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NASA NTRS2008

Reaction Wheel Disturbance Modeling, Jitter Analysis, and Validation Tests for Solar Dynamics Observatory

The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) aims to study the Sun's influence on the Earth by understanding the source, storage, and release of the solar energy, and the interior structure of the Sun. During science observations, the jitter stability at the instrument focal plane must be maintained to less than a fraction of an arcsecond for two of the SDO instruments. To meet these stringent requirements, a significant amount of analysis and test effort has been devoted to predicting the jitter induced from various disturbance sources. One of the largest disturbance sources onboard is the reaction wheel. This paper presents the SDO approach on reaction wheel disturbance modeling and jitter analysis. It describes the verification and calibration of the disturbance model, and ground tests performed for validating the reaction wheel jitter analysis. To mitigate the reaction wheel disturbance effects, the wheels will be limited to operate at low wheel speeds based on the current analysis. An on-orbit jitter test algorithm is also presented in the paper which will identify the true wheel speed limits in order to ensure that the wheel jitter requirements are met.

Liu,Kuo-Chia↗

NASA NTRS2003

Analytic Method for Computing Instrument Pointing Jitter

A new method of calculating the root-mean-square (rms) pointing jitter of a scientific instrument (e.g., a camera, radar antenna, or telescope) is introduced based on a state-space concept. In comparison with the prior method of calculating the rms pointing jitter, the present method involves significantly less computation. The rms pointing jitter of an instrument (the square root of the jitter variance shown in the figure) is an important physical quantity which impacts the design of the instrument, its actuators, controls, sensory components, and sensor- output-sampling circuitry. Using the Sirlin, San Martin, and Lucke definition of pointing jitter, the prior method of computing the rms pointing jitter involves a frequency-domain integral of a rational polynomial multiplied by a transcendental weighting function, necessitating the use of numerical-integration techniques. In practice, numerical integration complicates the problem of calculating the rms pointing error. In contrast, the state-space method provides exact analytic expressions that can be evaluated without numerical integration.

Bayard, David↗

NASA NTRS2011

Jitter Correction

Jitter_Correct.m is a MATLAB function that automatically measures and corrects inter-frame jitter in an image sequence to a user-specified precision. In addition, the algorithm dynamically adjusts the image sample size to increase the accuracy of the measurement. The Jitter_Correct.m function takes an image sequence with unknown frame-to-frame jitter and computes the translations of each frame (column and row, in pixels) relative to a chosen reference frame with sub-pixel accuracy. The translations are measured using a Cross Correlation Fourier transformation method in which the relative phase of the two transformed images is fit to a plane. The measured translations are then used to correct the inter-frame jitter of the image sequence. The function also dynamically expands the image sample size over which the cross-correlation is measured to increase the accuracy of the measurement. This increases the robustness of the measurement to variable magnitudes of inter-frame jitter

Waegell, Mordecai J.↗

NASA NTRS2019

A Survey of the Spacecraft Line-Of-Sight Jitter Problem

Predicting, managing, controlling, and testing spacecraft Line-of-Sight (LoS) jit- ter due to on-board internal disturbance sources is a challenging multi- disciplinary systems engineering problem, especially for those observatories hosting extremely sensitive optical sensor payloads with stringent requirements on allowable LoS jitter. Some specific spacecraft jitter engineering challenges will be introduced and described in this survey paper. Illustrative examples of missions where dynamic interactions have to be addressed to satisfy demanding payload instrument LoS jitter requirements will be provided. Some lessons learned and a set of recommended rules of thumb are also presented to provide guidance for analysts on where to initiate and how to approach a new spacecraft jitter design problem. These experience-based spacecraft jitter lessons learned and rules of thumb are provided in the hope they can be leveraged on new space system development projects to help overcome unfamiliarity with previously identified jitter technical pitfalls and challenges.

Dennehy, Cornelius J.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Minimizing Timing Jitter’s Impact on Ground-Penetrating Radar Array Coupling Signals

This article presents a novel investigation into the effect of receiver timing jitter on the quality of imaging of ground-penetrating radar systems. We explicitly show the impact of timing jitter throughout an entire example processing pipeline. The process of coupling removal in systems whose receivers have a random Gaussian-distributed jitter with a high standard deviation leaves randomly distributed residue in the radar image. This residue, called jitter-induced coupling noise, extends even into the expected target domain which may cause false alarms. This residue approximately follows a sum of Gaussian and Gamma distributions based on the higher order derivatives of the coupling signal. Once migrated to create an image, the coupling residue is best described by a Weibull distribution. We show that simple filtering does not remove enough residue and propose two preventative design specifications called the linear slope and migrated probability specifications. Antenna and system designers should use these specifications to assess the true severity of coupling signals in a given jitter environment.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

DOE OSTI2023

Imaging high jitter, very fast phenomena: A remedy for shutter lag

Dielectric breakdown is an example of a natural phenomenon that occurs on very short time scales, making it incredibly difficult to capture optical images of the process. Event initiation jitter is one of the primary challenges, as even a microsecond of jitter time can cause the imaging attempt to fail. Initial attempts to capture images of dielectric breakdown using a gigahertz frame rate camera and an exploding bridge wire initiation were stymied by high initiation jitter. Subsequently, a novel optical delay line apparatus was developed in order to effectively circumvent the jitter and reliably image dielectric breakdown. Here, the design and performance of the optical delay line apparatus are presented. The optical delay line increased the image capture success rate from 25% to 94% while also permitting enhanced temporal resolution and has application in imaging other high-jitter, extremely fast phenomena.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

NASA NTRS1990

The effects of g-jitter and surface tension induced convection on float zones

The effects of g-jitter on nonencapsulated and encapsulated liquid bridges were investigated numerically, using fluid characteristics and parameters from three fluid systems: a silicone oil bridge, a methanol bridge, and a silicon melt. Results showed that complex flow patterns can arise in g-jitter environment which significantly modify the heat-transfer characteristics of the system. It was found that the nonencapsulated liquid bridges and float zone melts were dominated by surface-tension driven convection, with very little impact on the flows by residual and g-jitter accelerations. Zone encapsulation resulted in a sizeable drop in the maximum fluid velocities. The g-jitter computations on the encapsulated float zones resulted in significant augmentation of the maximum velocities and heat transfer, with the silicon melt being the least sensitive to g-jitter acceleration.

Ramachandran, N.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite Jitter Study

The study objectives are to analyze in-flight jitter; evaluate different models of the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS); and determine jitter prediction accuracy such that adequate (but not excessive) design margins will assume future mission success. The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: UARS chronology; UARS disturbance experiment; microwave limb sounder antenna and mirror time profiles; solar array drive disturbance; roll and yaw jitter correlation with solar array position; solar array rotation; UARS disturbance summary; concept for reduction of jitter effect; jitter reduction using window scheduling; and highlights/lessons learned.

Woodard, Stanley↗

NASA NTRS1993

Evaluation of CSI enhancements for jitter reduction on the EOS AM-1 observatory

A collaborative study between the Goddard Space Flight Center and the Langley Research Center is now underway to investigate the application of Control-Structure Integration (CSI) technologies to the EOS AM-1 spacecraft. Preliminary GN&C pointing studies of EOS AM-1, performed in 1991 and 1992, have indicated the potential for low pointing jitter and stability margins. Hence, a detailed baseline and CSI enhanced jitter assessment has been undertaken. This paper describes the spacecraft jitter pointing requirements, finite element models, and on-board disturbances. The jitter assessment approach being used by the NASA LaRC and various tools developed for efficient simulation and analysis of jitter are presented. In addition, preliminary results are given to show the potential need of CSI technologies for improving pointing performance of the spacecraft.

Belvin, W. K.↗

NASA NTRS1995

Sloshing dynamics modulated fluid angular momentum and moment fluctuations driven by orbital gravity gradient and jitter accelerations in microgravity

The dynamical behavior of spacecraft propellant affected by the asymmetric combined gravity gradient and jitter accelerations, in particular the effect of surface tension on partially-filled rotating fluids applicable to a full-scale Gravity Probe-B Spacecraft dewar tank has been investigated. Three different cases of orbital accelerations: (1) gravity gradient-dominated, (2) equally weighted between gravity gradient and jitter, and (3) gravity jitter-dominated accelerations are studied. The results of slosh wave excitation along the liquid-vapor interface induced by gravity gradient-dominated accelerations provide a torsional moment with tidal motion of bubble oscillations in the rotating dewar. The results are clearly seen from the twisting shape of the bubble oscillations driven by gravity gradient-dominated acceleration. The results of slosh wave excitation along the liquid-vapor interface induced by gravity jitter-dominated acceleration indicate the results of bubble motion in a manner of down-and-up and leftward-and-rightward movement of oscillation when the bubble is rotating with respect to rotating dewar axis. Fluctuations of angular momentum, fluid moment and bubble mass center caused by slosh wave excitations driven by gravity gradient acceleration or gravity jitter acceleration are also investigated.

Hung, R. J.↗

NASA NTRS1997

Finite Element Analysis of Magnetic Damping Effects on G-Jitter Induced Fluid Flow

This paper reports some interim results on numerical modeling and analyses of magnetic damping of g-jitter driven fluid flow in microgravity. A finite element model is developed to represent the fluid flow, thermal and solute transport phenomena in a 2-D cavity under g-jitter conditions with and without an applied magnetic field. The numerical model is checked by comparing with analytical solutions obtained for a simple parallel plate channel flow driven by g-jitter in a transverse magnetic field. The model is then applied to study the effect of steady state g-jitter induced oscillation and on the solute redistribution in the liquid that bears direct relevance to the Bridgman-Stockbarger single crystal growth processes. A selection of computed results is presented and the results indicate that an applied magnetic field can effectively damp the velocity caused by g-jitter and help to reduce the time variation of solute redistribution.

Pan, Bo↗

NASA NTRS2000

Effects of G-Jitter on Interfacial Dynamics of Two Miscible Liquids: Application of MIM

We designed an experiment to examine the effects of g-jitter on mixing of two miscible liquids using the Microgravity Vibration Isolation Mount (MIM). The global bifurcation of the interface was observed with the MIM operating alternatively to either transmit the g-jitter, isolate from the g-jitter or to provide controlled vibration levels with well defined amplitude and frequency content. With the MIM in isolation mode, the interface remains stationary indicating buoyancy induced convection is negligibly small such that mixing occurs via intrinsic mass diffusion without the masking effect of vibration driven convection. Analytical and computational results are in agreement with the experimental findings. Operation of the MIM in forced mode with conditions typical of g-jitter shows that vibration induced convective flows can excite instability mechanisms such as Kelvin-Helmholtz to generate large amplitude quasi-stationary waves oriented vertically for various cases with Stokes-Reynolds number in the range of 0.003 to 0.5. The two and four mode quasi-stationary waves are also predicted with a mathematical model. Though unplanned, the effect of a primary thruster filing was captured and shown to cause a catastrophic bifurcation, enhancing local mass transport. In light of the findings, experiments planned for the International Space Station should consider the potential effects of g-jitter.

Duval, Walter M. B.↗

NASA NTRS1999

Thermocapillary Flows with Low Frequency g-Jitter

A thermocapillary parallel flow is established in a fluid filled slot with an applied temperature gradient. Low frequency jitter is imposed in arbitrary directions. Vertical jitter proves to be relatively uninteresting, merely augmenting or opposing the basic thermocapillary flow. Streamwise jitter still produces parallel flows, but these now exhibit boundary layers or layered cellular structures for large Rayleigh number as the applied stratification alternates between stable and unstable. Runaways are possible for unstable stratification and these correspond to resonant excitation of stationary long wave Rayleigh-Benard modes. Spanwise jitter produces fully three dimensional motion. A spanwise-streamwise circulation results for weak spanwise jitter, which advects the interfacial temperature establishing a subsidiary spanwise thermocapillary flow. This flow is strong at small Biot number when advected temperature is trapped in the slot, and has a counter-intuitive dependence on the spanwise-streamwise aspect ratio.

Grassia, P.↗

NASA NTRS2001

Simulation of Combustion Systems with Realistic g-Jitter

A number of facilities are available for microgravity combustion experiments: aircraft, drop towers, sounding rockets, the space shuttle, and, in the future, the International Space Station (ISS). Acceleration disturbances or g-jitter about the background level of reduced gravity exist in all these microgravity facilities. While g-jitter is routinely measured, a quantitative comparison of the quality of g-jitter among the different microgravity facilities, in terms of its affects on combustion experiments, has not been compiled. Low frequency g-jitter (< 1 Hz) has been repeatedly observed to disturb a number of combustion systems. Guidelines regarding tolerable levels of acceleration disturbances for combustion experiments have been developed for use in the design of ISS experiments. The validity of these guidelines, however, remains unknown. In this project a transient, 3-D numerical model is under development to simulate the effects of realistic g-jitter on a number of combustion systems. The measured acceleration vector or some representation of it can be used as input to the simulation.

Mell, W. E.↗

NASA NTRS2005

Passive isolator design for jitter reduction in the Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronagraph

Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) is a mission to locate and study extrasolar Earth-like planets. The TPF Coronagraph (TPF-C), planned for launch in the latter half of the next decade, will use a coronagraphic mask and other optics to suppress the light of the nearby star in order to collect visible light from such planets. The required contrast ratio of 5e-11 can only be achieved by maintaining pointing accuracy to 4 milli-arcseconds, and limiting optics jitter to below 5 nm. Numerous mechanical disturbances act to induce jitter. This paper concentrates on passive isolation techniques to minimize the optical degradation introduced by disturbance sources. A passive isolation system, using compliant mounts placed at an energy bottleneck to reduce energy transmission above a certain frequency, is a low risk, flight proven design approach. However, the attenuation is limited, compared to an active system, so the feasibility of the design must be demonstrated by analysis. The paper presents the jitter analysis for the baseline TPF design, using a passive isolation system. The analysis model representing the dynamics of the spacecraft and telescope is described, with emphasis on passive isolator modeling. Pointing and deformation metrics, consistent with the TPF-C error budget, are derived. Jitter prediction methodology and results are presented. Then an analysis of the critical design parameters that drive the TPF-C jitter response is performed.

Blaurock, Carl↗

NASA NTRS2007

Jitter Test Program and On-Orbit Mitigation Strategies for Solar Dynamic Observatory

The Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) aims to study the Sun's influence on the Earth, the source, storage, and release of the solar energy, and the interior structure of the Sun. During science observations, the jitter stability at the instrument focal plane must be maintained to less than a fraction of an arcsecond for two of the SDO instruments. To meet these stringent requirements, a significant amount of analysis and test effort has been devoted to predicting the jitter induced from various disturbance sources. This paper presents an overview of the SDO jitter analysis approach and test effort performed to date. It emphasizes the disturbance modeling, verification, calibration, and validation of the high gain antenna stepping mechanism and the reaction wheels, which are the two largest jitter contributors. This paper also describes on-orbit mitigation strategies to protect the system from analysis model uncertainties. Lessons learned from the SDO jitter analyses and test programs are included in the paper to share the knowledge gained with the community.

Liu, Kuo-Chia↗

NASA NTRS2007

A Jitter-Mitigating High Gain Antenna Pointing Algorithm for the Solar Dynamics Observatory

This paper details a High Gain Antenna (HGA) pointing algorithm which mitigates jitter during the motion of the antennas on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) spacecraft. SDO has two HGAs which point towards the Earth and send data to a ground station at a high rate. These antennas are required to track the ground station during the spacecraft Inertial and Science modes, which include periods of inertial Sunpointing as well as calibration slews. The HGAs also experience handoff seasons, where the antennas trade off between pointing at the ground station and pointing away from the Earth. The science instruments on SDO require fine Sun pointing and have a very low jitter tolerance. Analysis showed that the nominal tracking and slewing motions of the antennas cause enough jitter to exceed the HGA portion of the jitter budget. The HGA pointing control algorithm was expanded from its original form as a means to mitigate the jitter.

Bourkland, Kristin L.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Calculation of rf-induced temporal jitter in ultrafast electron diffraction

A significant contribution to the temporal resolution of an ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) instrument is arrival time jitter caused by amplitude and phase variation of radio-frequency (rf) cavities. In this paper, we present a semianalytical approach for calculating rf-induced temporal jitter from klystron and rf cavity parameters. Our approach allows fast estimation of temporal jitter for MeV-UED beamlines and can serve as a virtual timing tool when shot-to-shot measurements of rf amplitude and phase jitters are available. A simulation study for the SLAC MeV-UED instrument is presented, and the temporal resolution of several beamline configurations is compared.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗