these queues nonetheless provide a general indicator for mid-term trends in developer interest.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Western Interconnection Baseline Study

The purpose of the baseline study is to evaluate the degree to which current industry planning processes meet the national 2035 decarbonization goals for the Western Interconnection. This analysis serves as a comparative baseline for the scenario analysis conducted in the NTP Study using a Western Interconnection dataset that is readily available to industry. This baseline analysis differs from the production cost modeling analysis and power flow analysis in the main NTP Study report (forthcoming). In particular, the analysis presented in this report reflects a business-as-usual future with an optimistic build out of specific planned transmission projects and foreseeable generation. In contrast, the NTP Study models a future generation and transmission expansion based on optimization from a capacity expansion model. The analysis presented herein also reflects a 2030 timeframe, whereas the main NTP Study production cost modeling analysis and power flow analysis reflect a 2035 time frame. This baseline analysis utilizes industry’s most reliable data to account for future transmission projects across various stages of development, with a particular focus on those in the permitting stage. Additionally, it incorporates projections for changes in generation capacity (both additions and retirements). This baseline analysis outlines a probable trajectory, given current process and practice, for the future of the bulk power system with a horizon extending to 2030.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2026

A Review of Distributed Wind Interconnection Technology and Standards

The objectives of this report are to discuss the uniqueness of power converters in distributed wind (DW), identify challenges in complying with existing standards, prioritize technological innovations to facilitate interconnection of DW energy systems, and, where necessary, propose potential clarifications or revisions to standards. This report evaluates IEEE 1547-2018, IEEE 1547.1-2020, and UL 1741 SB standards and their implications for DW. A standards review and interviews of DW industry stakeholders were conducted to identify challenges in the application of current standards to DW. The study concludes with a combination of recommendations of pathways towards facilitating DW product commercialization and DW interconnection, which draws on participation from multiple stakeholders in the space. These solutions can continue to be explored to improve DW standards compliance, improve the applicability of the standards to DW, reduce certification testing barriers, and ensure the safe and reliable operation of DW energy resources and electric power systems.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Queued Up: 2026 Edition, Characteristics of Power Plants Seeking Transmission Interconnection As of the End of 2025 [Slides]

Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require proposed power plants seeking to connect to the transmission grid to undergo a series of impact studies before they can be built. This process establishes what new transmission equipment or upgrades may be needed before a project can connect to the system and assigns the costs of that equipment. The lists of projects in this process are known as “interconnection queues”. In collaboration with https://www.interconnection.fyi. Berkeley Lab compiled, aggregated, and cleaned interconnection queue data from >50 transmission grid operators (7 ISO/RTOs and 50 non-ISO balancing areas), which collectively represent ~98% of currently installed U.S. electric generating capacity.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2021

Solar permitting, inspection, and interconnection cycletimes and requirements

Twenty three small-to-large residential, commercial, and industrial PV installers submitted project-level data for analysis, which included timestamps for major components of the permitting, inspection, and interconnection process as well as contract and installation dates. NREL calculated median timelines for these processes across the authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) and utilities represented in the data. Also included are relevant permitting requirements for AHJs and interconnection process requirements for utilities. This dataset represents the underlying results shown in the Solar Time-based Residential Analytics and Cycle time Estimator (SolarTRACE) viewer. This dataset has been reviewed but errors may exist, and it may not be comprehensive. Errors in the sources (e.g., AHJ permitting requirements lists from data partners) may be duplicated in the dataset.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2010

The Best of the West: Policies and Practices to Support Transition to a Lower-Carbon Electric Sector in the Western Interconnection

This report shows the breadth and diversity of actions being taken throughout the region to move toward a generation-transmission system that enables a clean energy future—one that creates good permanent jobs, protects public health and wildlife, maintains sustainable ecosystems, and assures energy security, reliability and sustainability. These activities, which are either currently in place or being developed, address challenges to improve the Western Interconnection by: 1) expanding the grid’s efficiency; 2) planning grid additions that support clean energy; and 3) integrating the increasing amount of variable generation resources. Collectively these efforts can provide the West with a more efficient, sustainable and low-carbon electric sector. This report focuses on local and regional actions by utilities, sub-regional planning groups, individual states and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). National policies and programs are not included in this assessment. This report has two sections—the Summary Report and the Appendix. The Summary Report provides illustrative examples of actions that are shaping the transmission system in the Western Interconnection. The Appendix contains a more comprehensive list of projects and programs. Both the Summary Report and Appendix characterize activities as Incremental Improvements and Transformative Changes in transmission Planning, Pricing and Performance.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2012

Development of Readout Interconnections for the Si-W Calorimeter of SiD

The SiD collaboration is developing a Si-W sampling electromagnetic calorimeter, with anticipated application for the International Linear Collider. Assembling the modules for such a detector will involve special bonding technologies for the interconnections, especially for attaching a silicon detector wafer to a flex cable readout bus. We review the interconnect technologies involved, including oxidation removal processes, pad surface preparation, solder ball selection and placement, and bond quality assurance. Our results show that solder ball bonding is a promising technique for the Si-W ECAL, and unresolved issues are being addressed.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Interconnection of bundled solid oxide fuel cells

A system and method for electrically interconnecting a plurality of fuel cells to provide dense packing of the fuel cells. Each one of the plurality of fuel cells has a plurality of discrete electrical connection points along an outer surface. Electrical connections are made directly between the discrete electrical connection points of adjacent fuel cells so that the fuel cells can be packed more densely. Fuel cells have at least one outer electrode and at least one discrete interconnection to an inner electrode, wherein the outer electrode is one of a cathode and and anode and wherein the inner electrode is the other of the cathode and the anode. In tubular solid oxide fuel cells the discrete electrical connection points are spaced along the length of the fuel cell.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2010

Solid oxide fuel cell with internal reforming, catalyzed interconnect for use therewith, and methods

A catalyzed interconnect for an SOFC electrically connects an anode and an anodic current collector and comprises a metallic substrate, which provides space between the anode and anodic current collector for fuel gas flow over at least a portion of the anode, and a catalytic coating on the metallic substrate comprising a catalyst for catalyzing hydrocarbon fuel in the fuel gas to hydrogen rich reformate. An SOFC including the catalyzed anodic inter-connect, a method for operating an SOFC, and a method for making a catalyzed anodic interconnect are also disclosed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

Using Synchrophasors for Frequency Response Analysis in the Western Interconnection

Frequency response has received a lot of attention in recent years at the national level, which culminated in the development and approval of NERC BAL-003-1 Frequency Response and Frequency Bias Setting Reliability Standard. WECC JSIS, NASPI, BPA, CERTS and PNNL collaborate on the common goals to deliver to the industry applications for frequency response analysis at interconnection, Balancing Authority and individual power plant levels. This paper describes a Frequency Response Analysis Tool that has been used for establishing a frequency response baseline for the Western Interconnection. This paper describes how synchrophasor data is used in for determination of generator characteristics – frequency responsive, under load control or baseloaded. This paper also discusses and provides an example of how the frequency response distribution can impact power pick-up on major transmission paths.

Kosterev, Dmitry↗

DOE OSTI2016

Fuel cell system with interconnect

The present invention includes a fuel cell system having an interconnect that reduces or eliminates diffusion (leakage) of fuel and oxidant by providing an increased densification, by forming the interconnect as a ceramic/metal composite.

30 DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION↗

DOE OSTI2016

Architecture for on-die interconnect

In an embodiment, an apparatus includes: a plurality of islands configured on a semiconductor die, each of the plurality of islands having a plurality of cores; and a plurality of network switches configured on the semiconductor die and each associated with one of the plurality of islands, where each network switch includes a plurality of output ports, a first set of the output ports are each to couple to the associated network switch of an island via a point-to-point interconnect and a second set of the output ports are each to couple to the associated network switches of a plurality of islands via a point-to-multipoint interconnect. Other embodiments are described and claimed.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

DOE OSTI2013

Role of Wind Power in Primary Frequency Response of an Interconnection: Preprint

The electrical frequency of an interconnection must be maintained very close to its nominal level at all times. Large frequency deviations can lead to unintended consequences such as load shedding, instability, and machine damage, among others. Turbine governors of conventional generating units provide primary frequency response (PFR) to ensure that frequency deviations are not significant duringlarge transient events. Increasing penetrations of variable renewable generation, such as wind and solar power, and planned retirements of conventional thermal plants - and thus a reduction in the amount of suppliers with PFR capabilities - causes concerns about a decline of PFR and system inertia in North America. The capability of inverter-coupled wind generation technologies to contribute toPFR and inertia, if appropriately equipped with the necessary control features, can help alleviate concerns. However, these responses differ from those supplied by conventional generation and inertia, and it is not entirely understood how variable renewable generation will affect the system response at different penetration levels. This paper evaluates the impact of wind generation providing PFRand synthetic inertial response on a large interconnection.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

Cellular structures with interconnected microchannels

A method for fabricating a cellular tritium breeder component includes obtaining a reticulated carbon foam skeleton comprising a network of interconnected ligaments. The foam skeleton is then melt-infiltrated with a tritium breeder material, for example, lithium zirconate or lithium titanate. The foam skeleton is then removed to define a cellular breeder component having a network of interconnected tritium purge channels. In an embodiment the ligaments of the foam skeleton are enlarged by adding carbon using chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) prior to melt-infiltration. In an embodiment the foam skeleton is coated with a refractory material, for example, tungsten, prior to melt infiltration.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Architecture for on-die interconnect

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2018

Interconnect system with friction fit backshell

Various technologies described herein pertain to interconnect systems for electrical cables. An interconnect system can include a connector, an adapter ring, and a backshell. The connector includes a threaded distal coupling portion. The adapter ring includes a threaded proximal coupling portion and a non-threaded distal coupling portion. The backshell includes a proximal coupling portion and a port. The threaded proximal coupling portion of the adapter ring and the threaded distal coupling portion of the connector can be mechanically attached. Additionally, the proximal coupling portion of the backshell and the non-threaded distal coupling portion of the adapter ring can be mechanically attached. A wire bundle can enter the backshell through the port, pass through the adapter ring, and terminate at the connector. A shield that encloses the wire bundle can terminate at the backshell such that an end of the shield is positioned around an outer surface of the port.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2018

Interconnect system with friction fit backshell

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2019

Fuel cell system including multilayer interconnect

In some examples, a fuel cell comprising a first electrochemical cell including a first anode and a first cathode; a second electrochemical cell including a second anode and a second cathode; and an interconnect configured to conduct a flow of electrons from the first anode to the second cathode, wherein the interconnect comprises a first portion and a second portion, wherein the first portion is closer to the anode than the second portion, and the second portion is closer to the cathode than the first portion, wherein the first portion comprises one or more of doped ceria, doped lanthanum chromite, and doped yttrium chromite, and wherein the second portion comprises one or more of a Co—Mn spinel and a ABO3 perovskite.

Liu, Zhien↗