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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) and Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Cartridge Performance Testing on Hanford Tanks BY-108 and BY-110 Volume 2: Raw Analytical Data

As the Tank Operations Contractor for U.S. Department of Energy operations at the Hanford site in Washington State, Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) is responsible for managing highly radioactive wastes stored in tanks at Hanford. WRPS tests air-purifying respirator (APR) and powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) chemical cartridges commonly used by workers at Hanford Tank Farms to determine the period of time that the cartridges would provide adequate performance for APRs and PAPRs used to protect workers when exposed to a mixture of Chemicals of Potential Concern (COPC) from any vapors exiting headspaces in the storage tanks. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard promulgated in Title 29 of the Code of the Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(b)(2) specifies that for protection against gases and vapors, employers shall implement a schedule for cartridges to ensure that change-outs occur before the end of service life. The change schedule can be based on objective information or data that ensures cartridge change-outs occur before the end of their service life. The primary function of the WRPS Cartridge Test Program is to obtain objective data to determine service lives for the APR and PAPR cartridges used at Hanford Tank Farms. WRPS contracted with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to analyze the test data and offer an independent analysis and any recommendations. This report summarizes data analysis of APR and PAPR cartridge testing on BY-110 and BY-108 headspace vapors, respectively. Two different APR cartridges from SCOTT Safety (Monroe, North Carolina) were assessed for the BY-110 headspace vapors, and two different PAPR cartridges—one from MSA Safety Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) and another from 3M (Maplewood, Minnesota)—were assessed for the BY-108 headspace vapors. Volume 1 of this report documents the testing, data analysis, results, conclusions, and recommendations resulting from the cartridge testing of vapors from the BY-110 and BY-108 headspaces. Volume 2 provides an introduction to the raw data, including analytical laboratory analysis results that supported the analysis and conclusions documented in Volume 1.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Air-Purifying Respirator (APR) and Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Cartridge Performance Testing on a Hanford AX Tank Farm Exhauster Slipstream Volume 2: Raw Analytical Data

As the Tank Operations Contractor for U.S. Department of Energy operations at the Hanford site in Washington State, Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) is responsible for managing highly radioactive wastes stored in tanks at Hanford. To protect workers at Hanford Tank Farms, WRPS tests air-purifying respirator (APR) and powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) chemical cartridges commonly used at the tank farms. The tests were conducted to determine the period of time the cartridges would provide adequate performance for APRs and PAPRs when workers are exposed to a mixture of Chemicals of Potential Concern (COPC) from any vapors exiting headspaces in the storage tanks. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard 29 Code of the Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(b)(2) specifies that for protection against gases and vapors, employers shall implement a schedule for cartridges to ensure that change-outs occur before the end of service life. The change schedule can be based on objective information or data that ensures cartridge change-outs occur before the end of their service life. The primary function of the WRPS Cartridge Test Program is to obtain objective data to determine service lives for the APR and PAPR cartridges used at Hanford Tank Farms. WRPS contracted with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to analyze the test data and offer an independent analysis and any recommendations. This report summarizes data analysis of APR and PAPR cartridge testing on a vapor slipstream from the Hanford AX tank farm exhauster. Volume 1 of this report documents the testing, data analysis, results, conclusions, and recommendations resulting from the cartridge testing on AX exhauster slipstream vapors. Volume 2 provides an introduction to the raw data, including analytical laboratory analysis results that supported the analysis and conclusions documented in Volume 1.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Analysis of Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) Cartridge Performance Testing on Hanford Tanks SX-101 and SX-104: Volume 2 Raw Analytical Data

As the Tank Operations Contractor for U.S. Department of Energy operations at the Hanford site in Washington State, Washington River Protection Solutions (WRPS) is responsible for managing highly radioactive wastes stored in tanks at Hanford. WRPS tests of cartridges used in air-purifying respirators (APR) and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPR) commonly used at Hanford Tank Farms. The tests are conducted to determine the period of time the cartridges would provide adequate performance for APRs and PAPRs used to protect workers when exposed to a mixture of Chemicals of Potential Concern (COPC) from any vapors exiting headspaces in the storage tanks. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard 29 Code of the Federal Regulations (CFR) 1910.134(d)(3)(iii)(b)(2) specifies that for protection against gases and vapors, employers shall implement a schedule for cartridges to ensure that change-outs occur before the end of service life. The change schedule can be based on objective information or data that ensures cartridge change-outs occur before the end of their service life. The primary function of the WRPS Cartridge Test Program is to obtain objective data to determine service lives for the APR and PAPR cartridges used at Hanford Tank Farms. WRPS contracted with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to analyze the test data and offer an independent analysis and any recommendations. This report summarizes data analysis of PAPR cartridge testing on headspace vapors from Hanford SX-101 and SX-104 single-shell tanks. Two different PAPR cartridges—one from MSA Safety Inc. (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) and another from 3M (Maplewood, Minnesota)—were assessed on each tank headspace source on separate days. These data represent the first PAPR cartridge testing under the recent WRPS program, as testing to date had been focused on APR cartridges. Volume 1 of this report documents the testing, data analysis, results, conclusions, and recommendations resulting from the PAPR testing on SX-101 and SX-104 headspace vapors. Volume 2 provides an introduction to the raw data, including analytical laboratory analysis results that supported the analysis and conclusions documented in Volume 1.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Determining hexavalent chromium transport properties in alkaline nuclear waste using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

This study focuses on the transport properties of hexavalent chromium, specifically the chromate anion, to improve predictive models and environmental remediation strategies for Cr(VI) migration. Using 53 Cr Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the research quantifies chromate in multicomponent electrolytes replicating nuclear waste conditions at the Hanford Site in Washington State. The consistency of the 53 Cr NMR signal integral with chromate concentration, despite varying matrix compositions, establishes it as a reliable concentration indicator. The transport properties of chromate in an alkaline solution were assessed using relaxation-based measurements via saturation recovery and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill experiments, determining spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times. These measurements, combined with the Bloembergen-Purcell-Pound equation, helped estimate the rotational correlation time and the 53 Cr self-diffusion coefficient using Stokes-Einstein-Debye and Stokes-Einstein equations. Direct measurements were obtained through pulsed field gradient stimulated echo 53 Cr NMR spectroscopy. Monte Carlo simulations further estimated uncertainty propagation. The results enhance comprehension of chromate transport and highlight prospects for identifying transport properties of NMR-active nuclei, traditionally considered unreachable.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Continuous Wet Air Oxidation of the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Aqueous Product from Various Wet Wastes

Wet air oxidation (WAO) offers an effective method for treating waste streams, converting pollutants into benign substances, and holds significant potential for processing the aqueous product from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL-AP) of wet wastes, a promising renewable fuel technology. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study of the WAO of HTL-AP from four different wet wastes. Through continuous testing under various conditions, we produced samples with different chemical oxygen demand (COD) levels, enhancing understanding of reaction parameters necessary for substantial COD reduction (>95%). Chemical analysis revealed that alcohols and ketones in the HTL-AP rapidly oxidized to acetic acid through aldehyde intermediates, while acetic acid, other carboxylic acids, and phenols oxidized relatively slowly. The light N-containing compounds were found to exhibit a change in concentration only after the whole sample reaches an 80% COD reduction, indicating their refractory nature under applied conditions. Energy released in the WAO reaction was calculated, and anaerobic toxicity assay demonstrated that WAO treatment enhanced methane production kinetics due to reduced inhibitory effects, suggesting partial oxidative transformation of inhibitory compounds into less toxic derivatives. These findings provide insights into designing effective WAO processes for valorizing HTL aqueous products, addressing key barriers to HTL process commercialization.

anaerobic digestion↗
DOE OSTI2021

Economic Impact of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) on the State of Washington in Fiscal Year 2020

The FY 2020 Economic Impact Report details several of PNNL’s economic indicators, including PNNL’s total economic output, annual spending, jobs, number of employees, purchased goods and services, companies with roots in PNNL, STEM support and corporate charitable contributions. It also explains the economic impact of PNNL operations on the state of Washington—all within the context of PNNL’s response to the COVID pandemic and the effect of COVID-19 on PNNL’s economic impact within the state and local community during FY 2020. The results are impressive. Our response to COVID allowed for the majority of our staff to transition to telework, stay productive, avoid furloughs, and even hire new staff. COVID had minimal impact on our ability to positively effect economic impact in the state and community. Additionally, we directly and indirectly supported more than $1.59B through PNNL payroll and domestic purchased goods and services, and we generated 7,580 jobs in Washington State. PNNL’s annual spending was more than $1.1B. Battelle and PNNL contributions to philanthropic and civic organizations totaled $1.08M, many of which are outlined within the report. This information is intended to answer questions we often get from stakeholders who believe in the power of science and technology institutions to help sustain vibrant, educated communities in our state.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Energy Northwest - Horn Rapids Solar and Storage: An Assessment of Battery Technical Performance

Chartered in 1957 as a joint action agency of the state, Energy Northwest (ENW) is a consortium of 27 public utility districts and municipalities across Washington state. ENW takes advantage of economies of scale and shared services to help utilities run their operations more efficiently and at lower cost, to the benefit of more than 1.5 million customers. ENW develops, owns, and operates a diverse mix of electricity generating resources, including hydro, solar, and wind projects – and the Northwest’s only active nuclear energy facility. These projects provide enough reliable, affordable, and environmentally responsible energy to power more than a million homes each year, and that carbon-free electricity is provided at the cost of generation. The agency continually explores new generation projects to meet its members’ needs. In 2017, as part of the second round of funding from the Washington state Clean Energy Fund, the Washington State Department of Commerce granted up to $3 million in matching funds to develop an estimated $6.5 million project that deployed a 4-MW, 20-acre solar generating array of photovoltaic (PV) panels coupled with a 1 MW/5.5 MWh lithium-iron-phosphate battery energy storage system (BESS) in Richland, Washington. The combination of PV and BESS will provide a predictable, renewable generating source and will also serve as a training ground for solar and battery technicians throughout the nation. The City of Richland will purchase the power from the project and utilize the benefits of the energy storage. The project provides Washington state with its first opportunity to integrate a large-scale solar and storage facility into its clean mix of hydro, nuclear, and wind resources. This first-of-its-kind facility combines solar generation with battery storage and technician training. In 2019, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) worked with ENW to assess the integrated PV and BESS in representative use cases that could benefit the City of Richland. Between March and May 2022, extensive testing was conducted, and the results were used to assess the technical performance of the BESS subjected to actual field operations. Both reference performance and use case tests were performed: (A) Reference performance tests assess the general technical capabilities of the BESS, such as energy capacity, round-trip efficiency (RTE), ramp rate, and signal tracking capability. These are the first tests performed (baseline), and they are repeated after use case tests (post cycle). A standardized U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) energy storage performance protocol was used to characterize the BESS, including representative duty cycle profiles, test procedure guidance, and calculation guidance for determining key characteristics. (B) Use case tests examine the performance of the BESS for specific use cases using duty cycles developed by PNNL in collaboration with ENW. Five use cases were selected for testing: 1) demand charge reduction, 2) load shaping, 3) transmission charge reduction, 4) Volt-VAR service, and 5) outage mitigation. The use case duty cycles were developed based on utility and site-specific characteristics in addition to the technical characteristics and physical capabilities of the BESS. Use case tests were performed between the baseline and post cycle tests. This report describes the BESS and its components, presents testing and performance analysis results, and shares key insights and lessons learned from this project. Outcomes of the tests and analyses will help ENW understand the performance of the Horn Rapids BESS in its current state and design appropriate operational strategies for this and other BESSs over the long term.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Facility Radionuclide Emission Points and Sampling Systems

Battelle–Pacific Northwest Division operates numerous research and development laboratories in Washington State. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contracts to Battelle at Richland facilities on both the DOE Hanford Site and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Richland campus. These facilities have the potential for radionuclide air emissions. The PNNL contract with DOE also includes operations at the PNNL-Sequim campus in Sequim, where there is also the potential for radionuclide air emissions. This document is a periodic update that describes current PNNL facility emission units and sampling systems. The National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP [40 Code of Federal Regulations 61, Subpart H]) requires an assessment of all emission units that have the potential for radionuclide air emissions. Emission units are registered with the State of Washington. Potential emissions from emission units are assessed annually by PNNL staff. Sampling, monitoring, and other regulatory compliance requirements are designated based on the potential to-emit dose criteria, a graded approach to facility-identified potential impact categories, and regulatory requirements. The purpose of this document is to describe the facility radionuclide air emission sampling program and provide current and historical facility emission unit system performance, operation, and design information. For sampled emission units, the building, exhaust unit, control technologies, and sample extraction details are provided. Additionally, applicable configuration drawings, figures, and photographs are included. For non-sampled emission units, emission estimation and radionuclide source details are provided. Site-wide permits for the lowest potential impact category are described. Deregistered/transitioned emission unit details are also provided as necessary for at least 5 years post-closure/transition. Currently, five emission units are sampled continuously for particulate radionuclides at PNNL managed facilities on the PNNL-Richland campus (3 of the 5) and on the Hanford Site (2 of the 5). Four of these units have sampling systems that comply with the American National Standards Institute/Health Physics Society (ANSI/HPS) N13.1–2011 standard for sampling from stacks and ducts of nuclear facilities, and the fifth is grandfathered and compliant with the older ANSI N13.1–1969 standard. In addition, the PNNL-managed Hanford Site 325 Building EP 325-01-S stack is sampled continuously for emissions of tritium. No emissions sampling is required for the single licensed emission unit on the PNNL-Sequim campus.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Autonomous Tools for Attack Surface Reduction

The electric power grid is a complex critical infrastructure that forms the lifeline of modern society, and its secure and reliable operation is of paramount importance to national security and economic well being. However, recent findings documented in authoritative sources indicate the threat of cyber-based attacks growing in numbers and sophistication. However, securing the grid against stealthy cyber attacks is a challenging task due to legacy nature of the infrastructure coupled with dynamic nature of threat landscape and ever growing sophistication of the adversaries. Additionally, the grid’s attack surface continues to grow with the increased dependence on digital communications and control that now extends to each consumer through smart meters and distributed energy resources. Unfortunately, this expansive surface increases the grid’s vulnerability and further exposes critical control systems in both substations and control centers. To respond to this emerging need, we had successfully assembled an interdisciplinary team with academic- industry partnership to successfully conduct research, development, evaluation, demonstration, and commercialization of attack surface reduction tools, whose goal is to significantly reduce the cyber attack surface in the North American power grid. Our proposed project was a synergistic collaborative effort leveraging the synergistic expertise of the team members across power systems, cyber security and CPS security, testbeds, field deployments and demonstration, and successful commercialization. The team consisted of leading experts from two major universities – Iowa State University, Washington State University – complemented by reputed researchers from two DOE national laboratories – Pacific Northwest National Lab, and Argonne National Lab, one major utility vendor GE Global Research, and one utility partner – Cedar Falls Utilities (CFU). The team members have proven track record of successful academic-industry collaboration in interdisciplinary R&D projects, and bring onboard some of the best state-of-the-art testbed resources, industry-grade SCADA/EMS/DMS environment for experimentation and field demonstration.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

PACE: Producing Algae for Co-Products and Energy (Final Report)

The PACE (Producing Algae for Co-Products and Energy) consortium was comprised of scientists from national laboratories (Los Alamos National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory), research institutions (New Mexico Consortium), academic institutions (Arizona State University, Colorado School of Mines, Colorado State University, Washington State University) and private companies (Reliance Industries, PanPacific, Genifuel and Sonosop) dedicated to making process improvements in algal biotechnology, with an emphasis on renewable fuels and co-products from biomass. The scope of work was focused on improving algal cultivation and processing to achieve an overall energy return on investment (EROI) >3, a carbon index less than 55 grams carbon dioxide per megajoule (gCO2/MJ) and a nearly two-fold reduction in fuel cost to ≤$5 per gallon of gasoline equivalent (gge). The PACE project was originally focused on using two strains of Chlorella sorokiniana (Cs1412 and Cs1230), but later grew to encompass marine strains of Nannochloropsis and algal production strains from Reliance Industries Limited (RIL).

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Integrated Renewable Energy Systems

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) operates the Department of Energy’s (DOE) only dedicated marine laboratory at the PNNL-Sequim campus. PNNL is leading research in the blue economy and marine energy applications and building collaboration between DOE and multiple partners in the state of Washington and beyond. With Washington State support, the Integrated Renewable Energy System (IRES) demonstration testbed proposed here will advance research by developing and testing renewable energy production, management, and use for multiple marine applications (e.g., ocean observations, underwater vehicles, aquaculture). It will also advance energy resiliency for coastal communities by developing an integrated renewable energy test platform that will model how multiple renewable energy resources could power shoreline businesses or communities (Figure 1). The test bed will demonstrate how different renewable systems can be integrated to reduce carbon emissions and contribute to a net zero emissions site and provide lessons, controls, and protocols that will help to expand energy options for shoreline and maritime businesses. The integrated system is expected to serve as a test bed for shoreline power and ocean energy technologies for years to come.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2023

Transactive Campus Energy Systems: An R&D Testbed for Renewalables Integration, Efficiency, and Grid Services - CRADA 356 (Abstract)

Under this Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA), the project team consisting of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), acting on behalf of the U.S. Department of Energy, and the University of Washington (UW) and Washington State University (WSU), acting under the purview of the State of Washington’s Department of Commerce (the “industrial” partner), will connect the PNNL, UW, and WSU campuses to form a multi-campus test bed for transaction-based energy management – transactive – solutions (see sidebar). Building on the foundational transactive system established by the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration (PNWSGD), it is proposing to construct the test bed as both a regional flexibility resource and as a platform for R&D on buildings/grid integration and information-based energy efficiency.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of a Western U.S. Fusion Energy Commercialization Hub

Fusion energy, if successfully commercialized and globally adopted, could substantially increase U.S. energy dominance and provide essentially unlimited baseload power for the national grid. It also stands to provide the U.S. with a strong source of economic growth through the 2030s and 2040s, giving the U.S. a new and highly internationally competitive industry for export. Fusion can also provide the increased electrical power generation capacity required to power current and future artificial intelligence (AI) activities. In October 2024, the CleanTech Alliance held a fusion energy commercialization regional hub workshop alongside its annual Seattle Fusion Week conference. The event brought together fusion companies, researchers, economic development experts, federal and state government representatives, and power utilities from the western states of Washington, California, Colorado and Nevada. Attendees discussed the potential of regionally focused commercialization of fusion energy in three pillars: technology, workforce, and economic development. Mel Clark, President & CEO, CleanTech Alliance, and Dr. Javier Garay, Associate Dean for Research and Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Founding Director of the UCSD Fusion Engineering institute, are co-PIs for this project. The project is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) through a Field Work Proposal to Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with Karl Mueller as point-of-contact. Chris Ajemian (Principal, Ajemian Consulting, LLC) and Dr. Christopher Keane (Professor of Physics and former Vice-President for Research, Washington State University) co-organized the workshop and were the editors for this report. This report details the current state of the work of the four western states to develop industry-led collaboration with national laboratories, universities, and government at all levels to hasten the commercialization of fusion energy. It provides a summary of fusion energy R&D needs, presents the ideas the attendees at the workshop identified for deepening regional collaboration, and makes findings and recommendations for next steps.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Energy Northwest – Horn Rapids Solar and Storage: A Techno-economic Assessment

In 2017, as part of the second round of funding from the Washington State Clean Energy Fund, the Washington State Department of Commerce granted up to $\$3$ million in matching funds to develop an estimated $6.5 million project that deployed a 4-MW, 20-acre solar generating array of photovoltaic (PV) panels coupled with a 1 MW/4 MWh (nameplate capacity) lithium-iron-phosphate battery energy storage system (BESS) in Richland, Washington. The combination of PV and BESS will provide a predictable, renewable generating source and will also serve as a training ground for solar and battery technicians throughout the nation. This report documents the techno-economic assessment of the integrated system, including the definition of use cases and applications, collection and preparation of data and input parameters, development of modeling and optimization methods, case studies, and analysis results.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Long-Run Marginal CO 2 e Emission Rates for End-Use Electricity Consumption in the State of Washington [Slides]

This analysis contains an estimate of the long-run marginal emission rate for the electric sector in the state of Washington. The long-run marginal emission rate is an estimate of the rate of emissions that would be either induced or avoided by a long-term (i.e., more than several years) change in electrical demand. The metric explicitly takes into account both the underlying evolution of the electric grid, as well as the potential for an incremental change in electrical demand to influence the structural evolution of the grid (i.e., the building and retiring of capital assets, such as generators and transmission lines). It is therefore distinct from the more-commonly-known short-run marginal, which also identifies a marginal emission rate but treats the grid assets as fixed.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2026

Timeseries Photos of a Variably Inundated Stream: Umtanum Creek, Washington, United States

This dataset is associated with a broader study using game camera timeseries photos collected to evaluate stream variable inundation via changes in width (i.e. wet fraction). Four game cameras were deployed along Umtanum Creek (Washington, United States) to track changes in stream inundation over time. Drone imagery was collected at the same location on October 18, 2024 which was used to construct a digital elevation model (DEM) of the streambed topography. The associated paper and data can be found at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106715 (Bao et al., 2025a)) and https://doi.org/10.15485/2589885 (Bao et al., 2025b), respectively. For details on how to navigate data packages generated by this project, see https://data.ess-dive.lbl.gov/portals/PNNLRiverCorridorSFA/About. In addition to this readme, this data package also includes a file-level metadata (FLMD) files that describes each file and a data dictionaries (DD) that describe all column/row headers and variable definitions. This dataset is comprised of (1) file-level metadata; (2) data dictionary; (3) readme; (4) field metadata; (5) field protocol; and (5) folders containing game camera photos. Game camera photos are organized into folders for each camera (CDL, CUL, CDR, CUR; see readme for information on camera naming) by the month photos were collected. All files are .csv, .jpg, or .pdf.

AI image segmentation↗
DOE OSTI2026

Optical transparency of LiF (100) shock compressed to ∼360 GPa

High-purity [100] lithium fluoride (LiF) is the most widely used optical window in dynamic compression experiments due to its wide bandgap and well-characterized mechanical response. Recent plate-impact experiments established the [100] LiF Hugoniot to ∼230 GPa and demonstrated shock-induced melting onset at 182 GPa with complete melting by 195 GPa; theoretical models predict LiF optical transparency to nearly 900 GPa. To experimentally examine the optical transparency of [100] LiF at higher pressures and in the liquid state, laser-driven shock experiments were performed at peak stresses ranging from 223 to 363 GPa. Optical response was examined by measuring the particle velocity histories at the Kapton/LiF interface using laser interferometry at 532 and 1550 nm wavelengths; in-material particle velocities were obtained using established refractive-index corrections. Continuous photonic Doppler velocimetry fringes were observed across the entire stress range, demonstrating that LiF remains transparent to 1550 nm light throughout the multi-megabar regime investigated. At 532 nm, fringe visibility depended on the reflector coating: aluminum mirrors provided signals to ∼235 GPa, while gold mirrors extended this limit to 270.5 GPa, indicating that the shorter-wavelength response is likely sensitive to experimental configuration rather than to the loss of LiF transparency. Continued optical transparency to at least 360 GPa indicates that shock-melted LiF does not display bandgap closure over the stress range explored. Furthermore, these results provide direct experimental constraints on the high-pressure optical response and establish LiF (100) as a robust optical window material for laser-driven dynamic compression experiments approaching 400 GPa.

Renganathan, P. [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Spectroscopic Online Monitoring: Using a Multi-Track Visible Spectrometer to Facilitate a Mass Balance Study in a Simulated TALSPEAK Process

Nuclear energy is a promising low-carbon energy candidate to meet the increased demand for green energy, where the integration of fuel recycling can have significant benefits for material usage and waste reduction. Utilizing in situ monitoring tools can provide ample opportunities to better control and safeguard nuclear material recycle processes while also offering knowledge and insight into real-time solution properties. The simultaneous measurement of analytical targets in multiple process locations can enable real-time mass balance and material accountancy calculations. This is demonstrated here with a mass balance study of Nd 3+ on countercurrent aqueous/organic metal extraction within a single centrifugal contactor. The Nd 3+ concentration was simultaneously monitored at the inlets and outlets of both aqueous and organic phases using a visible absorbance detector that allowed for the simultaneous measurement of up to six locations. The Nd 3+ concentration was calculated by using chemical data science algorithms, where model training sets were collected on a single track of the detector. The discussion includes addressing the challenges of using a model collected on a single track and applying it as a model across the other tracks on the detector. Each track of the detector corresponds to one measurement location on the contactor. The difference in the integrated moles of Nd 3+ between the inlet and outlet at the end of the experiment was near zero, indicating that the mass balance of this experiment was maintained. Overall, the online spectroscopic monitoring was able to follow changing solution conditions and accurately measure the concentration of Nd 3+ in different locations within the contactor system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗