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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Making Common Fund data more findable: catalyzing a data ecosystem

The Common Fund Data Ecosystem (CFDE) has created a flexible system of data federation that enables researchers to discover datasets from across the US National Institutes of Health Common Fund without requiring that data owners move, reformat, or rehost those data. This system is centered on a catalog that integrates detailed descriptions of biomedical datasets from individual Common Fund Programs’ Data Coordination Centers (DCCs) into a uniform metadata model that can then be indexed and searched from a centralized portal. This Crosscut Metadata Model (C2M2) supports the wide variety of data types and metadata terms used by individual DCCs and can readily describe nearly all forms of biomedical research data. We detail its use to ingest and index data from 11 DCCs.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Seed coat transcriptomic profiling of 5-593, a genotype important for genetic studies of seed coat color and patterning in common bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) market classes have distinct seed coat colors, which are directly related to the diverse flavonoids found in the mature seed coat. To understand and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of seed coat color, RNA-Seq data was collected from the black bean 5-593 and used for a differential gene expression and enrichment analysis from four different seed coat color development stages. 5-593 carries dominant alleles for 10 of the 11 major genes that control seed coat color and expression and has historically been used to develop introgression lines used for seed coat genetic analysis. Pairwise comparison among the four stages identified 6,294 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) varying from 508 to 5,780 DEGs depending on the compared stages. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction comprised the principal pathways expressed during bean seed coat pigment development. Transcriptome analysis suggested that most structural genes for flavonoid biosynthesis and some potential regulatory genes were significantly differentially expressed. Further studies detected 29 DEGs as important candidate genes governing the key enzymatic flavonoid biosynthetic pathways for common bean seed coat color development. Additionally, four gene models, Pv5-593.02G016100, 593.02G078700, Pv5-593.02G090900, and Pv5-593.06G121300, encode MYB-like transcription factor family protein were identified as strong candidate regulatory genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis which could regulate the expression levels of some important structural genes in flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. These findings provide a framework to draw new insights into the molecular networks underlying common bean seed coat pigment development.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Common Grid Services: Terms and Definitions Report

This document is prepared as part of the Department of Energy’s Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium (GMLC) 2.5.2 project, whose goal is to develop and socialize a common set of grid service definitions relevant to grid-related interactions with distributed energy resources (DER: responsive generation, storage, and loads) and to advance the concept and requirements of the Energy Services Interface (ESI) to the point of launching related interface standards and guides that can be implemented in communication protocols and business process definitions. The notion of grid services is associated with the definition of an ESI because a key principle of the ESI is that it permits coordination between grid operators and DER facilities in a way that is service-oriented with an understanding of performance expectations. The project investigated the current state of North American grid service definitions from various market operators and utilities, as well as the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation, actively used today (Liu et al. 2022). This document builds on that work to propose terms and definitions for a set of grid service types that address operational objectives commonly found in power system operations. These grid service types derive from existing grid services used in bulk electric market operations, recognizing that each operational authority uses somewhat different names with variations on service performance parameters. Finding commonality at the wholesale or bulk system operation level will hopefully engender progress in seeking agreement on grid services for DER engagement at the distribution level in the emerging retail marketplace.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Common occupational classification system amendments for Accelerator Science and Engineering workforce

A common system to classify occupations and skills is essential to support accelerator workforce planning between the Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories. In 2025, ten DOE laboratories conducted a census of their accelerator science and engineering workforce and projected their accelerator workforce needs for the next ten years. To support this, revision 3 of the “Common Occupational Classification System” (COCS) was used as a common taxonomy. Modifications were made to include accelerator-specific skills and specialisms. COCS was originally developed for DOE Office of Environmental Restoration and Waste Management in 1996. The framework provides a high-level functional structure that can be expanded with further occupations and specialisms and remains well aligned to DOE laboratory roles nearly 30 years later. Accelerator occupations and specialisms were added to the framework for the 2025 effort to quantify the accelerator workforce. This document is a companion document to COCS and provides a definition for these new occupations and specialisms that do not appear in COCS. Proceeding with a stable taxonomy is seen as essential such that its use becomes easier each year; the taxonomy as used for the 2025 effort is recommended to be continued.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Testing the Common Platform LLRF with a 197 MHz NCRF Cavity

The Common Platform is the hardware that will support the new LLRF platform to be used for the Electron-Ion Collider. The Common Platform features a carrier board that is used to interface with a variety of daughter for different applications. This paper details the testing that was done using the Common Platform and an RF Digitizer Daugther Board. Firstly, the firmware and software development is discussed followed by a description of the controls algorithms used in the testing. Then, testing and verification of the platform with a 197 MHz NCRF cavity is discussed. The paper concludes with results from the testing and the path forward.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Learning from Crowds by Modeling Common Confusions

Crowdsourcing provides a practical way to obtain large amounts of labeled data at a low cost. However, the annotation quality of annotators varies considerably, which imposes new challenges in learning a high-quality model from the crowdsourced annotations. In this work, we provide a new perspective to decompose annotation noise into common noise and individual noise and differentiate the source of confusion based on instance difficulty and annotator expertise on a per-instance-annotator basis. We realize this new crowdsourcing model by an end-to-end learning solution with two types of noise adaptation layers: one is shared across annotators to capture their commonly shared confusions, and the other one is pertaining to each annotator to realize individual confusion. To recognize the source of noise in each annotation, we use an auxiliary network to choose from the two noise adaptation layers with respect to both instances and annotators. Extensive experiments on both synthesized and real-world benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed common noise adaptation solution.

96 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND PRESERVATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Common-Cause Component Group Modeling Issues in Probabilistic Risk Assess

Common cause failures (CCFs) have been recognized as significant risk contributors in probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) for commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) since 1980s. A series of reports including those of United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations (NUREGs) have been published from late 1980s to early 2000s to provide guidelines for performing CCF event data analysis and modeling CCF in PRA. However, there are still some issues existed in CCF modeling and CCF parameter estimations. One of such issues is the modeling of multiple common-cause component group (CCCG) for the same component in a PRA model. This paper exams the CCCG definition and the requirements from the PRA standard, investigates the CCCG modeling practices and issues existing in PRAs, and presents systematic approaches and guidelines to model CCCG in PRA properly and consistently.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Block Design with Common Reference Samples Enables Robust Large-Scale Label-Free Quantitative Proteome Profiling

Label-free quantitative proteomics has become an increasingly popular tool for profiling global protein abundances. However, one major weakness is the potential performance drift of the LC-MS platform over time, which in turn limits its utility for analyzing large-scale sample sets. To address this, in this work we introduce an experimental and data analysis scheme based on a block-design with common controls within each block for enabling LC-MS-based large-scale label-free quantification. In this scheme, a large number of samples (e.g., >100 samples) are analyzed in smaller, and more manageable blocks, minimizing instrument drift and variability within a block. Furthermore, each designated block also contains common controls (or reference) samples for normalization within and across blocks. We demonstrated the effectiveness of this method by profiling the proteome response of human macrophage THP-1 cells to 11 engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) at two different doses. A total of 116 samples were analyzed in six blocks, yielding an average coverage of 4500 proteins per sample. The data revealed consistent quantification of proteins across all six blocks, as shown by highly stable quantification of house-keeping proteins in all samples and high levels of quantification correlation among samples from different blocks. The data also demonstrated that label-free quantification is robust and accurate enough to quantify even very subtle abundance changes as well as large fold-changes without potential ratio compression as often encountered with isobaric labeling. Our streamlined workflow is easy to implement and can be readily adapted to other large cohort studies for reproducible label-free proteome quantification.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Common Cause Failure Analysis for Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems

This presentation is prepared for the IAEA Virtual Consultancy Meeting on Preparation of a Coordinated Research Project on Common Cause Failures in Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control Systems from February 5 ? 8, 2024. It provides an overview of the INL activities on the common cause failure analysis for instrumentation and control system in nuclear power plants.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Allometric relationships and trade‐offs in 11 common M editerranean‐climate grasses

Abstract Biomass allocation in plants is the foundation for understanding dynamics in ecosystem carbon balance, species competition, and plant–environment interactions. However, existing work on plant allometry has mainly focused on trees, with fewer studies having developed allometric equations for grasses. Grasses with different life histories can vary in their carbon investment by prioritizing the growth of specific organs to survive, outcompete co‐occurring plants, and ensure population persistence. Further, because grasses are important fuels for wildfire, the lack of grass allocation data adds uncertainty to process‐based models that relate plant physiology to wildfire dynamics. To fill this gap, we conducted a greenhouse experiment with 11 common California grasses varying in photosynthetic pathway and growth form. We measured plant sizes and harvested above‐ and belowground biomass throughout the life cycle of annual species, while for the establishment stage of perennial grasses to quantify allometric relationships for leaf, stem, and root biomass, as well as plant height and canopy area. We used basal diameter as a reference measure of plant size. Overall, basal diameter is the best predictor for leaf and stem biomass, height, and canopy area. Including height as another predictor can improve model accuracy in predicting leaf and stem biomass and canopy area. Fine root biomass is a function of leaf biomass alone. Species vary in their allometric relationships, with most variation occurring for plant height, canopy area, and stem biomass. We further explored potential trade‐offs in biomass allocation across species between leaf and fine root, leaf and stem, and allocation to reproduction. Consistent with our expectation, we found that fast‐growing plants allocated a greater fraction to reproduction. Additionally, plant height and specific leaf area negatively influenced the leaf‐to‐stem ratio. However, contrary to our hypothesis, there were no differences in root‐to‐leaf ratio between perennial and annual or C 4 and C 3 plants. Our study provides species‐specific and functional‐type‐specific allometry equations for both above‐ and belowground organs of 11 common California grass species, enabling nondestructive biomass assessment in California grasslands. These allometric relationships and trade‐offs in carbon allocation across species can improve ecosystem model predictions of grassland species interactions and environmental responses through differences in morphology.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Common Tracking Software Project

Abstract The reconstruction of the trajectories of charged particles, or track reconstruction, is a key computational challenge for particle and nuclear physics experiments. While the tuning of track reconstruction algorithms can depend strongly on details of the detector geometry, the algorithms currently in use by experiments share many common features. At the same time, the intense environment of the High-Luminosity LHC accelerator and other future experiments is expected to put even greater computational stress on track reconstruction software, motivating the development of more performant algorithms. We present here A Common Tracking Software (ACTS) toolkit, which draws on the experience with track reconstruction algorithms in the ATLAS experiment and presents them in an experiment-independent and framework-independent toolkit. It provides a set of high-level track reconstruction tools which are agnostic to the details of the detection technologies and magnetic field configuration and tested for strict thread-safety to support multi-threaded event processing. We discuss the conceptual design and technical implementation of ACTS, selected applications and performance of ACTS, and the lessons learned.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Adiabatic quantum decoherence in many non-interacting subsystems induced by the coupling with a common boson bath

Highlights: • System–environment quantum correlation: a main solid state NMR decoherence channel. • Non-separable system–environment model yields realistic spin decoherence rates. • New open quantum system approach explains irreversible decay of refocused NMR echoes. • Adiabatic quantum decoherence is inherently irreversible and eigen-selective. This work addresses adiabatic quantum decoherence of many-body spin systems coupled with a boson field in the framework of open quantum systems theory. We generalize the traditional spin-boson model by considering a system–environment interaction Hamiltonian that represents a partition of non-interacting subsystems and highlights the collective correlation that appears exclusively due to the coupling with a common environment. Remarkably, this simple, exactly solvable model encompasses relevant aspects of a many-body open quantum system and features the subtle quantum effects that arise when the size scales up to a macroscopic level. We derive an analytical expression for the time dependence of the density matrix elements (in the preferred basis) without assuming coarse-graining. The resulting decoherence function is eigen-selective and is a complex exponential whose exponent has a real part that introduces a decay similar to that in the spin-boson model. On the contrary, the imaginary part depends on the quantum numbers and geometry of the whole partition and does not reflect the system temperature. Motivated by decoherence in solid-state NMR, and in search of realistic numerical estimations, we apply the theoretical results to a partition of dipole-coupled spin pairs in contact with a common phonon bath, using typical parameters of hydrated salts. The proposal allows estimating the decoherence time scale in terms of the system physical constants: sound velocity and eigenvalue distribution width. As a significant novelty, the decoherence function phase depends on the eigenvalue distribution throughout the sample. It plays the leading role, overshadowing the mechanism associated with the bath thermal state. Finally, we apply the formalism to describe decoherence in the “magic echo” NMR reversal experiment. We find that the system–environment correlation explains the origin of irreversibility, and both the decoherence rate value and its dependence on the dipolar frequency, are remarkably similar to the experiment.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

An experimental study of the behavior of a high efficiency residential heat pump in cooling mode with common installation faults imposed

Faults are believed to be common in split system air-conditioner and heat pump systems, due to operating degradation or installation problems. Common faults include improper refrigerant charge, reduced evaporator airflow, liquid line restrictions, and the presence of non-condensable gas. Laboratory tests were used to quantify fault impacts on performance of a heat pump system, and impacts on indicator variables such as refrigerant temperatures and pressures. This paper describes a large set of laboratory tests implemented on a high efficiency heat pump operating in cooling mode. This system uses R-410A refrigerant and has a rotary compressor, TXV, two accumulators, and a compensator. A small number of previous experimental studies have been done previously to study the effects of some operating faults, but none has examined a modern system with these components. The tests were conducted with a range of fault intensities and driving conditions. The results are compared to previous researchers’ experimental results. The system’s performance was found to be quite robust in the presence of faults. The TXV, accumulators, and compensator significantly reduce sensitivity to refrigerant charge and liquid line restriction faults, and other faults to a lesser extent.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2024

Debunking common myths in coastal circulation modeling

Despite tremendous progress in algorithm development, computational efficiency and transition into operations over the past two decades, coastal modeling still lacks scientific rigor due to proliferation of many ‘gray’ areas related to various modeling choices made by modelers. Here, in this paper, we propose some guiding principles for the modeling community to improve performance, and we also debunk commonly held myths that make the coastal modeling lack rigor. Using our own experience in developing seamless cross-scale unstructured-grid based models for the past two decades, we describe in unprecedented detail the end-to-end modeling process (i.e., from digital elevation models (DEMs) to mesh generation to post analysis), and demonstrate that defensible modeling is within reach for any end user by following three guiding principles: (1) Bathymetry is a first order forcing in coastal domains and thus should be respected in all aspects of modeling; (2) Oceanographic processes are driven across multiple spatial scales and so models should enable appropriate resolution as needed; and (3) Model assessment should focus on physical processes. Through qualitative and quantitative model assessments, we demonstrate the fundamental role played by bathymetry/topography as embedded in DEMs in making the results defensible, which is unfortunately glossed over in many modeling studies. Focusing on process-based assessment simplifies the calibration process. A major conclusion of this work is that model developers and operators should maximize the scientific rigor for in silico oceanography by avoiding some common pitfalls that rely on error compensation at the expense of representation of physical system processes. We present some best practice procedures for defensive and trustworthy numerical modeling.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Common workflows for computing material properties using different quantum engines

The prediction of material properties based on density-functional theory has become routinely common, thanks, in part, to the steady increase in the number and robustness of available simulation packages. This plurality of codes and methods is both a boon and a burden. While providing great opportunities for cross-verification, these packages adopt different methods, algorithms, and paradigms, making it challenging to choose, master, and efficiently use them. We demonstrate how developing common interfaces for workflows that automatically compute material properties greatly simplifies interoperability and cross-verification. We introduce design rules for reusable, code-agnostic, workflow interfaces to compute well-defined material properties, which we implement for eleven quantum engines and use to compute various material properties. Each implementation encodes carefully selected simulation parameters and workflow logic, making the implementer’s expertise of the quantum engine directly available to non-experts. All workflows are made available as open-source and full reproducibility of the workflows is guaranteed through the use of the AiiDA infrastructure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Increased abundance of a common scavenger affects allocation of carrion but not efficiency of carcass removal in the Fukushima Exclusion Zone

Abstract The 2011 nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan caused the evacuation of > 100,000 people and prompted studies on environmental impacts of radiological contamination. However, few researchers have explored how the human evacuation has affected ecosystem processes. Despite contamination, one common scavenger (wild boar, Sus scrofa ) is 2–3× more abundant inside the Fukushima Exclusion Zone (FEZ). Shifts in abundance of some scavenger species can have cascading effects on ecosystems, so our objective was to investigate impacts of the evacuation and the resulting increase in wild boar on vertebrate scavenger communities. We deployed cameras at 300 carcasses in the FEZ and a nearby inhabited area, and quantified carcass fate, scavenger species, and detection/persistence times. We also tested effects of carcass size and habitat on scavenger community composition and efficiency by balancing trials across two carcass sizes and habitats in each zone. Overall scavenger richness and carcass removal rates (73%) were similar in the FEZ and inhabited area, but species-specific carcass removal rates and occurrence differed between zones. Wild boar removed substantially more carcasses inside the FEZ, with implications for nutrient and contaminant distribution. Our results suggest carcass size affects scavenging dynamics more than human activity or habitat, and abundance changes of common scavengers can influence carrion resource allocation.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

PHYSLITE - A new reduced common data format for ATLAS

The High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) era brings unprecedented computing challenges that call for novel approaches to reduce the amount of real and Monte Carlo-simulated data that is stored, while continuing to support the rich physics program of the ATLAS experiment. With the beginning of LHC Run 3, ATLAS introduced a new common data format, PHYS, that replaces most of the analysis-specific formats that were used in Run 2, and therefore reduces the disk storage significantly. ATLAS also launched the prototype of another common format, PHYSLITE, that is about a third of the size of PHYS. PHYSLITE will be the main format for ATLAS at the HL-LHC and aims to serve 80% of all physics analyses. To simplify analysis workloads and further reduce disk usage it is designed to largely replace user-defined analysis n-tuples and consequently contains pre-calibrated objects. Various forms of validations are in place to ensure correct functionality for users. Developments continue towards HL-LHC to improve the PHYSLITE format further.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Quantum Chemistry Common Driver and Databases (QCDB) and Quantum Chemistry Engine (QCEngine): Automation and interoperability among computational chemistry programs

We report that community efforts in the computational molecular sciences (CMS) are evolving toward modular, open, and interoperable interfaces that work with existing community codes to provide more functionality and composability than could be achieved with a single program. The Quantum Chemistry Common Driver and Databases (QCDB) project provides such capability through an application programming interface (API) that facilitates interoperability across multiple quantum chemistry software packages. In tandem with the Molecular Sciences Software Institute and their Quantum Chemistry Archive ecosystem, the unique functionalities of several CMS programs are integrated, including CFOUR, GAMESS, NWChem, OpenMM, Psi4, Qcore, TeraChem, and Turbomole, to provide common computational functions, i.e., energy, gradient, and Hessian computations as well as molecular properties such as atomic charges and vibrational frequency analysis. Both standard users and power users benefit from adopting these APIs as they lower the language barrier of input styles and enable a standard layout of variables and data. These designs allow end-to-end interoperable programming of complex computations and provide best practices options by default.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗