Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “METALS - CRYSTALLIZATION”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Diffusion in liquid metal systems

Physical properties of twenty liquid metals are reported; some of the data on such liquid metal properties as density, electrical resistivity, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity are summarized in graphical form. Data on laboratory handling and safety procedure are summarized for each metal; heat-transfer-correlations for liquid metals under various conditions of laminar and turbulent flow are included. Where sufficient data were available, temperature equations of properties were obtained by the method of least-squares fit. All values of properties given are valid in the given liquid phase ranges only. Additional tabular data on some 40 metals are reported in the appendix. Included is a brief description of experiments that were performed to investigate diffusion in liquid indium-gallium systems.

Ukanwa, A. O.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The Shaw chondrite. I - The case of the missing metal

The mineralogy as well as the elemental and isotopic composition of the Shaw meteorite indicate that it is a highly metamorphosed L-group chondrite which has lost a portion of its metal and sulfide. The metal which remains has an unusual composition relative to that in other L-group chondrites. It is enriched in Ga, Ge, Ir, Mo, Os, Pt, Re, and Ru but depleted in As, Au, Cu, and Sb. A comparison of the relative enrichments and depletions in Shaw with those observed in San Cristobal, the extreme end-member of group IAB iron meteorites, shows that the metal phases in these two meteorites have complementary compositions. This implies that the metal in Shaw represents the residual solid of a partial melting process while the missing metal, which drained away, may have gone to form an iron meteorite, like San Cristobal.

Rambaldi, E. R.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Metal melting, joining, and alloying under weightlessness

During the Skylab mission experiments were conducted concerning the influence of weightlessness on molten metals and the solidification process. It was found that the absence of gravity-induced thermal convection and sedimentation modified the properties of the bulk melt. A metals melting experiment was conducted to study the behavior of metal melted by an electron beam and to evaluate the feasibility of joining metals in space. An exothermic brazing experiment investigated the spreading, mixing, and capillary flow of molten braze material. The containerless melting and solidification of small samples of several metals was studied in another experiment. A description is also given of a study of the directional solidification of solid solution alloys.

Snyder, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Pallasites - Metal composition, classification and relationships with iron meteorites

A comparative study was conducted of the metal composition of 34 pallasites in order to shed further light on the origin of these meteorites. Concentrations of Au, As, Co, Ga, Ge, Ir, Ni, and W in pallasitic metal were determined. Most pallasites are found to have similar compositions indicating a close genetic relationship, and are designated as main group. The Eagle Station Trio is unrelated to the main group as indicated by higher Ni, Ge, and Ir and lower As, Au, and Ga contents in the metal, and olivine richer in Fe and Sc and poorer in Mg and Mn. The trio of Springwater, Rawlinna and Phillips County have metal compositions appropriate to high-Ni main group members, but their fayalite contents suggest they are not closely related to it. Pavlodar and Glorieta Mountain appear to be unique pallasites, and Brenham an anomalous main group member. Krasnoyarsk is classified as a main group member. Main group pallasites have metal compositions which overlap those of IIIAB iron meteorites on a Ga-Ge plot, and they have similar Au, As, Cr, Ir, Ni and W contents to high-Ni IIIAB irons.

Scott, E. R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Radiative metallic thermal protection systems - A status report

During the early stages of the space shuttle program there were a number of technological uncertainties concerning the applicability of metallic thermal protection systems (TPS) to the multimission environment of the shuttle. To resolve the uncertainties and to advance the state-of-the-art, the NASA-Langley Research Center initiated a broad-based technology program to develop metallic TPS over the temperature range from 810 K to 1590 K. Wind tunnel tests conducted to assess the influence of surface/stream interaction of wavy surfaces on the design of metallic TPS indicate small increases in heat flux and surface drag for flow angles less than 20 deg. Analytical and experimental investigations, recently completed, have significantly improved prediction methods for cyclic creep behavior of TPS components repeatedly exposed to complex mission cycles. Thermal/structural concept optimization studies to minimize mass while maintaining structural integrity have led to advanced designs with unit masses which are competitive with those for shuttle RSI. In addition, the durability and reusability of metallic TPS have been repeatedly demonstrated in tests of full-scale systems. The current state-of-the-art strongly suggests that radiative metallic TPS have come of age.

Bohon, H. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

An experimental study of phosphate reduction and phosphorus-bearing lunar metal particles

Results are reported for two sets of experiments conducted to investigate the distribution and origin of phosphorus in lunar metal particles. The first set measured the equilibrium oxygen fugacity as a function of temperature for synthesized Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-P alloys; the second set imposed various oxygen pressures so that the P distribution among the coexisting phases could be observed. The conditions of temperature, oxygen fugacity, and time necessary to produce P contents similar to those found in lunar metal particles are determined. The results show that: (1) the P distribution in lunar-type metal is controlled by oxygen fugacity, temperature, and bulk composition; (2) the P distribution is limited by the reaction rate at the metal surface and by the amount of phosphate in contact with the metal; (3) the nucleation and growth rate of phosphate controls the rate of P loss during oxidation; and (4) an oxygen fugacity of 10 to the -20th power atm at 950 C is required to saturate iron with P. It is concluded that a reducing species such as carbon may establish a local equilibrium and prevent oxygen communication with the surrounding rock.

Friel, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The relation of metal composition to rock type for clasts in Apollo 16 soils

The moderately magnetic fractions of soils from a bright ray of South Ray Crater and from the continuous ejecta of North Ray Crater are described. The clasts in these fractions are classified as agglutinate, ANT melt rocks, glassy melt rocks, and ANT hornfels/breccia. Determinations are made of the Ni-Co and P contents of single-phase metal grains in the clasts. It is found that most of these grains have compositions in the meteoritic range and that the compositions tend to cluster at about 6% Ni. A significant amount of Fe-rich metal is also detected in some clasts along with a clear P-enrichment in metal from one soil sample. Meteoritic contamination of lunar metal having compositions in or close to the meteoritic range is considered. A model involving nine separate factors is proposed as an explanation of the observed metal compositions.

Hewins, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

The relationship between lunar metal particles and phosphate minerals

Phosphorus is often present in lunar rocks and soils in bulk concentrations in excess of 0.5 wt % P205. The minerals apatite and whitlockite account for most of the phosphorus. However, it may also be present in metal grains. The relations between metal particles and the phosphates commonly found adjacent to these particles are investigated, taking into account studies involving three Apollo 17 rocks. It appears that phosphorus in lunar metal particles is related to the phosphate minerals by a redox reaction. The independent phosphates probably formed over much of the cooling period of the rock. While the rock was at high temperature, however, phosphorus was free to diffuse and dissolve in the metal droplets providing conditions were sufficiently reducing. If the rock was partially molten, this process would take less than 1 hr. If cooling occurred slowly under less reducing conditions, some of the phosphorus in the metal particles would be oxidized to form whitlockite.

Friel, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Multilayer metalization of MOS IC's

Modified ion-bombardment technqiue interconnects MOS circuit elements without affecting circuit parameters. Multilevel metalization involves: surface treatment prior to metalization; first metalization; metal pattern definition and photoresist removal; dielectric deposition; second metalization; and final dielectric deposition.

Bouldin, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Auger spectroscopy analysis of lubrication with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate of several metal combinations in sliding contact

Sliding friction experiments were conducted with aluminum and other riders rubbing on disks of various elemental metals in the presence of a thin film of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDP). Auger emission spectroscopy was used to in situ monitor the changes in surface chemistry with rubbing under various loads. The metal disks examined included iron, titanium, rhodium, tungsten, molybdenum, and copper. For equivalent films of ZDP the film is a more effective lubricant for some metals than it is for others. The important active element in the compound varies with the metal lubricated and is a function of metal chemistry. The zinc in the ZDP is susceptible to electron beam induced desorption.

Buckley, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Analysis and measurements of low frequency lightning component penetration through aerospace vehicle metal and graphite skins

An analysis of the shielding properties of mixed metal and graphite composite structures has illustrated some important aspects of electromagnetic field penetration into the interior. These include: (1) that graphite access doors on metallic structures will attenuate lightning magnetic fields very little; conversely, metal doors on a graphite structure will also attenuate fields from lightning strike currents very little, i.e., homogeneity of the shield is a critical factor in shielding and (2) that continuous conductors between two points inside a graphite skin such as an air data probe metallic tubing connection to an air data computer can allow large current penetrations into a vehicle interior. The true weight savings resulting from the use of composite materials can only be evaluated after the resulting electromagnetic problems such as current penetrations have been solved, and this generally requires weight addition in the form of cable shields, conductor bonding or external metallization.

Robb, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Occurrence of cohesion of metals during combined plastic deformation

Experiments were conducted to study the cohesion of metals with surface films of varying thickness and hardness. It was established that the deformation necessary for the occurrence of cohesion is determined by the correlation of mechanical properties of the films and the base metal. The greater the relative hardness of the film the lower the deformation necessary for the occurrence of cohesion. The films are as plastic as the base metal prevent cohesion, since in this case it is impossible for sections of metal to appear that are free of contaminants. The physical perculiarities of metals that determine their capability for coalescence under conditions of dry friction are the relative hardness and plasticity of the oxide films formed on their surface under atmospheric conditions.

Aynbinder, S. G.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Relationship between the ideal tensile strength and the friction properties of metals in contact with nonmetals and themselves

The adhesion and friction properties of metals in contact with diamond, boron nitride, silicon carbide, manganese-zinc ferrite, and the metals themselves in vacuum was investigated. An estimate of the ideal uniaxial tensile was obtained in terms of the equilibrium surface energy, interplanar spacing of the planes perpendicular to the tensile axis, and the Young's modulus of elasticity. The coefficient of friction for metals was found to be related to the ideal tensile strength of metals. The higher the strength of the metal, the lower the coefficient of friction.

Miyoshi, K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Calculations of the surface tensions of liquid metals

The understanding of the surface tension of liquid metals and alloys from as close to first principles as possible is discussed. The two ingredients which are combined in these calculations are: the electron theory of metals, and the classical theory of liquids, as worked out within the framework of statistical mechanics. The results are a new theory of surface tensions and surface density profiles from knowledge purely of the bulk properties of the coexisting liquid and vapor phases. It is found that the method works well for the pure liquid metals on which it was tested; work is extended to mixtures of liquid metals, interfaces between immiscible liquid metals, and to the temperature derivative of the surface tension.

Stroud, D. G.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Chromospheric, transition layer and coronal emission of metal deficient stars

It is shown that while MgII k line emission decreases for metal deficient stars, the Ly alpha emission increases. The sum of chromospheric hydrogen and metallic emission appears to be independent of metal abundances. The total chromospheric energy loss is estimated to be 0.0004 F sub bol. The chromospheric energy input does not seem to decrease for increasing age. The transition layer emission is reduced for metal deficient stars, but it is not known whether the reduction is larger than can be explained by curve of growth effects only. Coronal X-ray emission was measured for 4 metal deficient stars. Within a 12 limit it could still be consistent with the emission of solar abundance stars.

Boehm-Vitense, E.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Metallization for large-area solar cells

In large area, low cost solar cells of any type, the contact and grid structure metallization is an important factor which has an effect on the efficiency of the solar cell and its reliability. The present investigation is concerned with aspects of solar cell efficiency. An optimized metallization design leads to minimum total power loss, which is related to a simultaneous minimization of ohmic voltage drops and of shading of the front surface of the cell by the overlaid metal. The requirements regarding the design for a low-loss metallization pattern for the front surface of large area solar cells are represented by a set of design rules listed in a table. The total shading and voltage drop on such cells can be held to about 5%. However, not every metallization process is suited for meeting the requirements of the low-cost design. The low losses can be achieved only by use of several bus lines containing a bulk conductor, such as a wire.

Wolf, M.↗
NASA NTRS1982

The effect of Ta2O5 on the interaction between silicon and its contact metallization

Evidence is presented showing that the presence of the commonly used antireflection coating material, Ta2O5, on the free surface of contact metallization can either suppress or enhance, depending on the system, the interaction that takes place at elevated temperatures between the metallization and the underlying silicon. The Ta2O5 layer is shown to suppress both the generation and the annihilation of vacancies at the metal free surface which are necessary to support metal-silicon interactions. It is also shown that the mechanical condition of the free metal surface has a significant effect on the passivating ability of the Ta2O5 layer.

Weizer, V. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Experimental investigation of the partitioning of phosphorus between metal and silicate phases - Implications for the earth, moon and eucrite parent body

An experimental study is reported of the partitioning of Phosphorus between solid metal and basaltic silicate liquid as a function of temperature and oxygen fugacity and of the implications for the earth, moon and eucrite parent body (EPB). The relationship established between the partition coefficient and the fugacity is given at 1190 C by log D(P) = -1.12 log fO2 - 15.95 and by log D(P) = -1.53 log fO2 17.73 at 1300 C. The partition coefficient D(P) was determined, and it is found to be consistent with a valence state of 5 for P in the molten silicate. Using the determined coefficient the low P/La ratios of the earth, moon, and eucrites relative to C1 chondrites can be explained. The lowering of the P/La ratio in the eucrites relative to Cl chondrite by a factor of 40 can be explained by partitioning P into 20-25 wt% sulfur-bearing metallic liquid corresponding to 5-25% of the total metal plus silicate system. The low P/La and W/La ratios in the moon may be explained by the partitioning of P and W into metal during formation of a small core by separation of liquid metal from silicate at low degrees of partial melting of the silicates. These observations are consistent with independent formation of the moon and the earth.

Newsom, H. E.↗