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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 325 records · Page 18
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1986

Ultrasonic nondestructive materials characterization

A brief review of ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is presented with consideration of the altered behavior in anisotropic and nonlinear elastic materials in comparison with isotropic and linear elastic materials. Some experimental results are described in which ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements give insight into materials microstructure and associated mechanical properties. Recent developments with laser beam non-contact generation and detection of ultrasound are presented. The results of several years of experimental measurements using high-power ultrasound are discussed, which provide substantial evidence of the inability of presently accepted theories to fully explain the interaction of ultrasound with solid materials. Finally, a special synchrotron X-ray topographic system is described which affords the possibility of observing direct interaction of ultrasonic waves with the microstructural features of real crystalline solid materials for the first time.

Green, R. E., Jr.↗
DOE OSTI2022

The impact of anisotropic thermal expansion on the isothermal annealing of polycrystalline α -uranium

Although grain growth impacts microstructural evolution in a wide variety of materials systems, the effect of anisotropic thermal expansion on grain boundary mobility and texture evolution has not been widely studied. Anisotropic thermal expansion occurs in multiple non-cubic metals, and the thermomechanical processing behavior of these materials can be better understood with further study into the impact of thermal expansion on grain boundary mobility and texture evolution. In this work, we develop a mesoscale phase field model of grain growth that includes the effect of anisotropic thermal expansion, which is applied to study polycrystalline α-uranium, a highly anisotropic metal. Three-dimensional simulations on polycrystalline a-uranium with and without thermal expansion eigenstrains are performed to study the grain boundary mobility and texture evolution as a function of temperature. A strain-free temperature of 933 K is selected, and the system is studied at within the range of 873 – 933 K at intervals of ten degrees, resulting in increasing thermal eigenstrain with decreasing temperature. We also estimate a grain boundary mobility prefactor and activation energy based on existing experimental data of isothermal annealing of α-uranium. The grain boundary mobility is found to display significant deviation from Arrhenius behavior with the inclusion of thermal expansion eigenstrain as the amount of thermal eigenstrain (and thus elastic strain energy within the system) increases. This result explains an experimentally observed grain boundary mobility deviation from Arrhenius behavior. Furthermore, the texture evolution is affected, such that the grain orientations become less random with increasing thermal eigenstrain, which could explain experimentally observed texture behavior. These results indicate that the effect of thermal expansion should be considered when predicting the thermomechanical processing behavior of α-uranium and other materials with anisotropic thermal expansion.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

High strain-rate strength response of single crystal tantalum through in-situ hole closure imaging experiments

The properties of crystalline materials often depend on directionality and operating conditions. Specifically, the strength of materials can depend anisotropically on crystal direction and the loading condition. To probe these effects, a preliminary series of high strain-rate (> 105/s) strength plate-impact hole closure experiments were performed on high purity single crystal Tantalum cubes. The orientation of the single crystals with respect to impact/loading were varied to provide data to inform crystal plasticity modeling efforts. The experiments consist of in-situ high-resolution X-ray radiographic imaging of the hole collapse under dynamic compression conditions to infer the material strength via its resistance to closure at increasing levels of plastic strain. The experiments are compared against hydrocode simulation predictions. Here, a comparison with simple elastic perfectly plastic strength model predictions is presented to elucidate the response of the different crystal orientations at high strain-rate and large plastic strains.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Imaging Anisotropic Waveguide Exciton Polaritons in Tin Sulfide

In recent years, novel materials supporting in-plane anisotropic polaritons have attracted a great deal of research interest due to their capability of shaping nanoscale field distributions and controlling nanophotonic energy flows. Here we report a nano-optical imaging study of waveguide exciton polaritons (EPs) in tin sulfide (SnS) in the near-infrared (near-IR) region using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). With s-SNOM, we mapped in real space the propagative EPs in SnS, which show sensitive dependence on the excitation energy and sample thickness. Moreover, we found that both the polariton wavelength and propagation length are anisotropic in the sample plane. In particular, in a narrow spectral range from 1.32 to 1.44 eV, the EPs demonstrate quasi-one-dimensional propagation, which is rarely seen in natural polaritonic materials. Here, a further analysis indicates that the observed polariton anisotropy originates from the different optical band gaps and exciton binding energies along the two principal crystal axes of SnS.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Anisotropy evolution of elastomeric foams during uniaxial compression measured via in-situ X-ray computed tomography

We have characterized the three-dimensional evolution of microstructural anisotropy of a family of elastomeric foams during uniaxial compression via in-situ X-ray computed tomography. Flexible polyurethane foam specimens with densities of 136, 160 and 240 kg/m 3 were compressed in uniaxial stress tests both parallel and perpendicular to the foam rise direction, to engineering strains exceeding 70%. The uncompressed microstructures show slightly elongated ellipsoidal pores, with elongation aligned parallel to the foam rise direction. The evolution of this microstructural anisotropy during deformation is quantified based on the autocorrelation of the image intensity, and verified via the mean intercept length as well as the shape of individual pores. Trends are consistent across all three methods. In the rise direction, the material remains transversely anisotropic throughout compression. Anisotropy initially decreases with compression, reaches a minimum, then increases up to large strains, followed by a small decrease in anisotropy at the largest strains as pores collapse. Compression perpendicular to the foam rise direction induces secondary anisotropy with respect to the compression axis, in addition to primary anisotropy associated with the foam rise direction. In contrast to compression in the rise direction, primary anisotropy initially increases with compression, and shows a slight decrease at large strains. These surprising non-monotonic trends and qualitative differences in rise and transverse loading are explained based on the compression of initially ellipsoidal pores. Microstructural anisotropy trends reflect macroscopic stress-strain and lateral strain response. These findings provide novel quantitative connections between three-dimensional microstructure and anisotropy in moderate density polymer foams up to large deformation, with important implications for understanding complex three-dimensional states of deformation.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Anisotropic Phonon Response of Few-Layer PdSe 2 under Uniaxial Strain

PdSe 2 , an emerging 2D material with a novel anisotropic puckered pentagonal structure, has attracted growing interest due to its layer-dependent electronic bandgap, high carrier mobility, and good air stability. In this work, a detailed Raman spectroscopic study of few-layer PdSe 2 (two to five layers) under the in-plane uniaxial tensile strain up to 3.33% is performed. Two of the prominent PdSe 2 Raman peaks are influenced differently depending on the direction of strain application. Additionally, the A g 1 mode redshifts more than the A g 3 mode when the strain is applied along the a -axis of the crystal, while the A g 3 mode redshifts more than the A g 1 mode when the strain is applied along the b -axis. Such an anisotropic phonon response to strain indicates directionally dependent mechanical and thermal properties of PdSe 2 and also allows the identification of the crystal axes. The results are further supported using first-principles density-functional theory. Interestingly, the near-zero Poisson’s ratios for few-layer PdSe 2 are found, suggesting that the uniaxial tensile strain can easily be applied to few-layer PdSe 2 without significantly altering their dimensions at the perpendicular directions, which is a major contributing factor to the observed distinct phonon behavior. The findings pave the way for further development of 2D PdSe 2 -based flexible electronics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modeling wave propagation in elastic solids via high-order accurate implicit-mesh discontinuous Galerkin methods

Here, a high-order accurate implicit-mesh discontinuous Galerkin framework for wave propagation in single-phase and bi-phase solids is presented. The framework belongs to the embedded-boundary techniques and its novelty regards the spatial discretization, which enables boundary and interface conditions to be enforced with high-order accuracy on curved embedded geometries. High-order accuracy is achieved via high-order quadrature rules for implicitly-defined domains and boundaries, whilst a cell-merging strategy addresses the presence of small cut cells. The framework is used to discretize the governing equations of elastodynamics, written using a first-order hyperbolic momentum-strain formulation, and an exact Riemann solver is employed to compute the numerical flux at the interface between dissimilar materials with general anisotropic properties. The space-discretized equations are then advanced in time using explicit high-order Runge–Kutta algorithms. Several two- and three-dimensional numerical tests including dynamic adaptive mesh refinement are presented to demonstrate the high-order accuracy and the capability of the method in the elastodynamic analysis of single- and bi-phases solids containing complex geometries.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

A heat flux sensor leveraging the transverse Seebeck effect in elemental antimony

Certain configurations of anisotropic single crystal materials can generate a thermoelectric voltage orthogonal to an induced temperature gradient. This phenomenon is known as the Transverse Seebeck Effect (TSE) and can be leveraged to fabricate simple and robust heat flux sensors. Only a small number of materials have been considered as TSE-based transducers and, among these, few have been developed into sensors with ruggedization against chemical and mechanical degradation. Here, we report on the fabrication and characterization of a rugged TSE-based heat flux sensor using prismatic antimony single crystals. The heat flux sensor was tested under static and dynamic heating scenarios. The sensor has a linear responsivity of 16.8 µV/(W/cm2) to heat fluxes spanning more than two orders of magnitude and a time constant of 4.4 s. The sensor’s response to localized heating, probed with a laser scanning technique, validated that the transduction mechanism is primarily the TSE by ruling out a sizable contribution from the conventional Seebeck effect. Finite element analysis corroborated that components used in the sensor package are the primary determinants of the time constant and the decrement of the responsivity from its theoretical maximum. Design principles that may be applied to elicit a faster transient response or higher responsivity are proposed. Furthermore, the results establish single crystal antimony as a promising transducer material for heat flux measurement systems and demonstrate potential effects of ruggedization on sensor performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Large magnetic anisotropy of a decorated spin-chain system K 2 Co 3 (MoO 4 ) 3 (OH) 2

The magnetic structure of K 2 Co 3 (MoO 4 ) 3 (OH) 2 is studied in detail. The material has a half-sawtooth one-dimensional (1-D) structure containing two unique Co 2+ ions, one in the chain backbone and one on the apex of the sawtooth creating a series of isosceles triangles along the b-axis. These triangles can be a source of magnetic frustration. The ability to grow large single crystals enables detailed magnetic measurements with the crystals oriented in a magnetic field along the respective axes. It has a Curie–Weiss temperature θ CW of 5.3(2) K with an effective magnetic moment of 4.8(3)μ B /Co. The material is highly anisotropic with a sharp antiferromagnetic ordering transition at 7 K with a metamagnetic transition at 2 kOe. Neutron diffraction was used to determine the magnetic structure and revealed a magnetic structure with canted spins along the backbone of the chain while spins along the sawtooth caps maintained a colinear orientation, arranging antiferromagnetically relative to the backbone spins. In conclusion, the parallel chains arrange antiferromagnetically relative to each other along the c-axis and ferromagnetically along the a-axis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Scalar flux transport models for self-similar turbulent mixing

A common approach to closing turbulent species flux in multicomponent Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes models is to use the standard gradient diffusion approximation. While such an approach has been shown to work well when applied to many canonical turbulent mixing configurations, a gradient diffusion approach is fundamentally limited in its ability to capture complex phenomena such as countergradient transport. For this reason, complicated mixing applications may benefit by treating the turbulent diffusivity with a model transport equation in a manner analogous to second-moment momentum closure in Reynolds-stress transport models. Here, the present work explores the development and application of two different scalar flux transport (SFT) models. Self-similarity constraints are derived for these models, and they are evaluated against gradient-diffusion-based models in several one- and two-dimensional problems of turbulent mixing. It is found that the new SFT models out-perform gradient diffusion models in problems involving rapid acceleration reversal and in problems involving anisotropic transport of materials. In addition, it is found that even a hybrid-SFT approach, in which an SFT equation is utilized along with a gradient diffusion closure, provides some measure of improvement over models that transport the mass flux rather than the scalar flux.

Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes↗
NASA NTRS1973

Buckling behavior of composite cylinders subjected to compressive loading

Room temperature compressive buckling strengths of eight cylinders, four boron-epoxy and four boron-epoxy reinforced-titanium, with diameter to thickness ratios ranging between 40 and 67 are determined experimentally and compared with analytical predictions. Numerical buckling strengths are presented for Donnell's, Flugge's and Sanders' shell theories for anisotropic and orthotropic material cases. Comparison of analytical predictions with experimental results indicates good agreement and the recommended correlation factor suggested in the literature is applicable for design. For the cylinders tested, the correlation between experiment and theory ranged from 0.73 to 0.97.

Carri, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Doubly-curved variable-thickness isoparametric heterogeneous finite element

This paper describes an element streamlined for the analysis of doubly-curved, variable-thickness structural components and illustrates its effective application to vibration and static problems. The element is isoparametric, doubly-curved, thin-shell and triangular with variable thickness and accounts for anisotropic, inhomogeneous elastic material behavior. The element has six nodes (three corner and three mid-side) with five degrees-of-freedom (DOF) per node - three translations and two rotations. Quadratic isoparametric interpolation polynomials are used to express the element geometry and displacement variables in terms of corresponding nodal variables.

Minich, M. D.↗
NASA NTRS1984

On constitutive relations at finite strain - Hypo-elasticity and elasto-plasticity with isotropic or kinematic hardening

Nagtegaal and de Jong (1982) have studied stresses generated by simple finite shear in the case of elastic-plastic and rigid-plastic materials which exhibit anisotropic hardening. They reported that the shear stress is oscillatory in time. It was found that the occurrence of such an 'anomaly' is not restricted to anisotropic plasticity. Similar behavior in finite shear may result even in the case of hypoelasticity and classical isotropic hardening plasticity theory. The present investigation is concerned with the central problem of 'generalizing' with respect to the finite strain case, taking into account the constitutive relations of infinitesimal strain theories of classical plasticity with isotropic or kinematic hardening. The problem of hypoelasticity is also considered. It is shown that current controversies surrounding the choice of stress rate in the finite-strain generalizations of the constitutive relations and the anomalies surrounding kinematic hardening plasticity theory are easily resolvable.

Atluri, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Multiaxial and thermomechanical fatigue considerations in damage tolerant design

In considering damage tolerant design concepts for gas turbine hot section components, several challenging concerns arise: Complex multiaxial loading situations are encountered; Thermomechanical fatigue loading involving very wide temperature ranges is imposed on components; Some hot section materials are extremely anisotropic; and coatings and environmental interactions play an important role in crack propagation. The effects of multiaxiality and thermomechanical fatigue are considered from the standpoint of their impact on damage tolerant design concepts. Recently obtained research results as well as results from the open literature are examined and their implications for damage tolerant design are discussed. Three important needs required to advance analytical capabilities in support of damage tolerant design become readily apparent: (1) a theoretical basis to account for the effect of nonproportional loading (mechanical and mechanical/thermal); (2) the development of practical crack growth parameters that are applicable to thermomechanical fatigue situations; and (3) the development of crack growth models that address multiple crack failures.

Leese, G. E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Deep, Precise Etching in Semiconductors

Semiconductors made to accept precise etching after pretreatment. Combination of material destabilization and anisotropic etching permits formation of precise perpendicular-wall cavities in silicon wafers and other semiconductors. New technique extends capabilities of current micromachining technology to fabrication of submillimeter waveguide arrays and filters. Pre-etching process currently used to fabricate thin-walled arrays of submillimeter waveguides for use as dichroic bandpass filters. Possible applications include integration of sensor probes and processing of circuitry on same silicon chip.

Shlichta, P. J.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Procedure for implementation of temperature-dependent mechanical property capability in the Engineering Analysis Language (EAL) system

A procedure is presented to allow the use of temperature dependent mechanical properties in the Engineering Analysis Language (EAL) System for solid structural elements. This is accomplished by including a modular runstream in the main EAL runstream. The procedure is applicable for models with multiple materials and with anisotropic properties, and can easily be incorporated into an existing EAL runstream. The procedure (which is applicable for EAL elastic solid elements) is described in detail, followed by a description of the validation of the routine. A listing of the EAL runstream used to validate the procedure is included in the Appendix.

Glass, David E.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A three-dimensional equivalent domain integral method for cracked solids

Three-dimensional FEM analysis is presently undertaken via the general formulation of the equivalent-domain integral method for mixed-mode fracture problems in general anisotropic and nonlinear materials. In mixed-mode integrals, the total J-integral is split into three separate modes of fracture; direct and decomposition methods are effective in this separation of the modes, as presently demonstrated by their application to several pure and mixed-mode fracture problems. The results are found to agree well with those reported in the literature, and suggest the usefulness of the method as a FEM-program postprocessing subroutines.

Shivakumar, K. N.↗