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NASA Earth System Digital Twins (ESDT) For a Sustainable Future

An Earth System Digital Twin (or ESDT) is an Information System for Understanding, Forecasting, and Conjecturing the complex interconnections among Earth systems, including anthropomorphic forcings and impacts to humanity. More specifically, an Earth System Digital Twin is a dynamic and interactive information system that first provides a digital replica of the past and current states of the Earth or Earth system, as accurately and timely as possible (i.e., the “What Now”); second allows for computing forecasts of future states under nominal assumptions and based on the current replica (i.e., the “What Next”); and third offers the capability to investigate many hypothetical scenarios under varying impact assumptions (i.e., the “What If”). The full power of digital twins is that, through an integrated representation and standardized tools and software technologies, the same digital replica can address the needs of multiple users at various resolutions (spatial and temporal) and for various applications (science, economic, policy, etc.) – “from farmer to scientist”. Since 2020, NASA’s Earth Science Technology’s Intelligent Systems Programs have started defining and investigating ESDTs. After several workshops, more than 15 projects have been funded to develop technologies and components as well as a few prototype ESDT systems. An ESDT architecture framework has been defined, and it is now being used to develop a Coastal Zone Digital Twin (CZ-DT), in coordination with NOAA and CNES. Additional projects have also just been selected to build additional ESDT technologies and prototypes. The details of these Programs will be detailed at the conference.

Earth Science Remote Sensing; Information Systems↗
DOE OSTI2015

Signal digitizing system and method based on amplitude-to-time optical mapping

A signal digitizing system and method based on analog-to-time optical mapping, optically maps amplitude information of an analog signal of interest first into wavelength information using an amplitude tunable filter (ATF) to impress spectral changes induced by the amplitude of the analog signal onto a carrier signal, i.e. a train of optical pulses, and next from wavelength information to temporal information using a dispersive element so that temporal information representing the amplitude information is encoded in the time domain in the carrier signal. Optical-to-electrical conversion of the optical pulses into voltage waveforms and subsequently digitizing the voltage waveforms into a digital image enables the temporal information to be resolved and quantized in the time domain. The digital image may them be digital signal processed to digitally reconstruct the analog signal based on the temporal information with high fidelity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

A new MicroTCA-based waveform digitizer for the Muon g-2 experiment

We present the design of a new $\mu$TCA-based waveform digitizer, which will be deployed in the Muon g-2 experiment at Fermilab and will allow our pileup identification requirement to be met. This digitizer features five independent channels, each with 12-bit, 800-MSPS digitization and a 1-Gbit memory buffer. The data storage and readout along with configuration are handled by six Xilinx Kintex-7 FPGAs. In addition, the digitizer is equipped with a mezzanine card for analog signal conditioning prior to digitization, further widening its range of possible applications. The performance results of this design are also presented, highlighting its $0.51 \pm 0.13$ mV intrinsic noise level and $< 22$ ps intrinsic timing resolution between channels. We believe that its performance, together with its flexible design, could be of interest to future experiments in search of a cost-effective waveform digitizer.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enhancing obfuscation of digital content through use of linear error correction codes

Technologies related to enhancing security of digital content are described. Linear error correction codes (LECCs) are employed for dual purposes: 1) to obfuscate digital content; and 2) to verify integrity of the digital content. A transmitter computing system obfuscates digital content based upon an obfuscation protocol, wherein the obfuscated digital content includes an LECC. A receiver computing system deobfuscates the digital content by performing the inverse of the obfuscation protocol.

Corral, Celestino A.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Study on the assessment method of human error probabilities in the digitalized main control room - 170

Recently, nuclear power plants (NPPs) in Republic of Korea have been constructed with the new type of main control room (MCR) which is called as digitalized MCR. In digitalized MCR, as digital technologies are being adopted, the environment of MCR has been considerably changed. The operators may obtain the plant data via digitalized human system interfaces (HSIs), large display panel (LDP), computerized procedure system (CPS), soft controls and other system features. Accordingly, the necessity to consider the new environment of MCR has been raised when performing human reliability analysis (HRA) methods. However, none of HRA methods consider the newly installed MCRs. The goal of this paper is to propose new frameworks to assess the human error probabilities (HEPs) in digitalized MCR. Generally, the HEPs are obtained by summing the probabilities of diagnosis errors and the probabilities of execution errors and those probabilities are modified by performance shaping factors (PSFs). In this paper, two parts are included; (1) Assessing the probabilities of diagnosis errors, and (2) Assessing the probabilities of execution errors. In this paper, the process to develop the frameworks are introduced and we expect that the HEPs affecting the features of digitalized MCR can be calculated by using the proposed frameworks. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Identification of the accident-related critical digital assets based on probabilistic safety analysis results - 225

Digital I and C systems have been developed and installed in nuclear power plants, and due to installation of the digital I and C systems, cyber security concerns are increasing in nuclear industry. However, there are too many critical digital assets (CDAs) to be inspected in digitalized NPPs. In order to reduce the inefficiency of regulation in nuclear facilities, the critical digital assets that are directly related to an accident are elicited by using the probabilistic safety assessment results. Target initial events are selected, and their heading are analyzed through event tree analysis. Among the headings, the headings that can be proceeded directly to the core damage by the cyber-attack are finally selected as the target of deriving the minimum cut-sets. Based on success criteria of each heading, we analyze the fault trees and derive the minimum set-cuts. In terms of original PSA, the value of probability for the cut-sets is important but the probability is not important in terms of cyber security of NPPs. The important factors is the number of basic events consisting of the minimal cut-sets that is proportional to vulnerability. Finally, the process for identifying accident-related CDAs is suggested based on PSA results. The results of this study are expected to be used to derive the linkage between cyber-attack and accident, and to develop the final core digital asset identification methodology and effective regulatory method. (authors)

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Early Fault Detection in Nuclear Systems: A Digital Engineering Approach

Nuclear energy systems present unique challenges in terms of ensuring safety, reliability, and efficiency during their design and operation. Early fault detection is critical for mitigating risks and fostering system resilience. However, current methods often fall short at identifying faults during early stages, potentially leading to costly delays and safety risks. The present work proposes a comprehensive digital engineering approach that leverages digital twins, digital threads, model-based systems engineering, artificial intelligence, and immersive extended reality to support early fault detection in nuclear systems. Through a series of case studies, we highlight specific gaps in the fault detection mechanisms of traditional nuclear design and operation processes, then demonstrate a suite of solutions we are working to implement to address these shortcomings in similar projects. Our findings suggest that a digital engineering approach to design and operation can significantly improve fault detection, ultimately leading to reductions in risk.

42 - ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2016

Energy savings opportunities in the global digital television transition

Globally, terrestrial television (TV) broadcasting is in the midst of a complete transition to digital signals. The last analog terrestrial broadcast is expected to be switched off in the early 2020s. This transition presents huge energy savings opportunities that have thus far been ignored. Digital TV switchovers have likely increased energy consumption as countries have completed transitions by providing digital TV converters to analog TV users, which increase energy consumption and extend the life of energy-inefficient analog TVs. We find that if analog TVs were retired at the time of a digital switchover and replaced with super-efficient flat-panel TVs, such as light-emitting diode (LED) backlit liquid crystal display (LCD) TVs, there is a combined electricity savings potential of 32 terawatt hours [TWh] per year in countries that have not yet completed their digital TV transition. In view of these findings as well as the dramatic drops of super-efficient TV prices and the unique early-retirement opportunity resulting from cessation of terrestrial analog broadcasts, TV-exchange programs would easily and substantially advance energy efficiency.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Cross-domain digital twin architecture for predictive maintenance via machine learning and Large Language Models

This research introduces a comprehensive framework for creating and deploying a digital twin platform for continuous monitoring and predictive maintenance within industrial settings. Through utilizing advanced technologies, including Unreal Engine 5, Unity 3D, the Message Queue Telemetry Transport protocol, Random Forest machine learning algorithms, and Large Language Models (LLMs), we establish a platform that digitally reproduces physical equipment and translates digital controls into real-world actions. This facilitates preventive maintenance approaches and improves operational effectiveness. The digital twin platform gathers sensor data from operational equipment, analyzes it using machine learning, and delivers practical insights to prevent potential malfunctions and enhance equipment performance. Furthermore, the incorporation of a web portal enables efficient monitoring and access to historical data, educational materials, and equipment status information. Preliminary findings indicate that digital twins can transform industrial equipment management and maintenance methodologies.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Operational resilience of additively manufactured parts to stealthy cyberphysical attacks using geometric and process digital twins

Cyberphysical attacks on the digital backbone of Additive Manufacturing (AM) can compromise the printed part’s functionality. They can alter features in the digital geometry to introduce geometric defects (e.g., missing fillets) or alter process parameters to create local defects (e.g., voids). Addressing the downtime, waste, and quality deterioration associated with existing solutions requires operational resilience, i.e., rapid elimination or disruption of defect formation (to retain part function) without production stoppage or part disposal (to retain yield). This need is unmet due to the inherently unpredictable nature of attack-induced alterations, lack of access to the original geometric model for identification of altered geometric features, and in-process imposition of unknown process dynamics via attack-driven alteration of real-time-uncontrolled (or exogenous) parameters. This work establishes the above-mentioned operational resilience for the first time by creating two Digital Twins (DT). The Geometric DT (Geo-DT) is based on a unique physical-field-driven soft sensor and topology optimization method. The Process Digital Twin (Pro-DT) combines local defect quantification with a novel Reinforcement Learning formulation and training method. The importance of these methodological advances and the scalability of our approach are examined on a real AM testbed. It is shown that Geo-DT can correct geometric defects without access to the original digital geometry or explicit knowledge of attack-altered geometric features. Further, Pro-DT can accelerate real-time disruption of local defects despite attack-driven imposition of unknown process dynamics. We discuss how our framework goes beyond the contemporary focus on pre-attack security and in-attack detection towards resilience for AM and beyond.

Additive Manufacturing↗
DOE OSTI2022

BoxScore - A real-time beam-diagnosis program for the CAEN digitizer x730 series

BoxScore is a real-time beam diagnosis and monitoring program for the CAEN x730 series digitizer, developed for the ATLAS in-flight system at Argonne National Laboratory. The CAEN x730 series digitizer, with built-in Digital Pulse Processing for the Pulse-Height-Analysis, digitizes the input signal in real-time and processes it using a trapezoidal filter. BoxScore reads the digitizer’s buffer directly, builds and saves events to local files, plots histograms for particle identification, and outputs the rates of selected isotopes every second. Implementation of BoxScore has shortened the time needed for in-flight beam-tuning and has potential applications for other nuclear physics experiments.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Improving Signal to Noise Ratios in Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Structures for Lossless Ion Manipulations (SLIM) using a High Dynamic Range Analog-to-Digital Converter

Signal digitization is a commonly overlooked part of ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) workflows, yet it is a significant contributor for determining signal-to-noise ratios and MS resolution. Here we report on the integration of a 2 GS/s, 14-bit ADC with a structures for lossless ion manipulations (SLIM)-IMS-MS and compare the performance to a commonly used 8-bit ADC. The 14-bit ADC provided an effective reduction in digitized noise by factor of ~6, owing largely to the use of smaller bit sizes. The low baseline allowed the threshold voltage levels to be set very close to the MCP baseline voltage, allowing for as much signal to be acquired as possible without causing overloading or excessive digitization of MCP baseline noise. Analyses of Agilent tuning mixture ions and a complex mixture of heavy labeled phosphopeptides showed that the 14-bit ADC (compared to the 8-bit ADC) provided a modest signal-to-noise increase (~1.5 to 2-fold) for high intensity ions, such as the Agilent tuning mixture ions and the 2+ and 3+ charge states of many phosphopeptide constituents. However, signal enhancements were as much as 10-fold for low intensity ions, and the 14-bit ADC enabled discernable signal intensities otherwise lost using an 8-bit digitizer. Additionally, the 14-bit ADC required ~14-fold fewer mass spectra to be averaged to produce a mass spectrum with similar S/N as the 8-bit ADC under identical conditions, potentially providing an order of magnitude higher measurement throughput. The high resolution, low baseline, and fast speed of the new 14-bit ADC enables high performance digitization of MS, IMS-MS, and SLIM-IMS-MS spectra, and allows a much fuller picture of analyte profiles in complex mixtures to be acquired.

data acquisition, digitization, ion mobility spect↗
DOE OSTI2024

Digital Twins for Data Centers

Fueled by an unprecedented adoption of AI (Artificial Intelligence), data centers are becoming the largest growing consumers of energy. Digital Twins provide living digital models of physical systems that enable data-driven analysis and application of AI to better manage selective aspects of the data center and drive efficiency for sustainability. Digital twins have emerged as a way to create virtual prototypes of physical artifacts, which may be used in a variety of contexts. Physical artifacts include airplanes, factories, or even static objects, such as bridges or dams. Digital twin helps monitor changes and assist in predicting planned or unplanned behaviors of physical objects. In this paper, we discuss digital twins for data centers.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2018

Digital acoustic sensor performance across the infrasound range in non-isolated conditions

The next generation of acoustic sensors is emerging to supplement legacy sensors traditionally used in regional and global networks. These devices operate under similar principles as traditional sensors, without the need of a separate external digitizer. The calibration of these sensors against their predecessors is crucial to the modernization of conventional technologies. This work describes the characterization of the next-generation MB3 digital microbarometer and the iPrecision smartphone microphone in a non-isolated calibration room across the infrasound (i.e., 0.01–20 Hz) range. The intent is to evaluate nominal instrument performance before deployment. A portable rotary subwoofer is used as a controllable infrasound source to generate single-tone sinusoidal and broadband noise pressure waves in a room configured for calibration purposes. For each device, comparison measurements are made, from which the digital sensitivity and the parametric response is developed. The results provide insight into the performance of the sensors in non-isolated environments. By overlapping the responses of the test sensors, digital sensor performance across the infrasound range can be benchmarked. These responses may serve as a double-reference scheme in future pressure measurements and digital calibrations of acoustic sensors.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Digital Twin Network (DTN): Concepts, Architecture, and Key Technologies

With the commercial deployment of 5G and the migration of internet from IPv4 to IPv6, the new development of the network technology has highly attracted the attention of the industry. The intelligentization of network is believed as the trend of the new generation of network development. The network provides the foundation for the information transmission in the digital society, and the digitalization of the network itself is the prerequisite for the intelligent development. Facing the goal of the new generation of digital and intelligent network, this paper introduces the new concept of "digital twin network (DTN)", designs the system architecture, and analyzes the key technologies of DTN. By investigating the challenges of DTN, this paper points out the future development direction of digital twin network.

digital twin network↗
DOE OSTI2011

Creating an EPICS Based Test Stand Development System for a BPM Digitizer of the Linac Coherent Light Source

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is required to deliver a high quality electron beam for producing coherent X-rays. As a result, high resolution beam position monitoring is required. The Beam Position Monitor (BPM) digitizer acquires analog signals from the beam line and digitizes them to obtain beam position data. Although Matlab is currently being used to test the BPM digitizer?s functions and capability, the Controls Department at SLAC prefers to use Experimental Physics and Industrial Control Systems (EPICS). This paper discusses the transition of providing similar as well as enhanced functionalities, than those offered by Matlab, to test the digitizer. Altogether, the improved test stand development system can perform mathematical and statistical calculations with the waveform signals acquired from the digitizer and compute the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the signals. Finally, logging of meaningful data into files has been added.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Noise Performance Evaluation of the Candidate Digitizers for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR

The noise performance evaluation of the two digitizer cards being considered for the MAJORANA DEMONSTRATOR (MJD) is presented in this document. The procurement of the data acquisition electronics for the MJD is scheduled to happen this year. At the time of writing this document, there are two candidate digitizer electronic boards. One aspect that is being considered by the collaboration is the feasibility of using the MJD for dark matter searches. The feasibility of using the MJD for this application is going to be dictated by the ability of the demonstrator to reach sub-keV energy resolution. One of the potential sources of noise in the MJD is the data acquisition system. This document will is concluded with a recommendation for the final digitizer board by comparing the noise performance of the two electronics systems. Noise parameters such as the effective number of bits, input range linearity and signal to noise ratio are experimentally determined. The two digitizer cards feature different on-board digital signal processing and these features are compared. The experimental set-up was also used to identify sources of noise. This paper describes these sources of noise in the data acquisition system, along with mitigation strategies. Issues such as grounding and wiring scheme have an impact in the overall data acquisition system performance and are discussed in detail. As a conclusion, the suitability of each one of the cards to become the back bone of the data acquisition system of the MJD is discussed.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2023

An Integrated Framework for Risk Assessment of Safety-related Digital Instrumentation and Control Systems in Nuclear Power Plants: Methodology Refinement and Exploration

This report documents activities performed by Idaho National Laboratory (INL) during Fiscal Year (FY) 2023 for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Light Water Reactor Sustainability (LWRS) Program, Risk Informed Systems Analysis (RISA) Pathway, digital instrumentation and control (DI&C) risk assessment project. In FY 2019, the RISA Pathway initiated a project to develop a risk assessment strategy for delivering a technical basis to support effective, and secure DI&C technologies for digital upgrades/designs. A risk assessment-informed framework was proposed for this strategy, which aims to (1) provide a best-estimate, risk informed capability to quantitatively estimate the safety margin obtained from plant modernization, especially for safety-related DI&C systems, (2) support and supplement existing risk informed DI&C design guides by providing quantitative risk information and evidence, (3) offer a capability of design architecture evaluation of various DI&C systems, (4) assure the long-term safety and reliability of safety-related DI&C systems, and (5) reduce uncertainty in costs and support integration of DI&C systems in the plant. To achieve these technical goals, the LWRS-developed framework provides a means to address relevant technical issues by: (1) defining a risk informed analysis process for DI&C upgrade that integrates hazard analysis, reliability analysis, and consequence analysis, (2) applying risk informed tools to address common cause failures (CCFs) and quantify corresponding failure probabilities for DI&C technologies, particularly software CCFs, (3) evaluating the impact of digital failures at the component level, system level, and plant level, and (4) providing insights and suggestions on designs to manage the risks, thus to support the development and deployment of advanced DI&C technologies in nuclear power plants (NPPs). Adding diversity within a system or components is the primary means to eliminate and mitigate CCFs, but diversity also increases system complexity and may not address all sources of systematic failures. Optimization of diversity and redundancy applications for the safety-critical DI&C systems remains a challenge. To deal with the technical issues in addressing potential software CCFs in safety-related DI&C systems of NPPs and supporting relevant design optimization, the proposed framework provides: (a) A best-estimate, risk informed capability to address new technical digital issues quantitatively, focusing on software CCFs in safety-related DI&C systems of NPPs; (b) A common and a modularized platform for DI&C designers, software developers, cybersecurity analysts, and plant engineers to predict and prevent risk in the early design stage of DI&C systems; (c) Technical bases and risk informed insights to assist users address the risk informed alternatives for evaluation of CCFs in safety-related DI&C systems of NPPs; and (d) A risk informed tool that offers a capability of design architecture evaluation of various DI&C systems to support system design decisions in diversity and redundancy applications. The research and development efforts of this project in FY 2023 are focused on refining current methods on software CCF modeling and estimation and exploring additional innovative approaches to risk assessment of DI&C systems to enable a more comprehensive and complete assessment of various safety-related DI&C design architectures. The primary audience of this report are DI&C designers, engineers, and probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) practitioners. This includes stakeholders, such as the nuclear utilities and regulators who consider the deployment and upgrade of DI&C systems, DI&C software developers and reviewers, and cybersecurity specialists. It should be noted that all the analyses are performed for the demonstration of the methodology, not for the evaluation of an actual digital control system. Results are obtained based on limited design information and testing data.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗