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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Molecular detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

Detection of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) is crucial in environmental mitigation and remediation of these persistent pollutants. We demonstrate that time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is a viable technique to analyze and identify these substances at parts per trillion (ppt) level in real field samples without complicated sample preparation due to its superior surface sensitivity. Several representative PFAS compounds, such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoheptanoic acid (PFHpA), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and real-world groundwater samples collected from monitoring wells installed around at a municipal wastewater treatment plant located in Southern California were analyzed in this work. ToF-SIMS spectral comparison depicts sensitive identification of pseudo-molecular ions, characteristic of reference PFASs. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) shows clear discrimination among real samples and reference compounds. Our results show that characteristic molecular ion and fragments peaks can be used to identify PFASs. Furthermore, SIMS two-dimensional (2D) images directly exhibit the distribution of perfluorocarboxylic acid (PFCA) and PFOS in simulated mixtures and real wastewater samples. Such findings indicate that ToF-SIMS is useable to determine PFAS compounds in complex environmental water samples. In conclusion, ToF-SIMS provides simple sample preparation and high sensitivity in mass spectral imaging, offering an alternative solution for environmental forensic analysis of PFASs in wastewater in the future.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2023

2021-2022 Long-Term Groundwater Monitoring Report Industrial Area Kennedy Space Center, Florida

This report presents the groundwater sampling results from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Industrial Area (IA) 2021-2022 Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) activities and results of the 2023 DPT activities at three of the sites. The NASA IA LTM Program includes the following 14 sites: - Ransom Road Landfill (RRLF) – Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 003 - Orsino Storage Yard (ORSY) – SWMU 004 - Building M7-0505 Treatment Tank Area (M505) – SWMU 039 - Hypergol Maintenance Facility Hazardous Waste South Staging Area (HMF South) – SWMU 070 - Operations and Checkout Building (O&C) – SWMU 076 - Vertical Processing Facility (VPF) – SWMU 077 - Environmental Health Facility (EHF) – SWMU 079 - Kennedy Athletic, Recreation, and Social Park 1 (KARS Park 1) – SWMU 084 - Engineering Development Laboratory (EDL) – SWMU 085 - Launch Equipment Test Facility (LETF) – SWMU 091 - Mobil Service Station (MOBIL) – SWMU 093 - General Services Administration Seized Property (GSSP) – SWMU 095 - Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF) – SWMU 098 - Fuel Storage Area #1 Underground Storage Tank (UST) [Building 1044] (FSA1) – Potential Release Location (PRL) 157 Groundwater levels were gauged at each site during the 2021 and 2022 LTM field activities. Sampling events for the IA LTM Program are conducted seasonally during the dry and wet seasons, which occur in May and November, respectively. The sites in the NASA IA LTM Program are sampled on annual, biennial, or 5-year sampling frequencies based on historical trends. Due to contract transitions and monitoring well installations, 2021 dry season activities were conducted during September 2021, while dry season activities for 2022 resumed in May 2022.

groundwater↗
DOE OSTI2021

Wellbore integrity assessment with casing-based advanced sensing

Wellbore integrity is of paramount importance to subsurface resource extraction, energy storage 1 and waste disposal. After installation, well casing and cement are subject to mechanical stress due to near-well pressure changes and fluid induced corrosion. This is exacerbated for geothermal wells where produced fluid is at high temperature and corrosive. The current state-of-the-art technologies for wellbore integrity assessments are an array of cased hole logging tools. Wireline deployed acoustic, electromagnetic and mechanical tools are all available to inspect steel casing corrosion and casing-cement bond and these tools can provide high-resolution assessment of borehole conditions. They are intrusive, however, in terms of borehole preparation and interruption to the normal operation of the wells, and not suitable for high temperature or highly deviated well deployments. In addition, these measurements are performed infrequently due to high cost, and are therefore incapable of providing frequent data to better predict borehole degradation trajectory, which can help provide early warning of potential borehole failures. For this project we are developing a suite of novel, non-invasive, casing based tools for wellbore integrity assessment, combining fast/low cost screening with higher-precision investigation. Our approach is based on monitoring the response of the casing when energized at the wellhead, thereby interrogating the casing without well intervention. Lab, field and numerical approaches are used in our study. During the early stage of the research, we focus on numerical simulations, which have shown the sensitivity of the low frequency electromagnetic (EM) signals to changes in borehole depths and have successfully tested the concept at a field site with different length well casings. Initial seismic modeling efforts have also demonstrated our capability to simulate seismic tube wave and seismic field alterations due to borehole breakage and associated fluid leakage. Further numerical, laboratory and field experiments are underway for additional technology sensitivity analysis, particularly the transient EM/Seismic reflectometry methods, data acquisition optimization, and numerical simulation improvements.

Wilt, Michael↗
NASA NTRS2020

Area South of K7-516, SWMU 100 Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring Report Kennedy Space Center, Florida

This Operations, Maintenance, and Monitoring Report documents groundwater interim measure activities from March 30, 2019 through December 31, 2019 at the Area South of K7-516 site located at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. An air sparge (AS) system consisting of 16 AS wells was installed along the Barge Canal in 2012 to be protective of the Outstanding Florida Waters (OFW). The AS system was expanded in 2015 by installing 40 AS wells to remediate the hot spot (HS) area. Additional expansion activities were performed in 2018 through the installation of eight additional AS wells along the Barge Canal. Currently 24 OFW and 40 HS AS wells are in operation. This report includes performance monitoring events for the OFW and HS areas, along with an annual Interim Groundwater Monitoring (IGWM) event in the Western Area. The 516S site has been designated Solid Waste Management Unit 100 under KSC’s Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Corrective Action program. This document was prepared by Tetra Tech, Inc., for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Indefinite Delivery Indefinite Quantity Contract 80KSC019D0011/80KSC019F0068. The OFW and HS AS systems are meeting the performance criteria and IM objectives of preventing contaminant migration and remediating groundwater within the treatment zone. Team consensus was reached to continue operation of the combined OFW and HS AS systems (Meeting Minute 2002-M02, Decisions 2002-D06, D09 and D04). Team consensus was also reached to continue semi-annual OFW performance monitoring and annual monitoring for the IGWM Western Area for the same wells sampled during 2019 events. In the eastern area, MW13, MW14, and MW15 will be reduced from semi-annual to annual frequency. For the HS Area, team consensus was reached to continue the current annual/biennial monitoring program (Meeting Minute 2002-M02, Decisions 2002-D02, D03, D05, D07 and D08).

Patrice L. Lehocky↗
DOE OSTI2021

Installation of Lysimeters and Monitoring Wells in Support of the Revised Approach to E-Area Performance Monitoring

Savannah River Site (SRS) has developed a revised approach to performance monitoring of the E Area Low Level Waste Facility (ELLWF) that adds a saturated zone component to the existing vadose zone monitoring program (Kubilius, 2019). The revised approach specifies modifications to the vadose zone monitoring program, the addition of new lysimeters at Engineered Trench 3 (ET3), and the installation of water table monitoring wells to complement the existing well network surrounding the ELLWF. This project summary report is intended to provide the final construction details and layout for the new vadose zone lysimeters at ET3 and the water table monitoring wells installed as part of the new saturated zone component of the revised performance monitoring program.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

Groundwater elevation data for monitoring wells within the East and Taylor River basins, Colorado (USA)

This dataset is comprised of temporal variations in groundwater elevation data for the 24 monitoring wells located throughout the East River watershed. Seasonal to annual variations in groundwater elevations are a critical property of mountainous watersheds needed to understand both hydrological and below ground biogeochemical processes. Such data serve as a critical constraint for numerical models describing coupled groundwater-surface water behavior within the watershed. Additionally, the offset between the maximum and minimum groundwater elevations defines the extent of the bedrock weathering zone, with annual excursions in the groundwater hydrographic (i.e., the rising and falling hydrographic limbs) imposing primary controls on bedrock saturation state and redox conditions that govern biogeochemical reactions impacting nitrogen, carbon, and metals cycling. Manufacturer-specific software is used to download pressure data from each transducer, with broadly available spreadsheet software (e.g. Microsoft Excel) used to convert temporal variations in water pressure to elevations in units of meters above mean sea level. As additional monitoring wells are installed within the East River watershed and new groundwater monitoring wells are installed in the Taylor River watershed, temporal groundwater elevation data will be included as a part of this master dataset. Details regarding the metadata associated with each monitoring well location, including well depths, screened intervals, well location coordinates, and bedrock type, are included, as is a standard operating procedure for generating groundwater elevation data from water pressure values recorded by the pressure transducers. This dataset includes: (1) a zip file (East_River_Watershed_Compiled_Groundwater_Elevation_Data_Plots.zip), containing (a) PNG of groundwater hydrographs, (b) a CSV file with groundwater elevation data, and (c) CSV file containing metadata organized by location; (2) an Excel file (East_River_Watershed_Compiled_Groundwater_Elevation_Data_Plots.xlsx) with the groundwater elevation data, groundwater hydrographs, and metadata organized by location; (3) a Word file (Groundwater_elevation_data_protocols.docx) and a PDF file version (Groundwater_elevation_data_protocols.pdf) containing field protocols and methods; (4) a location metadata (locations.csv) file; (5) a file level metadata (flmd.csv); and (6) data dictionary (dd.csv) file.This work was supported by the Watershed Function Science Focus Area at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory funded by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Selection of Well Locations for Saturated Zone Monitoring at the E-Area Low Level Waste Facility

Savannah River Site (SRS) has adopted a revised approach to performance monitoring of the E- Area Low Level Waste Facility (ELLWF) that adds a saturated zone component to the existing vadose zone monitoring program (Kubilius, 2019). The revised monitoring approach specifies that eight additional water table wells be installed near Slit Trench 1 (ST1) and Engineered Trench 2 (ET2). Six wells will be installed at locations characterized in 2017 and 2018. These include four wells near ET2 (ELF001D, ELF002D, ELF003D, and ELF004D) at locations identified by Kubilius (2019) and two wells north of ST1 (ELF005D and ELF006D) at locations finalized in this report. Additionally, two wells (ELF007D and ELF008D) are to be installed at locations south of ST1 based on characterization work completed in 2020 and documented in this report. This area is near well cluster BGX-2 between the Mixed Waste Management Facility (MWMF) and the ELLWF. The area is upgradient of ELLWF and, contamination in the water table aquifer is sourced from MWMF.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS2024

Launch Complex 39B, SWMU 009, 2023 Performance Monitoring and Air Sparge Expansion Construction Completion Report, Kennedy Space Center, Florida

The 2023 Performance Monitoring and Construction Completion Report (PM-CCR) presents the findings, observations, and results for Air Sparging (AS) operations and expansion activities, as well as sitewide groundwater monitoring for Launch Complex 39B (LC39B), Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 009, at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. The reporting period for activities covered under this PM-CCR is from January 1, 2023, to December 31, 2023. At LC39B, AS operations began in 2017 in the area west of the launch pad, in the liquid oxygen (LOX) tank area located northwest of the launch pad, and in an area outside of the perimeter fence to protect nearby Outstanding Florida Waters (OFW). The LC39B AS system was installed with 279 AS wells to depths ranging from 23 to 60 feet below land surface (bls), including the sump, correlating to top of screen depths ranging from 20 to 57 feet bls. In December 2022, a total of 22 AS wells were abandoned to support launch pad crane operations, and in November 2023, the system was expanded with five additional AS wells installed to 13 or 17 feet bls near the LOX tank. The remedial objective of the LC39B AS Interim Measure (IM) is to actively decrease concentrations of contaminants of concern (COCs) in groundwater, specifically trichloroethene (TCE), cis-1,2-Dichloroethene (cDCE), and vinyl chloride (VC), to less than their respective Natural Attenuation Default Concentrations (NADCs), so LC39B can transition into a Long-Term Monitoring (LTM) program. This PM-CCR presents the following information for LC39B: • AS system operations and maintenance (O&M) (Year 7 of operation) from January 2023 to December 2023, to include AS trailer relocation in March 2023 and subsequent replacement and re-start in June 2023. • Construction completion details for AS system expansion, which included installation of five new AS wells and one new monitoring well in November 2023. As part of expansion activities, soil samples were also collected for petroleum analysis; no exceedances were identified, and no further investigation for petroleum is warranted. • Performance monitoring results for groundwater sampling events conducted in May/June 2023 (30 wells) and November 2023 (31 wells) in the AS IM area and in the Low Concentration Plume (LCP) areas located north and east of the launch pad for volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis. • Sampling results for one monitoring well, LOX-IW0012S, which is sampled for aluminum on an annual basis (May/June 2023). This well was resampled in November 2023 for both total and dissolved aluminum. Due to a communication error with the laboratory, the May/June 2023 sample was analyzed for total aluminum only. • Groundwater sampling results for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) collected from seven monitoring wells during the May/June 2023 event to further investigate the Former Sewage Treatment Plant #6 and Percolation Pond area, west of the launch pad. O&M and performance monitoring results show that the AS system at LC39B is operating as designed and meeting performance criteria. Overall runtime was 45 percent (%) during the reporting period (January to December), but the operational runtime was 78% during the timeframe when the system could run (June to December). The most significant downtime contributor was post-launch crane operations following the Artemis launch on November 16, 2022, which lasted until June 2023. During that timeframe, the AS trailer at LC39B was relocated to another KSC remediation site (Wilson Corners) and was subsequently replaced with the AS trailer from the Paint & Oil Locker (POL) remediation site at KSC to resume AS system operations. Performance monitoring results in the AS IM and LCP areas continue to show reduction in COC concentrations over time when compared to baseline levels. In 2023, only one monitoring well (MW0048) detected a COC exceeding its NADC (VC at 740 micrograms per liter [µg/L]), which marks the baseline result for this new well installed during system expansion. Across the rest of the site, VC concentrations have declined or remained stable during the 2023 sampling events. Excluding MW0048, the highest VC result in 2023 was during the May/June sampling event with a concentration of 63 µg/L at MW0032, which is located near MW0048 and the AS expansion area by the LOX tank. TCE was detected in select monitoring wells in the IM area in 2023, but only two locations exceeded the State of Florida Groundwater Cleanup Target Level (GCTL): MW0032 (21 µg/L in May/June 2023 and 9.1 µg/L in November 2023) and MW0036 (5.0 µg/L in November 2023). MW0036 is also located near the LOX tank, on the north side, where the AS system is still operational (Zone Z4). cDCE and trans-1,2-dichloroethene concentrations were less than laboratory method detection limits or their respective GCTLs in all wells sampled in 2023. Near the OFW located northwest of the launch complex, all COC concentrations were less than laboratory method detection limits from monitoring wells (MW0039, MW0040, and LOXTA0002S) sampled in 2023. Aluminum results from LOX-IW0012S, which has been sampled routinely since 2006, detected a total aluminum concentration of 3,900 µg/L during the May/June 2023 sampling event. Results from the November 2023 event detected 5,700 µg/L for total aluminum and 5,500 µg/L for dissolved aluminum. These concentrations slightly decreased from the previous year but remain relatively consistent with historical detections. Aluminum will continue to be sampled on an annual basis at this well as results still exceed the GCTL of 200 µg/L and the Upper Limit of the KSC Background Concentration of 280 µg/L. PFAS results detected nine different PFAS compounds (out of 32 analyzed) from seven wells sampled. Two PFAS compounds, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), currently have FDEP Provisional GCTLs of 70 nanograms per liter (ng/L). All seven samples collected resulted in concentrations less than the FDEP Provisional GCTLs for both PFAS compounds; no exceedances were observed. PFOS and PFOA also have assigned United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) of 4 nanograms per liter (ng/L). None of the PFOS results exceeded the USEPA MCLs. PFOA was detected in two samples above the USEPA MCL at concentrations of 5.8 ng/L (ECS-IW0009I) and 5.5 ng/L (ECS-IW0009S). Three other PFAS compounds, perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid (PFNA), and hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid (GenX), currently have USEPA MCLs of 10 ng/L. PFHxS, PFNA, and GenX were not detected at concentrations greater than their respective USEPA MCLs in any of the seven wells. PFAS compounds without FDEP Provisional GCTLs or USEPA MCLs were screened against USEPA RSLs. No other detections exceeded their respective USEPA RSLs. Additional PFAS sampling will be conducted as part of a future PFAS Site Assessment. Based on O&M activities and performance monitoring, the following is recommended for LC39B: • Continue with Year 8 AS system operation within Zone Z4, which includes the AS expansion area. Zone Z3, which has been off since 2018, should remain off as no rebound has been observed. Zones Z1 and Z2, which were turned off at the end of 2022, will remain shut down as monitoring well results have consistently been below GCTLs or have low-level detections with stable or decreasing trends (Meeting Minute 2402-M10, Decision 2402-D30). • Continue with performance monitoring in 2024 with the same monitoring well network as 2023, except with the addition of MW0048 in both semi-annual events. Baseline concentrations for this well were collected during the November 2023 performance monitoring event. Semi-annual sampling should be planned for the May 2024 and November 2024 timeframes (Meeting Minute 2402-M10, Decision 2402-D31). • Continue sampling monitoring well, LOX-IW0012S, for aluminum (total and dissolved) on an annual basis in May 2024. It is also recommended to re-develop this well prior to the next sampling event (Meeting Minute 2402-M10, Decision 2402-D32). The above recommendations for LC39B were presented at the February 2024 KSCRT Meeting, with Team consensus reached on the path forward. The contents of this PM-CCR were also presented at this meeting.

Deborah M Wilson↗
NASA NTRS2024

Interim Measures Work Plan: South Repeater Building: Solid Waste Management Unit 121: Hydraulic Containment and Groundwater Treatment System for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Kennedy Space Center, Florida

This document presents the design details of a granular activated carbon (GAC) hydraulic containment and groundwater treatment system Interim Measures Work Plan for the South Repeater Building site (South Repeater, Solid Waste Management Unit 121), located at John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. The interim measures (IM) treatment area includes the source area and downgradient property boundary, which have been impacted by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). The objectives of the IM are to treat the source area and mitigate PFAS migration to areas outside of KSC boundaries. This document was prepared by AECOM Technical Services, Inc., for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under Contract 80KSC019D0010, Task Order 80KSC021F0096. The IM consists of the installation and operation of 19 extraction wells and an associated groundwater treatment system. A total of 13 wells will be installed to a depth of 34 feet below land surface (bls) to target the upper medium-grained sand with shell layer. A total of six wells will be installed to a depth of 56 feet bls to target the lower layer of poorly graded sand with shell fragments. The system will be designed to operate each extraction well simultaneously using submersible pumps at flow rates of 5 or 10 gallons per minute (gpm), excluding one extraction well with a flow rate of 30 gpm. The extracted groundwater will be conveyed to a groundwater treatment system, where it will be treated via GAC prior to disposal via infiltration. To evaluate treatment system performance, baseline groundwater sampling will be conducted prior to treatment system startup. Performance monitoring will be completed quarterly for the first year. A total of eight performance monitoring wells will be installed to a depth of 12 feet bls, and eight performance monitoring wells will be installed to a depth of 30 feet bls. In addition to the installation of 16 performance monitoring wells, 12 existing monitoring wells will be incorporated into the performance monitoring program.

groundwater treatment↗
NASA NTRS2006

Reducing Propulsion Airframe Aeroacoustic Interactions with Uniquely Tailored Chevrons: Installed Nozzles - 2

Propulsion airframe aeroacoustic (PAA) interactions arise due to the manner in which an engine is installed on the airframe and lead to an asymmetry in the flow/acoustic environment, for example, for under-the-wing installations due to the pylon, the wing and the high-lift devices. In this work we study how we can affect these PAA interactions to reduce the overall jet-related installed noise by tailoring the chevron shapes on fan and core nozzles in a unique fashion to take advantage of this asymmetry. In part 1 of this trio of papers we introduced the concept of azimuthally varying chevrons (AVC) and showed how some types of AVCs can be more beneficial than the conventional chevrons when tested on "isolated" scaled nozzles inclusive of the pylon effect. In this paper, we continue to study the effect of installing these AVC nozzles under a typical scaled modern wing with high-lift devices placed in a free jet. The noise benefits of these installed nozzles, as well as their installation effects are systematically studied for several fan/core AVC combinations at typical take-off conditions with high bypass ratio. We show, for example, that the top-enhanced mixing T-fan AVC nozzle (with enhanced mixing near the pylon and less mixing away from it) when combined with conventional chevrons on the core nozzle is quieter than conventional chevrons on both nozzles, and hardly produces any high-frequency lift, just as in the isolated case; however, its installed nozzle benefit is less than its isolated nozzle benefit. This suppression of take-off noise benefit under installed conditions, compared to its isolated nozzle benefit, is seen for all other chevron nozzles. We show how these relative noise benefits are related to the relative installation effects of AVCs and baseline nozzles.

Mengle, Vinod G.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Utah FORGE: Fiber Optic Cumulative Strain Change and Strain Change Rate Data From Well 16A Stimulation at Well 16B

This dataset includes Rayleigh Frequency Shift (RFS) Distributed Strain Sensing (DSS) cumulative strain change and change rate data. The data was acquired during the stimulation of Utah FORGE Well 16A(78)-32 in April 2024 via fiber installed in Well 16B(78)-32. The fiber optic data was acquired using Neubrex SR7000 RFS DSS Distributed Strain sensing instruments and is saved here in the format of HDF5 files (.h5 extension). The spatial sampling on the full wellbore profiles is 0.20 centimeters. The data is the far field strain change response from a baseline profile made down the 16B well on April 3, 2024, so each strain value represents the strain change or strain change rate at each depth relative to the baseline reference profile. The data arrays for each type share the same dimensions (number of channels and time stamps).

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
NASA NTRS2023

In Situ Chemical Reduction Interim Measures Work Plan Hot Spot 3 Mobile Launcher Platform Rehabilitation Sites / Vehicle Assembly Building Area (SWMU 056) Kennedy Space Center, Florida

This document presents the design details of an In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR) Interim Measures Work Plan for Hot Spot 3 within Mobile Launcher Platform Rehabilitation Sites/Vehicle Assembly Building Area, Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 056 (SWMU 056), located at the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The interim measures (IM) treatment zone encompasses an area identified as the High Concentration Plume (HCP), which is defined as the area with chlorinated volatile organic compound (CVOC) groundwater concentrations greater than their respective Natural Attenuation Default Concentration (NADC). The objective of the IM is to remove CVOC mass within the treatment area to levels that facilitate a transition to natural attenuation monitoring. The IM design consists of the selected ISCR amendment, Provect-IR, which is a mixture of solid reagents in a single product that promotes enhanced reductive dechlorination and ISCR. ProvectIR includes natural antimethanogenic compounds; multiple hydrophilic, nutrient-rich organic carbon sources; zero valent iron; chemical oxygen scavengers; and vitamin and mineral sources. The proposed treatment area for this IM encompasses less than 1 acre and includes three vertical treatment intervals to reach the NADC plumes that vary per CVOC and depth: 4 to 10 feet below land surface (bls), 10 to 18 feet bls, and 42 to 52 feet bls. The amendment will be distributed through 16 injection points (IP01 through IP16) using dosing rates ranging from 0.4% to 0.6% of soil mass within the treatment interval and a 15% or 20% slurry strength. Dosage rates and slurry strength are based on groundwater geochemistry, soil characteristics, and contaminant concentrations. To aid in the evaluation of the ISCR IM performance, six performance monitoring wells will be installed following injections and sampled semiannually. CVOC parameters will be sampled until concentrations reduce to below their NADC. Underground Injection Control parameters will be sampled until concentrations decrease to background levels or to levels that meet respective groundwater standards. Sampling frequency will be evaluated annually and modified as needed. The path forward for the ISCR IM implementation includes preparing the IM Implementation Work Plan, ISCR injections, monitoring well installation, performance monitoring, and reporting.

Randall K. Sillan↗
NASA NTRS2011

Reestablishing Open Rotor as an Option for Significant Fuel Burn Improvements

A low-noise open rotor system is being tested in collaboration with General Electric and CFM International, a 50/50 joint company between Snecma and GE. Candidate technologies for lower noise will be investigated as well as installation effects such as pylon integration. Current test status is presented as well as future scheduled testing which includes the FAA/CLEEN test entry. Pre-test predictions show that Open Rotors have the potential for revolutionary fuel burn savings.

Van Zante, Dale↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydraulic Testing of the Lost Lake Aquifer Near Recovery Well RWM019

An aquifer pumping test was conducted on the Lost Lake Aquifer Zone (LLAZ) at the recently installed recovery well RWM019 in accordance with the approved test plan (Dixon, 2020). The objective of the testing was to determine baseline well performance parameters and aquifer hydraulic conductivity. This testing consisted of a step-drawdown test to determine well performance properties, a constant pumping rate aquifer test to determine aquifer hydraulic properties, and a post-test aquifer recovery monitoring period also used to estimate aquifer hydraulic properties. Well performance parameters determined included specific capacity, well efficiency, and head loss coefficients. The specific capacity of RWM019 was determined to be approximately 2.6 gpm/ft of drawdown based on the final step of the step-drawdown test. Well efficiency was inversely related to pumping rate and decreased from 87% to 81% over a pumping range of approximately 49 to 79 gpm. The aquifer head loss coefficient was determined to be 2.3 ft/ft 3 /min and the well loss coefficient was determined to be 0.05 min 2 /ft 5 .

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Hydraulic Testing of the Lost Lake Aquifer Near Recovery Well RWM001R

An aquifer pumping test was conducted on the Lost Lake Aquifer Zone (LLAZ) at the recently installed recovery well RWM001R in accordance with the approved test plan (Dixon, 2024). The objective of the testing was to determine baseline well performance parameters and aquifer hydraulic conductivity. This testing consisted of two step-drawdown tests to determine well performance properties and two constant pumping rate aquifer tests with recovery periods to determine aquifer hydraulic properties. Well performance parameters determined included specific capacity, well efficiency, and head loss coefficients. The results of the step-drawdown testing are presented in Tables ES1 and ES2 whereas the results of the constant pumping rate testing are presented in Table ES3. The average specific capacity of RWM001R operating at pump capacity (~54 gpm) was 2.2 gpm/ft using data from the final step of both tests. The average well efficiency determined from both step-drawdown tests was 56% using data from the final step of both tests. For both step-drawdown tests, well efficiency was inversely related to the pumping rate with the average efficiency decreasing from approximately 79% to 56%. Aquifer head loss coefficients from both tests were comparable (Table ES2).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1975

Underground storage systems for high-pressure air and gases

This paper is a discussion of the safety and cost of underground high-pressure air and gas storage systems based on recent experience with a high-pressure air system installed at Moffett Field, California. The system described used threaded and coupled oil well casings installed vertically to a depth of 1200 ft. Maximum pressure was 3000 psi and capacity was 500,000 lb of air. A failure mode analysis is presented, and it is shown that underground storage offers advantages in avoiding catastrophic consequences from pressure vessel failure. Certain problems such as corrosion, fatigue, and electrolysis are discussed in terms of the economic life of such vessels. A cost analysis shows that where favorable drilling conditions exist, the cost of underground high-pressure storage is approximately one-quarter that of equivalent aboveground storage.

Beam, B. H.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Shale drilling field notes, lithologic descriptions, and core photographs of wells PLM5, PLM8, GUM1, and GLS1 at the East River Watershed, Colorado

The purpose of this dataset is to maintain a record of the shale drilling field notes, lithologic descriptions, and core photographs taken at the PLM5 (Pumphouse Lower Montane Borehole #5), PLM8 (Pumphouse Lower Montane Borehole #8), GUM1 (Gothic Upper Montane Borehole #1), and GLS1 (GLS1 = Gothic Lower Subalpine Borehole #1) wells at the East River Watershed, Colorado during October 2018 through November 2019. The wells were created as part of data collection for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (WF SFA). This dataset consists of (1) detailed field notes and metadata (well locations, elevations, completion depths, and pressure transducer deployments) associated with drilling and coring activities accompanying the 2018 and 2019 installations of wells PLM5, PLM8, GUM1, and GLS1 and (2) high resolution photographs (*.png format) of all shale core recovered during the installations. Core photographs are labeled with location- and depth-specific names (e.g. PLM5_134-144ft), with the prefix (e.g. PLM5) indicating the well location and the suffix (e.g. 134-144ft) indicating the depth below ground surface of the recovered core. With the exception of core collected from well PLM5 from depths 0-59 feet, which were photographed by Tetsu Tokunaga in Berkeley, CA, all core was photographed by Kenneth H. Williams at the US Geological Survey core repository in Denver, Colorado, where all core samples are permanently archived.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Prediction and Analysis of Utah FORGE Injection Activities using a Coupled Thermo-hydro-mechanical and Earthquake (THM+E) Modeling Workflow

A coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) numerical workflow that is capable of modeling seismic slip is critical for the successful development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). By integrating key physical processes, this workflow enables accurate simulation of temperature and pressure diffusions, stress changes, and induced seismicity. As a result, it serves as a vital tool for predicting induced seismicity and optimizing reservoir stimulation strategies. The Utah FORGE (Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy) project, located near Milford, Utah, is a U.S. Department of Energy initiative aimed at advancing EGS technology. In April 2024, eight new stimulation stages (Stages 3R-10) were conducted in well 16A (injection well) subsequent to the first series of stimulation (Stages 1-3) performed in April, 2022. To monitor the induced seismicity, geophones were deployed in wells 58-32, 56-32, and 78B-32, while fiber optic cables were also installed in wells 16B, 78-32, and 78B-32 to collect microseismic data and detect frac hits Preliminary analyses of microseismic catalogs and fiber optic data suggest that the stimulated fractures in Stages 3R–6 closely align with that generated during Stage 3, indicating that the new stimulations were likely reactivating the previously stimulated fracture. To better understand the underlying process, a comprehensive modeling approach that can accurately capture thermal, hydrological, mechanical, and seismic responses is essential. In this work, we propose and utilize a coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical and earthquake (THM+E) simulation workflow to numerically investigate the stimulation activities on well 16A. The specific objective is to confirm whether the new stimulation stages (Stages 3R–6) reactivated fractures previously stimulated during Stage 3. For this purpose, we perform THM+E simulations individually for Stages 3, 3R, 4, and 5, incorporating the discrete fracture networks (DFNs) created by the plane-fitting technique based on the microseismic catalogs. The simulation workflow consists of two separate models: a THM model and an earthquake model, coupled in a one-way manner. Detailed descriptions of the workflow are provided in Section 3. Simulation results are presented in terms of injection pressure, permeability evolution, and predicted seismic catalogs, which are then compared with field data for further analyses. This report is structured as follows. In Section 2, we present detailed analyses of the field data and propose the hypothesis that the new stimulation stages (Stages 3R–6) were probably reactivating the previously stimulated fractures in Stage 3. In Section 3, we introduce the coupled THM+E workflow and the problem setup to validate our hypothesis, followed by the simulation results for each stage in Section 4. Meanwhile, discussions are included to analyze the model predictions and their comparison with field data. Lastly, we conclude the report and outline future plans in Section 5.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗