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DOE OSTI2026

LAMP Technical Readiness Evaluation Report: LAMP-ENG-RPT-003 (Revision 2)

An internal preliminary evaluation of Critical Technology Elements (CTEs) for the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP) was completed in 2023. This included determining corresponding Technical Readiness Levels (TRLs) for all subsystems using the criteria of DOE G 413.3-4A, Technical Readiness Assessment Guide. This revised report includes a summary of the recent design modifications required to meet the project Key Performance Requirements (KPPs), some of which may reduce technical risks to the project. These recent design modifications are based on the LAMP Conceptual Design which is the design evaluated in this document and include: • Further optimization of the low-energy and medium-energy beam transport regions (LEBT and MEBT, respectively), including relocation of various functional elements (i.e. choppers, kickers, and bunchers). • An additional 100-keV H - ion source to separate ion-source function based on beam delivery requirements. • A high-repetition-rate pulsed kicker magnet to select/merge the two H - ion beams into a common low-energy beam transport. • Modification and further optimization to a more conventional 3-MeV Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) design. Performance of the RFQ has been optimized to deliver the required three types of beams while meeting the project Key Performance Parameters (KPPs). • The addition of a second chopper in the medium-energy beam transport (MEBT) line to reduce the required pulser voltages.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

New Collins Quad Design

The Collins quadrupoles are used on the DARHT 2nd axis to transform the elliptical beam from the septum quadrupole back to a round beam. They are also used to minimize kicker smear by producing a point-to-point focus from the kicker to the target. The present Collins quads introduce significant aberrations due to the design of the iron pole tip. The effect of these aberrations becomes particularly large as the beam size in the Collins quads increases. This note describes an improved 2D pole tip design for the Collins quads developed using POISSON.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

The fast non-ferric kicker system for the Muon g–2 Experiment at Fermilab

Here we describe the installation, commissioning, and characterization of the new injection kicker system in the Muon g – 2 Experiment (E989) at Fermilab, which makes a precision measurement of the muon magnetic anomaly. Three Blumlein pulsers drive each of the 1.27-m-long non-ferric kicker magnets, which reside in a storage ring vacuum (SRV) that is subjected to a 1.45 T magnetic field. The new system has been redesigned relative to Muon g – 2 ’s predecessor experiment, and we present those details in this manuscript.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Online Optimization of NSLS-II Dynamic Aperture and Injection Transient (Facility Improvement Project)

The Facility Improvement Project (FIP) “Methods of online optimization of NSLS-II storage ring concurrent with user operations” proposed and approved in 2018 is now complete. The first goal is the online optimization of nonlinear beam dynamics to increase the beam lifetime and injection efficiency. We have developed a model-independent optimization technique using advanced algorithms. Using this technique, we increased the NSLS-II dynamic aperture by 20% and reduced the amplitude-dependent tune shift by a factor of two. We applied sextupole optimization to the new high-chromaticity lattice, which has been developed to improve the beam stability and to increase the single-bunch beam intensity. We were able to double the injection efficiency and exceed 90%. The second goal of this project is to provide the top-off injection with minimized perturbations of the beamline user operations. To achieve the transparent injection, we optimize the matching of four storage ring injection kickers reducing the perturbation of the stored beam orbit. The first application of the online optimization resulted in a reduction of the amplitude of residual beam oscillation by a factor of six, from 1300 μm down to 200 μm. Further improvement was limited by the timing jitter of the trigger boards. Then, we replaced all trigger boards with a new design and reduced the timing jitter by a factor of five, from 5 ns down to 1 ns. This upgrade resulted in the injection transient reduction from 200 μm to 120 μm. To optimize the full set of kicker parameters, including the trigger timing, amplitude, and pulse width, we upgraded all kicker power supplies with the capability of tunable waveform width. As a result, we have reduced the injection transient to the limit of 60 μm.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measured dynamic aperture and detuning of nonlinear integrable optics

One of the most promising advantages of nonlinear integrable optics is strong amplitude dependent tune shift without degrading the dynamic aperture. The integrable optics test accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab is constructed around nonlinear lattice elements of the elliptical type as described by Danilov and Nagaitsev. Detuning and dynamic aperture scans in IOTA were performed using a fast dipole kicker and a low emittance electron beam. The evolution of the dynamic aperture and detuning for different configurations of the integrable optics lattice are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Measured Dynamic Aperture and Detuning of Nonlinear Integrable Optics

One of the most promising advantages of nonlinear integrable optics is strong amplitude dependent tune shift without degrading the dynamic aperture. The integrable optics test accelerator (IOTA) at Fermilab is constructed around nonlinear lattice elements of the elliptical type as described by Danilov and Nagaitsev. Detuning and dynamic aperture scans in IOTA were performed using a fast dipole kicker and a low emittance electron beam. The evolution of the dynamic aperture and detuning for different configurations of the integrable optics lattice are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

ULTRAFAST HIGH-VOLTAGE KICKER SYSTEM HARDWARE FOR ION CLEARING GAPS

Ionization scattering of electron beams with residual gas molecules causes ion trapping in electron rings, both in a collider and electron cooling system. These trapped ions may cause emittance growth, tune shift, halo formation, and coherent coupled bunch instabilities. To clear the ions and prevent them from accumulating turn after turn, the gaps in a temporal structure of the beam are used. Typi- cally, the gap in the bunch train has a length of a few per- cent of the ring circumference. In those regions, the extrac- tion electrodes with high pulsed voltages are introduced. In this paper, we present the design consideration and initial test results of the high-voltage pulsed kicker hardware that includes vacuum device and pulsed voltage driver, capable of achieving over 3 kV of deflecting voltage amplitude, rise and fall times of less than 10 ns, 100 ns flat-top duration at 1.4 MHz repetition rate.

Smirnov, A.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Broad band tunable energy electron beam pulser

An electromagnetic mechanical pulser implements a transverse wave metallic comb stripline TWMCS kicker having inwardly opposing teeth that retards a phase velocity of an RF traveling wave to match the kinetic velocity of a continuous electron beam, causing the beam to oscillate before being chopped into pulses by an aperture. The RF phase velocity is substantially independent of RF frequency and amplitude, thereby enabling independent tuning of the electron pulse widths and repetition rate. The TWMCS further comprises an electron pulse picker (EPP) that applies a pulsed transverse electric field across the TWMCS to deflect electrons out of the beam, allowing only selected electrons and/or groups of electrons to pass through. The EPP pulses can be synchronized with the RF traveling wave and/or with a pumping trigger of a transverse electron microscope (TEM), for example to obtain dynamic TEM images in real time.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

The Upgrade of the SNS Extraction Kicker Power Supplies for the Proton Power Upgrade

The Proton Power Upgrade (PPU) project at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) aims to enhance the linear accelerator's power output from 1.4 to 2.8 megawatts. A critical focus lies on upgrading the Extraction Kicker Power Supplies to handle the amplified beam power. The existing capacitor charging power supplies lacked the capability to charge the Blumlein-type Pulse Forming Network (PFN) to the required 40 kV at a repetition rate of 60 Hz. To address this limitation, an initial solution involving the use of a resonant charging circuit was proposed. However, a challenge arose with a self-firing issue in the thyristor switch, which proved unsolvable within the given timeframe. Facing a critical decision point in the project, an alternative approach was explored: integrating a supplementary power supply to enhance the overall power capacity. This solution was tested and ultimately chosen as the path forward. To accommodate the additional power supply, the power distribution system had to undergo upgrades. Throughout this endeavor, a comprehensive examination of the system took place, with meticulous identification of key components. This paper delves into the technical challenges encountered during the process and the corresponding solutions that were implemented.

Tan, Yugang [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000155968252)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Achieve Long G10 Kicker Pulse Tops for Au Run at Low Energies (BES-II)

The G10 magnets are a set of four ferrite kickers in the AGS used to extract beam into the AtR (and typically on to RHIC). A single G10 module current pulse is about 400 ns long with little pulse flattop. Each module has an individual delay trigger, which can be manipulated to change the time spacing between these 4 pulses to form different sum pulses. We will describe several configurations for extraction at different energies below the nominal AGS to RHIC transfer energy (~9.8 GeV/n).

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-Voltage Pulsed Power Generator for Beam Injection Systems

Beam injection systems in hadron colliders require kickers generating ±50 kV peak voltages into a 50 Ω impedance, with peak currents of 1000 A and sub-10 ns rise and fall times. This paper presents a novel high-voltage pulse power generator utilizing a distributed pulser architecture. It combines gallium nitride (GaN) transistors in a Marx topology with an inductive adder, achieving nanosecond-scale switching speeds and high-power efficiency. Compared to other solutions such as based on MOSFETs or fast ionization dynistors, our development offers superior peak and average power performance, reduced system complexity, and enhanced reliability, marking a significant step forward in high-voltage pulse generation for accelerator applications.

Smirnov, Alexander (ORCID:0000000280631691)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Manufacturing the Harmonic Kicker Cavity Prototype for the Electron-Ion Collider

High-bunch-frequency beam-separation schemes, such as the injection scheme proposed for the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron at the Electron-Ion Collider, demand rise and fall times an order of magnitude below what can realistically be accomplished with a stripline kicker. Nanosecond-time-scale kick waveforms can instead be obtained by Fourier synthesis in a harmonically resonant quarter-wave radio-frequency cavity which is optimized for high shunt impedance. Originally developed for the Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) Circulator Cooler Ring, a hypothetical 11-pass ring driven by an energy-recovery linac at Jefferson Lab, our high-power prototype of such a harmonic kicker cavity, which operates at five modes at the same time, will demonstrate the viability of this concept with a beam test at Jefferson Lab. As the geometry of the cavity, tight mechanical tolerances, and number of ports complicate the design and manufacturing process, special care must be given to the order of the manufacturing steps. We present our experiences with the manufacturability of the present design, lessons learned, and first RF test results from the prototype.

Overstreet, S. A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Manufacturing the Harmonic Kicker Cavity Prototype for the Electron-Ion Collider

High-bunch-frequency beam-separation schemes, such as the injection scheme proposed for the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron at the Electron-Ion Collider, demand rise and fall times an order of magnitude below what can realistically be accomplished with a stripline kicker. Nanosecond-time-scale kick waveforms can instead be obtained by Fourier synthesis in a harmonically resonant quarter-wave radio-frequency cavity which is optimized for high shunt impedance. Originally developed for the Jefferson Lab Electron-Ion Collider (JLEIC) Circulator Cooler Ring, a hypothetical 11-pass ring driven by an energy-recovery linac at Jefferson Lab, our high-power prototype of such a harmonic kicker cavity, which operates at five modes at the same time, will demonstrate the viability of this concept with a beam test at Jefferson Lab. As the geometry of the cavity, tight mechanical tolerances, and number of ports complicate the design and manufacturing process, special care must be given to the order of the manufacturing steps. We present our experiences with the manufacturability of the present design, lessons learned, and first RF test results from the prototype.

Overstreet, S. A.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multi-Beam-Energy Control Unit Based on Triple-Bend Achromats

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) are the new generation of particle accelerator-based light sources, capable of producing tunable, high-power X-ray pulses that are increasingly vital across various scientific disciplines. Recently, continuous-wave (CW) XFELs driven by superconducting linear accelerators have garnered significant attention due to their ability to enhance availability by supporting multiple undulator lines simultaneously. In this paper, we introduce a novel delay system comprising four triple-bend achromats (TBAs). This delay system was combined with fast kickers and can be employed to generate electron beams on a bunch-to-bunch basis in a CW-XFEL facility. Based on the parameters of the Shanghai High-Repetition-Rate XFEL and Extreme Light Facility, start-to-end simulations demonstrate that the TBA-based delay system achieves excellent electron beam qualities while providing a wide beam-energy-tuning range from 1.39 to 8 GeV.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Thermal Analysis and Simulations of the Abort Kicker Magnets Systems for the Electron-Ion Collider

The Abort Kicker Magnets system used in the current Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to steer the circulating beam into the dump will be subjected to higher heat loads in the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC). After analyzing the existing abort kicker magnets and running thermal simulations in ANSYS it was concluded that they may not be suitable for use as-is in the future EIC due to heat and impedance concerns in the magnets. Possible solutions include adding a round titanium-coated ceramic beam tube to help solve the heat and impedance concerns, but this will reduce the limiting aperture of the kicker magnet. Another possible solution to meet all the performance requirements for EIC would be to add titanium-coated ceramic plates with water-cooling and tapered transitions that significantly improve the impedance and lower the heat in the magnets with less reduction to the aperture.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Simulation and measurement of beam-induced heating of ceramic vacuum chambers

In this article, we summarize recent theoretical and experimental studies of the impedance and beam-induced heating of titanium-coated ceramic vacuum chambers used in the NSLS-II injection kickers. The impedance was calculated using the field matching theory assuming planar approximation and compared with the mpedanceake2 code. For the coating thickness of a few microns, we demonstrated that the beam-induced power is dissipated in the titanium coating and that the longitudinally averaged two-dimensional power density is approximated by an analytical expression, thus allowing the use of a simplified model of the power density as input for the code to simulate the temperature distribution with realistic nonuniform thickness of the Ti coating. For a few values of the NSLS-II beam current, we measured the beam-induced heating of two ceramic chambers using thermal sensors installed along the chamber and compared the measurement results with the simulations. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Progress in development of pulsed resonant charging power supply for the Spallation Neutron Source extraction kicker PFN system

A conceptual design of the pulsed resonant charging power supply (RCPS) for the beam extraction system of the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was previously reported at the 2019 IEEE Pulsed Power & Plasma Science Conference (PPPS 2019) [1]. Development and testing of the prototype supply continued through the year to finalize the design ahead of the Proton Power Upgrade (PPU). Testing revealed reliability issues with the original resonant charging scheme related to the step-up transformer core. Additional components were incorporated into the system, and some of the original prototype components were replaced to improve performance and reliability of the power supply. This paper describes the changes in the resonant charging scheme, presents the results of testing of the improved prototype at full power level, and shows the final design of the RCPS.

Peplov, Vladimir↗
DOE OSTI2024

High Energy Cooling

The paper considers methods of particle cooling applicable to beam cooling in high energy hadron colliders at the collision energy. Presently, there are two major methods of the cooling the electron cooling and stochastic cooling. The later, in application to colliders, requires exceptionally large frequency band of cooling system. Presently two methods are considered. They are the optical stochastic cooling (OSC) and the coherent electron cooling (CEC). OSC and CEC are essentially extensions of microwave stochastic cooling, operating in 1-10 GHz frequency range, to the optical frequencies enabling bands up to 30-300 THz. The OSC uses undulators as a pickup and a kicker, and an optical amplifier for signal amplification, while the CEC uses an electron beam for all these functions. We discuss major limitations, advantages and disadvantages of electron and stochastic cooling systems.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗