Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “room temperature RF”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2019

Development of Space-Flight Compatible Room-Temperature Electronics for the Lynx X-Ray Microcalorimeter

We are studying the development of space-flight compatible room-temperature electronics for the Lynx x-ray microcalorimeter (LXM) of the Lynx mission. The baseline readout technique for the LXM is microwave SQUID multiplexing. The key modules at room temperature are the RF electronics module and the digital electronics and event processor (DEEP). The RF module functions as frequency converters and mainly consists of local oscillators and I/Q mixers. The DEEP performs demultiplexing and event processing, and mainly consists of field-programmable gate arrays, ADCs, and DACs. We designed the RF electronics and DEEP to be flight ready, and estimated the power, size, and mass of those modules. There are two boxes each for the RF electronics and DEEP for segmentation, and the sizes of the boxes are 13 in: × 13 in: × 9 in: for the RF electronics and 15.5 in: × 11.5 in: × 9.5 in: for the DEEP. The estimated masses are 25.1 kg∕box for the RF electronics box and 24.1 kg∕box for the DEEP box. The maximum operating power for the RF electronics is 141 W or 70.5 W∕box, and for the DEEP box is 615 W or 308 W∕box. The overall power for those modules is 756 W. We describe the detail of the designs as well as the approaches to the estimation of resources, sizes, masses, and powers.

Sakai, Kazuhiro↗
DOE OSTI2025

Cyclotron resonance accelerators for industrial applications

Here, this paper describes novel configurations for cyclotron resonance acceleration of electrons and ions that have several attractive features including: a compact robust room-temperature single-cell RF cavity as the accelerator structure; and continuous high current accelerated un-bunched beam output with self-scanning, obviating need for a separate beam scanner. An electron accelerator version, the electron Cyclotron Resonance Accelerator (eCRA), is under development to be an efficient source for high power electron and x-ray beams for medical, research, sterilization, and National Security applications, so as to replace radioactive materials. An ion accelerator version, the ion Cyclotron Auto-Resonance Accelerator (iCARA) is described here, suggesting its potential to produce, as an example, a high-current multi-MeV beam of deuterons which could be highly competitive with that produced either with linacs or cyclotrons. Such a deuteron beam could produce a high flux of fast neutrons via deuteron stripping, for applications including the transmutation of used nuclear fuel, material studies relevant for a fusion reactor inner wall, tritium breeding and medical isotope production. For the high-current, high efficiency simulated performance for eCRA and iCARA as described in this paper, the particle beams produced may not exhibit the low emittance values that are important for most discovery research. Rather, the beams could be useful for industrial applications where higher emittance and some energy spread can be tolerated, in favor of high beam power.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a compact electron cyclotron resonance accelerator for industrial and security applications

We describe the development of a novel accelerator, an electron Cyclotron Resonance Accelerator (eCRA) [1], to produce high power electron beams and X-ray beams for medical, research, sterilization, and national security applications. The several attractive features of eCRA include: a compact robust room-temperature single-cell RF cavity as the accelerating structure; continuous ampere-level high current output; and production of a self-rastering electron beam, thus eliminating the need for a separate beam scanner. Progress on the eCRA development, including numerical simulation, engineering design, and on-going experimental efforts will be reported here.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mock-Up Waveguide Loop Development toward a Half-Meter Scale Traveling-Wave SRF Cavity

Mock-up waveguide loop development toward a half-meter scale traveling-wave SRF cavity ABSTRACT = Traveling-Wave (TW) technology can push the accelerator field gradient of niobium SRF cavity to 70MV/m or higher beyond the fundamental limit of 50~60MV/m in Standing-Wave regime. The success of TW resonance excitation in a proof-of-principle 3-cell SRF cavity in 2K liquid helium encouraged to advance TW technologies necessary more for future accelerator-scale one. Fermilab has proposed a preliminary RF design of a half-meter scale TW cavity by considering the physical dimensions of existing SRF facilities and the lessons learned from the 3-cell. It consists of a 7-cell structure and a power feedback waveguide (WG) loop with new TW excitation and control schemes such as, double directional coupler and two WG tuners. Mock-up waveguide loop development was launched under Fermilab LDRD program to demonstrate those new RF schemes at a room temperature. Fabrication drawings of a mock-up loop were completed. More details and plans of the development will be presented.

Furuta, Fumio [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mock-up Waveguide Loop Development toward a half-meter scale Traveling-Wave (TW) SRF cavity

Traveling-Wave (TW) technology can push the accelera-tor field gradient of niobium SRF cavity to 70MV/m or higher beyond the fundamental limit of 50~60MV/m in Standing-Wave regime. The success of TW resonance excitation in a proof-of-principle 3-cell SRF cavity in 2K liquid helium encouraged to advance TW technologies necessary more for future accelerator-scale one. Fermilab has proposed a preliminary RF design of a half-meter scale TW cavity by considering the physical dimensions of existing SRF facilities and the lessons learned from the 3-cell. It consists of a 7-cell structure and a power feed-back waveguide (WG) loop with new TW excitation and control schemes such as, double directional coupler and two WG tuners. Mock-up waveguide loop development was launched under Fermilab LDRD program to demon-strate those new RF schemes at a room temperature. Fab-rication drawings of a mock-up loop were completed. Here details and plans of the development are reported.

Furuta, F. [Fermilab] (ORCID:0009000072218576)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and Modeling of the Charge Readout of a SiMOS Quantum Dot with a Single Electron Transistor and CryoCMOS

Single electron spin qubits trapped in SiMOS quantum dots are a promising technology for scaling to thousand- or million-qubit systems due to their compatibility with mature CMOS manufacturing processes. A readout system that combines a single electron transistor with a custom cryogenic CMOS amplification and digitization chain offers key advantages by avoiding the use of bulky RF components or room-temperature interconnects. We present design techniques and simulation results for an optimized qubit-SET cryoCMOS interface, culminating in the design of the QNDR1 ASIC, the first cryogenic readout ASIC designed under the Quandarum project, which targets the development of a many-channel spin qubit based detector for use in high energy physics.

Quinn, Adam [Fermilab] (ORCID:0009000605056371)↗
DOE OSTI2020

Simons Observatory Microwave SQUID Multiplexing Readout: Cryogenic RF Amplifier and Coaxial Chain Design

The Simons Observatory (SO) is an upcoming polarization-sensitive cosmic microwave background experiment on the Cerro Toco Plateau (Chile) with large overlap with other optical and infrared surveys (e.g., DESI, LSST, HSC). To enable the readout of O(10,000) detectors in each of the four telescopes of SO, we will employ the microwave SQUID multiplexing technology. With a targeted multiplexing factor of O(1000), microwave SQUID multiplexing has never been deployed on the scale needed for SO. Here we present the design of the cryogenic coaxial cable and RF component chain that connects room temperature readout electronics to superconducting resonators that are coupled to transition edge sensor bolometers operating at sub-Kelvin temperatures. We describe design considerations including cryogenic RF component selection, system linearity, noise, and thermal power dissipation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Radio frequency mixing modules for superconducting qubit room temperature control systems

As the number of qubits in nascent quantum processing units increases, the connectorized RF (radio frequency) analog circuits used in first generation experiments become exceedingly complex. The physical size, cost, and electrical failure rate all become limiting factors in the extensibility of control systems. We have developed a series of compact RF mixing boards to address this challenge by integrating I/Q quadrature mixing, intermediate frequency/LO (local oscillator)/RF power level adjustments, and direct current bias fine tuning on a 40 × 80 mm 2 four-layer printed circuit board with electromagnetic interference shielding. The RF mixing module is designed to work with RF and LO frequencies between 2.5 and 8.5 GHz. The typical image rejection and adjacent channel isolation are measured to be ~27 dBc and ~50 dB. By scanning the drive phase in a loopback test, the module short-term amplitude and phase linearity are typically measured to be 5 ×10 -4 (V pp /V mean ) and 1 ×10 -3 radian (pk-pk). The operation of the RF mixing board was validated by integrating it into the room temperature control system of a superconducting quantum processor and executing randomized benchmarking characterization of single and two qubit gates. We measured a single-qubit process infidelity of 9.3(3) × 10 -4 and a two-qubit process infidelity of 2.7(1) × 10 -2 .

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-brightness electron injectors for high-duty cycle X-ray free electron lasers

The successful development in the last two decades of X-ray free electron lasers (FELs) with their revolutionary brightness performance has been tightly dependent on the parallel development of electron guns and injectors capable of providing the high-brightness electron beams required by FELs lasing at these short wavelengths. The ultimate brightness delivered by a linear accelerator (linac) is already set at its injector and the remaining part of the accelerator can be only designed to preserve the injector performance. The technology to be used for the accelerator part of an X-Ray FEL strongly depends on the duty-cycle at which the FEL operates. Normal-conducting, room-temperature, copper-based radio frequency (RF) technology is typically used for low duty-cycles of up to approximately 10 −3 . For higher duty-cycles and up to continuous wave (CW) operation, the linac must rely on superconductive RF technology because, with the higher duty-cycle, the increasingly higher power dissipated in normal conducting RF structures becomes excessive for the warm technology. The situation changes in the lower energy part of the accelerator, where injector schemes, based on direct current, normal-conducting, and superconducting RF electron guns, are demonstrating the beam quality performance required by high-duty-cycle X-ray FELs. In this paper we start with a description of the requirements for such injectors, followed by an overview of the pursued technologies and schemes, and by a discussion on the main differences in terms of beam dynamics between low and high duty-cycle injectors.

Sannibale, Fernando↗
DOE OSTI2022

Summary of Working Group 3: Laser and High-Gradient Structure-Based Acceleration

Accelerating particles at high gradients with high efficiencies is essential for reduction of size and cost of future accelerators for science and industry. This includes a future multi-TeV e+e- collider for particle, free-electron lasers for basic energy sciences and national security, industrial accelerators for energy and environmental applications, and accelerators for other applications. One way to achieve this is to use advanced externally-powered structures, both laser and RF driven. Working Group 3 (WG3) discussed novel accelerating structures with new geometries, new materials, frequencies from microwave to THz and optical spectrum, and operating conditions from room temperature to cryogenic. Presentations included recent advances in understanding RF breakdown and multipactor phenomena at different frequencies and materials, and other physics limitations to the accelerating gradient. Other relevant topics, such as developing high-gradient photoinjectors, high-efficiency RF power sources, and RF structures for a potential muon collider were discussed also. More details on each of the WG3 topics can be found in the articles published in these proceedings.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

DC bulk conductive ceramic with low RF and microwave loss

A DC conductive, low RF/microwave loss titanium oxide ceramic provides, at room temperature, a bulk DC resistivity of less than 1×10 11 ohm-meters and an RF loss tangent of less than 2×10 −4 at 7.5 GHz and less than 2×10 −5 at 650 MHz. The resistivity is reduced by oxygen vacancies and associated Ti 3+ and/or Ti 4+ centers created by sintering in an atmosphere containing only between 0.01% and 0.1% oxygen. The reduced resistivity prevents DC charge buildup, while the low loss tangent provides good RF/microwave transparency and low losses. The ceramic is suitable for forming RF windows, electron gun cathode insulators, dielectrics, and other components. An exemplary Mg 2 TiO 4 —MgTiO 3 embodiment includes mixing, grinding, pre-sintering in air, and pressing 99.95% pure MgO and TiO 2 powders, re-sintering in air at 1400° C.-1500° C. to reduce porosity, and sintering at 1350° C.-1450° C. for 4 hours in an 0.05% oxygen and 99.05% nitrogen atmosphere.

Kanareykin, Alexei↗
NASA NTRS2007

A Unique 520-590 GHz Biased Subharmonically-pumped Schottky Mixer

We report on the design and performance of a novel broadband, biased, subharmonic 520-590 GHz fix-tuned frequency mixer that utilizes planar Schottky diodes. The suspended stripline circuit is fabricated on a GaAs membrane mounted in a split waveguide block. The chip is supported by thick beam leads that are also used to provide precise radio frequency (RF) grounding, RF coupling and dc/intermediate frequency connections. At room temperature, the mixer has a measured double sideband noise temperature of 3000 to 4000 K across the design band.

Schottky diode mixers↗
DOE OSTI2024

High-angular-momentum Rydberg states in a room-temperature vapor cell for dc electric-field sensing

We prepare and analyze Rydberg states with orbital quantum numbers ℓ ≤ 6 using three-optical-photon electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and radio frequency (rf) dressing, and employ the high- ℓ states in electric-field sensing. Rubidium-85 atoms in a room-temperature vapor cell are first promoted into the 25 F 5 / 2 state via Rydberg-EIT with three infrared laser beams. Two rf dressing fields then (near-)resonantly couple the 25 F , 25 H ( ℓ = 5 ) , and 25 I ( ℓ = 6 ) Rydberg states. The dependence of the rf-dressed Rydberg-state level structure on rf powers, rf and laser frequencies is characterized using EIT. Furthermore, we discuss the principles of dc-electric-field sensing using high- ℓ Rydberg states and experimentally demonstrate the method using test electric fields of ≲ 50 V/m induced via photo-illumination of the vapor-cell wall. We measure the highly nonlinear dependence of the dc-electric-field strength on the power of the photo-illumination laser. Numerical calculations, which reproduce our experimental observations well, elucidate the underlying physics. Our paper is relevant to high-precision spectroscopy of high- ℓ Rydberg states, Rydberg-atom-based electric-field sensing, and plasma electric-field diagnostics. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Duspayev, Alisher (ORCID:0000000153225762)↗
NASA NTRS1989

Study of indium tin oxide films exposed to atomic axygen

A qualitative simulation of the effects of atomic oxygen has been conducted on indium tin oxide (ITO) films prepared by dc sputtering onto room-temperature substrates, by exposing them to an RF-excited oxygen plasma and characterizing the resulting changes in optical, electrical, and structural properties as functions of exposure time with ellipsometry, spectrophotometry, resistivity, and X-ray measurements. While the films thus exposed exhibit reduced resistivity and optical transmission; both of these effects, as well as partial crystallization of the films, may be due to sample heating by the plasma. Film resistivity is found to stabilize after a period of exposure.

Snyder, Paul G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Photovoltaic properties of ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films RF sputter deposited on silicon

Ferroelectric thin films of BaTiO3 have been successfully deposited on n-type silicon substrates at temperatures above 500 C by RF sputtering in an O2/Ar atmosphere. Analysis by X-ray diffraction patterns show that films deposited at room temperature are amorphous. At temperatures above 500 C, crystalline BaTiO3 films with a tetragonal structure are obtained. The polarization-electric field (P-E) hysteresis loops and a broad peak in the dielectric constant versus temperature curve at Curie point indicate that the RF sputtered BaTiO3 films are ferroelectric. An anomalous photovoltaic effect is observed in these thin films which is related to the remanent polarization of the material. The results on open-circuit and short-circuit measurements provide an important basis for a better understanding of the role of photovoltaic field, photovoltaic current, and the pyroelectric properties in photoferroelectric domain switching.

Dharmadhikari, V. S.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy with a femtotesla diamond magnetometer

Radio frequency (RF) magnetometers based on nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond are predicted to offer femtotesla sensitivity, but previous experiments were limited to the picotesla level. We demonstrate a femtotesla RF magnetometer using a diamond membrane inserted between ferrite flux concentrators. The device provides ~300-fold amplitude enhancement for RF magnetic fields from 70 kHz to 3.6 MHz, and the sensitivity reaches ~70 fT√s at 0.35 MHz. The sensor detected the 3.6-MHz nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) of room-temperature sodium nitrite powder. The sensor’s recovery time after an RF pulse is ~35 μs, limited by the excitation coil’s ring-down time. The sodium-nitrite NQR frequency shifts with temperature as -1.00±0.02 kHz/K, the magnetization dephasing time is T 2 *=887±51 μs, and multipulse sequences extend the signal lifetime to 332±23 ms, all consistent with coil-based studies. Our results expand the sensitivity frontier of diamond magnetometers to the femtotesla range, with potential applications in security, medical imaging, and materials science.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Development of High-efficiency and Cost-effective Forged Ingot Niobium Technology for Science Frontiers and Accelerator Applications

Development of Forged Ingot Niobium Technology: Worlds science frontier programs and SRF accelerator applications demand high performance and cost-effective SRF accelerator technology [1-8]. Fine-grain (FG) and Large-grain (LG) ingot niobium technologies have been very well developed and implemented in all the present-day accelerator projects. However, forged ingot niobium technology which is the focus of this development proposal will be much more cost-effective and expected to have several technical advantages. FG niobium sheet production is very complex involving more than ten processing steps making them prone to contamination. As a result, they are very expensive to produce and require stringent QA procedure to be ready for SRF cavity production. The accelerating cavity process steps are also numerous and require strict procedures in order to achieve high accelerating gradients and quality factors needed for science frontier programs. LG niobium disc production, directly sliced from the ingot, is relatively simple and straight forward to keep surface cleanness. The disc production cost is significantly low compared to FG niobium sheet production. However, there are (some) draw backs due to non-homogeneity of the grain boundary distribution, resulting in non-uniform mechanical properties and complex cavity fabrication, although the LG cavities achieve the expected high-gradient performance goals with lower cost. Medium-grain (MG) niobium disk production may be realized with a new approach/process, the disc directly sliced from the forged ingot, involves a simpler process steps contributing major production cost reduction [9]. These discs are expected to be superior as they tend to be homogenous with uniform sub millimeter grains and mechanical properties. We are eagerly looking forward to developing the forged ingot niobium SRF accelerator technology for the benefit of the world-wide science frontier programs, green energy subcritical nuclear energy systems and a wide variety of industrial applications including the production of radio isotopes and nuclear transmutation applications. Measurement of thermal characteristics of the forged ingot niobium: Measurement of the thermal diffusivity, D, of superconducting MG niobium is important to be understood in comparison with FG sheet and LG disc, as well as that of advanced composite material of Nb3Sn film sputtered on forged ingot Nb, which will be determined using transient pump-probe thermo-modulation [10,11]. Transient thermo-modulation is based on using an ultrafast laser pulse to heat the superconducting materials by a few K, then a synchronized laser pulse probes the reflectance of the heated material. For thin films on a substrate (e.g, 100-nm Nb3Sn on Nb), it takes <100 ps for the heat to reach the substrate by diffusion. Therefore, an ultrafast method is needed to probe D of the studied material. D will be measured from room temperature to liquid helium temperatures. Fundamental Research: The increase of rf loss in SRF cavities is related to trapping of residual magnetic field during the cavity cool-down. The study suggested that the micro structure plays the role in flux trapping sensitivity. The research includes the flux trapping and expulsion study as forged ingot niobium goes through several mechanical deformations, crystallization leading to the optimal SRF cavity performance. Furthermore, the cavity made from FG, MG, and LG sheet/disc will be compared to understand the optimal re-crystallization temperature that cavity needed to be heat treated which minimize the flux trapping and increase SRF cavity performance. References: 1. S. Belomestnykh, Overview of recent SRF developments for ERLs, presented at the SRF 2015, Whistler, BC, Canada (2015). 2. A. Yamamoto, M. Yamanaka and G. Myneni, Ingot Nb based SRF Technology for the International Linear Collider, in Science and Technology of Ingot Niobium for Superconducting Radio Frequency Applications, AIP Conf. Proc. 1687, 030005-1 ? 03005-6, 2015 3. Report of the Workshop on Energy and Environmental Applications of Accelerators, DOE Workshop Report. https://science.osti.gov/-/media/hep/pdf/Reports/2020/CASM_WorkshopReport.pdf? la=en&hash=AEB0B318ED0436B1C5FF4EE0FDD6DEB84C2F15B2 4. G. Ciovati, et al., Design of a cw, low-energy, high-power superconducting linac for environmental applications, Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 21, 091601 (2018). 5. P. Dhakal, et al., Effect of high temperature heat treatments on the quality factor of a large-grain superconducting radio-frequency niobium cavity, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 16, 042001 (2013). 6. P. Kneisel et al., Review of ingot niobium as a material for superconducting radio frequency accelerating cavities, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 774, 133 (2015). 7. G. Ciovati, P. Dhakal, and G. R, Myneni, Superconducting radio-frequency cavities made from medium and low-purity niobium ingots, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 29, 064002 (2016). 8. M. Drury et al., commissioning of the prototype C75 cavities in a CEBAF cryomodule, in Proc. of IPAC 2018, Vancouver, BC, Canada (2018) 9. Feasibility of forged-ingot niobium disc and SRF cavity fabrication technology recently demonstrated in cooperation of ATI, BSCE, and KEK (2020). 10. Hani E. Elsayed-Ali, ?Measurements of heat transport in thin films by ultrafast laser-based techniques,? 3rd International Conference on Thermal Issues in Emerging Technologies Theory and Applications, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 347 ? 350 (2010). DOI: 10.1109/ThETA17616.2010 11. W. M. G. Ibrahim, H. E. Elsayed-Ali, M. Schinn, and C. A. Bonner, Jr., ?Ultrafast investigation of electron dynamics in multilayer metals,? Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer, 47(10?11), 2261?2268 (2004).

Myneni, G.↗
DOE OSTI2021

On the Phase Grouping Mechanism for a Magnetron Coherent Oscillation

CW magnetrons, developed for industrial heaters, but driven by an injection-locking signal were suggested to power Superconducting RF (SRF) cavities due to higher efficiency and lower cost of generated RF power per Watt than traditionally used RF sources (klystrons, IOTs, solid-state amplifiers). When the magnetrons are intended to feed Room Temperature (RT) cavities, the injected phase or frequency locking signal may provide required phase or frequency stability of the accelerating field. However, when the magnetron RF sources are intended to feed high Q-factor SRF cavities, the sources must be controlled in phase and power in a wide bandwidth to compensate parasitic phase and amplitude modulations caused by microphonics. In dependence on parameters of magnetron and the injection-locking signal one can choose regime most suitable for feeding SRF cavities, enabling magnetron almost coherent oscillation at the wide bandwidth of control. A novel approach considering magnetrons as quasi-coherent or coherent RF generators enables choosing the tube parameters and operation most suitable for various SRF accelerators.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗