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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1960

Equipment for Thermal-Balance Studies in the Langley Instrument Research Division

The Langley Research Center is in the process of obtaining emissivity measuring apparatus. This apparatus will be used to measure the solar absorptance and low-temperature emittance of space-vehicle materials. Two types of instrumentation will be used. One type will be the total hemispherical emissivity apparatus being constructed at this Center. The other will be double-beam photoelectric ratio-recording spectrophotometer apparatus which is being purchased.

Spiers, Robert B., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Compositional effects on mechanical properties of hafnium-carbide-strengthened molybdenum alloys

The mechanical properties of swaged rod thermomechanically processed from arc melted Mo-2Re-Hf-C alloys containing as much as 0.9-mol% HfC were evaluated. The low-temperature ductilities of these alloys were not influenced by the amount of HfC present but by the amount of Hf in excess of stoichiometry. Maximum ductility occurred at 0.2- to 0.3-at.% excess Hf. At 0.3- to 0.5-mol% HfC, alloy strength varied directly with the Mo content of extracted carbide particles, both decreasing as the amount of excess Hf increased. Additions of 2-at.% Re had little effect on strength or ductility. Tensile and creep strengths of Mo-2Re-0.7Hf-0.5C alloy equaled or exceeded those of other high strength Mo alloys.

Witzke, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Production of simple molecules on the surface of Mercury

Lunar sample studies have shown that solar-wind irradiation of the lunar surface has produced a variety of low-molecular-weight compounds. Analysis of the lunar soils has revealed the presence of H2, CH4, H2O, N2, CO, CO2, He, Ne and other components which are extralunar. Irradiation experiments on lunar materials and analogs have shown that solar-wind and solar-flare irradiation of the lunar surface produces selected low-molecular-weight components. Solar-wind irradiation of Mercury's surface should also produce a wide variety of low-molecular-weight species because of the increased solar flux, which results from Mercury being nearer the sun than the moon. The thermal regime of Mercury's surface would result in thermal evaporation of low-temperature components followed by 'cold-trapping' on the night-time side of the planet. Such desorption-adsorption processes assist chemical weathering of Mercury's regolith.

Gibson, E. K., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Thermal-chemical instabilities in CO clouds

The stability of interstellar clouds containing CO is analyzed taking account of formation processes for CO. Two such processes are examined: O(+) charge exchange and C(+) radiative association. It is found that the C(+) radiative-association chemistry leads to low-temperature instabilities which influence the evolution of clouds. It is also found that instability may set in if CO production increases sufficiently with density, that the O(+) charge-exchange chemistry leads to instability associated with attenuation of the interstellar radiation field by grains, and that thermal instabilities will also result if grain formation, rather than ion-molecule chemistry, dominates CO production. It is suggested that such instabilities play a role in the fragmentation of interstellar clouds and in the formation of protostellar objects.

Glassgold, A. E.↗
NASA NTRS1966

Process for preparing dispersions of alkali metals

Finely divided particles of alkali metals are produced by combining alkali metals with certain aromatic compounds in selected solvents to form low-temperature soluble complexes from which the pure alkali metals precipitate quantitatively when the solutions are warmed. All operations must be carried out in an inert gas atmosphere.

Landel, R. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Mineralogic and petrologic study of the low-temperature minerals in carbonaceous chondrites

Samples and petrographic thin sections of the Orgueil, Ivuna, and Alais chondrites were examined by optical, X-ray, and SEM techniques. Mineral species identified as primary vein constituents were epsomite, gypsum, and a calcium-magnesium carbonate. Relative abundances and textural relationships have suggested that fracture mineralization was a multi stage process, with individual mineralizations closely associated with impact brecciation events. Mass balance considerations of carbonaceous chondrite matrix support the prevailing view that the source of the fracture filling minerals was local. By inference they also suggest that the phyllosilicate matrix has been chemically altered and that there are probably very few primitive mineral phases in the primitive Cl chondrites.

Wood, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

A reliable all-silver front contact for silicon solar cells

The feasibility of making an adherent and moisture degradation resistant silver-only front contact to silicon solar cells was demonstrated. Optimum fabrication processes and process sequences were determined for making such contacts. These contacts were found to also have good electrical characteristics. A back contact of aluminum-silver was also developed. This proved very satisfactory for low-temperature applications.

Lamneck, J. H., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Low-temperature relaxations in amorphous polyolefins

The dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of two series of amorphous polyolefins, was investigated from 4.2 K to the glass transition. Most of the polymers show a damping maximum or plateau in the 40 to 50 K region. Various mechanisms which have been suggested for cryogenic relaxations in amorphous polymers are considered as they might relate to the polyolefins. Two secondary relaxation processes above 80 K are distinguished. A relaxation at about 160 K (beta) in the second and third member of each series is associated with restricted blackbone motion. This process requires a certain degree of chain flexibility since it is not observed in the first member of each series. A lower temperature process (gamma) is observed in each member of the second series and is attributed to motion of the ethyl side group.

Hiltner, A.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Fused silica reflecting heat shields for outer planet entry probes

The development of slip-cast fused silica is discussed as a heat shield designed to meet the needs of outer-planet entry probes. The distinguishing feature of silica is its ability to reflect the radiation imposed by planetary-entry environments. This reflectivity is particularly sensitive to degradation by the presence of trace amounts of contaminants introduced by the starting materials or by processing. The microstructure of a silica configuration also significantly influences the reflectivity and other thermomechanical properties. The processing techniques attendant on controlling microstructure while maintaining purity are discussed. The selection of a starting material of essential purity precludes the use of purified natural quartz and requires the use of synthetic fused silica. The silica is characterized in a limited combined heating test environment. The surface mass loss is controlled by liquid runoff from a relatively low-temperature melt layer; the reflectance is basically maintained and the material achieves a surprisingly high heat of ablation.

Congdon, W. M.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Volatile element chemistry of selected lunar, meteoritic, and terrestrial samples

Using vacuum pyrolysis and high resolution mass spectrometry, a study is made of the gas release patterns of representative lunar samples, meteorites, terrestrial samples, and synthetic samples doped with various sources of carbon and nitrogen. The pyrolytic gas evolution patterns were intercorrelated, allowing an assessment of the possible sources of the volatilizable material in the lunar samples to be made. Lightly surface adsorbed species and more strongly chemisorbed species are released from ambient to 300 C and from 300 to 500 C, respectively. The low-temperature volatiles (less than 500 C) derived from various chondrites correlate well with the gas evolution patterns of volatile-rich samples, as for example 74220 and 61221. Solar wind entrapped species and molecules derived from reactions probably in the grain surfaces are evolved from about 500 to 700 C, respectively. Solar wind implanted C, N, and S species are generated from 750 to 1150 C, probably by reaction with the mineral matrix during the annealing process. Possible indigenous and/or refractory carbide, nitride, and sulfide C, N, and S are released in the region from 1200 C to fusion.

Simoneit, B. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, 14th, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Va., July 12-15, 1977, Proceedings

Topics related to processing and hardness assurance are considered, taking into account the radiation hardening of CMOS technologies, technological advances in the manufacture of radiation-hardened CMOS integrated circuits, CMOS hardness assurance through process controls and optimized design procedures, the application of operational amplifiers to hardened systems, a hard off-the-shelf SG1524 pulse width modulator, and the gamma-induced voltage breakdown anomaly in a Schottky diode. Basic mechanisms are examined, giving attention to chemical and structural aspects of the irradiation behavior of SiO2 films on silicon, experimental observations of the chemistry of the SiO2/Si interface, leakage current phenomena in irradiated SOS devices, the avalanche injection of holes into SiO2, the low-temperature radiation response of Al2O3 gate insulators, and neutron damage mechanisms in silicon at 10 K. Other subjects discussed are related to radiation effects in devices and circuits, space radiation effects, and aspects of simulation, energy deposition, and dosimetry.

Stahl, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Low-temperature solid-state phase transformations in 2H silicon carbide

Single crystals of 2H SiC were observed to undergo phase transformations at temperatures as low as 400 C. Some 2H crystals transformed to a structure with one-dimensional disorder along the crystal c axis. Others transformed to a faulted cubic/6H structure. The transformation is time and temperature dependent and is greatly enhanced by dislocations. Observations indicate that the transformation takes place by means of a slip process perpendicular to the c axis. Cubic SiC crystals were observed to undergo a solid state transformation above 1400 C.

Will, H. A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Low-temperature solid-state phase transformations in 2H silicon carbide.

Study of the phase transformations taking place in 2H SiC single crystals at temperatures as low as 400 C. Some crystals transformed to a structure with one-dimensional disorder along the crystal c axis. Others transformed to a faulted cubic/6H structure. The transformation is time and temperature dependent, and is greatly enhanced by dislocations. The transformation takes place by means of a slip process perpendicular to the c axis. Cubic SiC crystals were observed to undergo a solid-state transformation above 1400 C.

Powell, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Development of design allowables data for adhesives for attaching reusables surface insulation, addendum 1A

The task consisted of conducting mechanical and thermal tests to establish design allowables data on a new room temperature vulcanizing (RTV) silicone adhesive, X3-6004. Low modulus, coupled with relatively low density and good low-temperature properties of this adhesive, places it in contention as a candidate for attaching reusable surface insulation on the space shuttle. Data obtained show that the modulus values of X3-6004 are significantly lower than those of RTV-560 and the other three adhesives characterized at test temperatures from 550 to -175 F. At -175, -200 and -270 F, the modulus of X3-6004 is approximately the same as GE RTV-560 and the other three silicone adhesives. The X3-6004 adhesive exhibits good processing properties. It has a 12 percent lower density than RTV-560. Although lower in overall strength properties as compared to the other adhesives in the program, X3-6004 has adequate adhesion to 2024T81 aluminum to compete as an adhesive for attaching reusable surface insulation. It does exhibit some tendency to revert and soften at temperatures above 350 F when in a confined area.

Owen, H. P.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Alloy softening in binary iron solid solutions

An experimental study was conducted to determine whether alloy softening in Fe alloys is dependent on electron concentration and to provide a direct comparison of alloy softening and hardening in several binary Fe alloy systems having the same processing history. Alloy additions to Fe included the elements in the Periods 4-6 and the Groups IV-VIII with the exception of technetium. A total of 19 alloy systems was investigated, and hardness testing was the primary means of evaluation. Testing was carried out at four temperatures over a homologous temperature range of 0.043-0.227 times the absolute melting temperature of unalloyed Fe. Major conclusions are that the atomic radius ratio of solute-to-Fe is the key factor in controlling low-temperature hardness of the binary Fe alloys and that alloy softening rates at 77 K and alloy hardening rates at 411 K are correlated with this atomic radius ratio for 15 of the binary alloy systems. Mechanisms of alloy softening and hardening are proposed.

Stephens, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Low-temperature condensates in comets

Recent observational data on the volatile fraction of comets are confronted with a model based on the fractional condensation, in the 80-100 K range, of a higher-temperature equilibrium obtained from a solar mixture, more or less depleted in oxygen and in hydrogen. It is possible to almost duplicate the observational data, only by assuming that the solar ratio of C/O is at least as large as 0.66 and that the hydrogen was drastically depleted by an unknown process in the primitive solar nebula. Although none of these two assumptions is at variance with present knowledge, the latter is sufficiently exotic to propose a simpler explanation, namely that comets could be made of interstellar grains relatively unprocessed by heat.

Delsemme, A. H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Thermal metamorphism of primitive meteorites. VII - Mineralogy-petrology of heated Murchison /C2/ and alteration of C30 and other chondrites

Alterations caused by week-long heating of Murchison in a low-pressure environment at 400-1400 C are of two types: thermodynamically favored kinetically controlled or thermodynamically controlled rapid processes. Kinetically controlled changes pertinent to chondritic evolution and which vary progressively with temperature in heated Murchison include: chondrule blurring; matrix coarsening; increasing mean Fa and Fs contents of ferromagnesian silicates; equilibration of olivine; increasing Mg/Si, Ca/Si, Al/Si, and Cr/Si and decreasing Fe/Si, Ni/Si, and S/Si in matrix; Cr loss from kamacite; and homogenization and Ni-zoning in taenite at high temperatures. Low-temperature thermodynamically controlled changes include: transformation of high-Ni troilite to low-Ni and formation of Ni- and Co-rich metal from pentlandite. High-temperature changes include formation of Cr-rich magnetite and formation of a Ni-rich sulfide similar to that found in highly altered chondrites. Trends resulting from processes of both kinds in Murchison are consistent with characteristics of a postulated C30 metamorphic suite, while those changes caused by reactions of the second kind are similar to those in heavily shock-heated ordinary chondrites and the heavily metamorphosed C5-6 chondrite, Mulga West. Either the simulations support the metamorphic origin of the C30 suite and other thermally induced changes or the natural alterations support the utility of laboratory simulations in studying meteoritic evolution.

Matza, S. D.↗