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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 361 records · Page 20
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Thermal stability of the nickel-base superalloy B-1900 + Hf with tantalum variations

The microstructure of the solutionized and aged nickel-base superalloy B-1900 + Hf was examined after additional aging at 982 C for 72, 250, and 1000 hours. Alloy compositions that were examined contained the normal 1.34 at. pct (4.3 wt pct) Ta as well as 0.67 at. pct and zero Ta levels. The gamma-prime phase agglomerated, became platelike in morphology, and decreased in volume fraction for all three alloys throughout the aging treatments. Changes which occurred in the gamma and gamma-prime phase compositions were nearly complete after 72 hours of aging while changes in the MC carbide composition continued throughout the aging. Blocky M6C carbides precipitated along the grain boundaries of all three alloys in the first 72 hours of aging. In addition, an acicular form of this Mo/Cr/Ni-rich carbide developed in the intragranular regions of the Ta-containing alloys.

Harmon, B. S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Constitutive modeling for single crystal superalloys

A crystallographic approach to constitutive modeling of single crystal superalloys is discussed. The approach is based on identifying the active slip planes and slip directions. The shear stresses are computed on each of the slip planes from applied stress components. The slip rate is then computed on each slip system and the microscopic inelastic strain rates are the sum of the slip in the individual slip systems. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element code using twenty noted isoparametric solid elements. Constants were determined for octahedral and cube slip systems. These constants were then used to predict tension-compression asymmetry and fatigue loops. Other data was used to model the tensile and creep response.

Stouffer, Donald C.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Deformation, fatigue and fracture behavior of two cast anisotropic superalloys

Tensile and low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests were conducted on two cast anisotropic superalloys. The effects of temperature, strain rate and stress range were investigated. Deformation behavior was extensively characterized and modeled. LCF and fracture behavior were studied and correlated with deformation behavior.

Milligan, Walter W.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of a Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy

The cyclic stress-strain response and similar deformation structures of the single crystal nickel based superalloy was described under a specific set of conditions. The isothermal low cycle fatigue response and deformation structures were described at a typical intermediate temperature and at high temperature. Specimens oriented near the (001) and (111) crystallographic orientations were tested at 1050 C, where more moderate orientation effects were expected. This enabled the description of the deformation structures at each of the 2 temperatures and their relationship to the observed cyclic stress-strain behavior. The initial yield strength of all specimens tested at 650 C was controlled by the shearing of the gamma prime precipitates by dislocation pairs. Low cycle fatigue tests at 650 C had cyclic hardening, which was associated with dislocation interactions in the gamma matrix. The initial yield strength of specimens tested at 1050 C was associated with dislocation bypassing of the gamma prime precipitates. Low cycle fatigue tests at 1050 C had cyclic softening, associated with extensive dislocation recovery at the gamma-gamma prime interfaces along with some gamma prime precipitate coarsening.

Gabb, Timothy P.↗
NASA NTRS1988

A constitutive model with damage for high temperature superalloys

A unified constitutive model is searched for that is applicable for high temperature superalloys used in modern gas turbines. Two unified inelastic state variable constitutive models were evaluated for use with the damage parameter proposed by Kachanov. The first is a model (Bodner, Partom) in which hardening is modeled through the use of a single state variable that is similar to drag stress. The other (Ramaswamy) employs both a drag stress and back stress. The extension was successful for predicting the tensile, creep, fatigue, torsional and nonproportional response of Rene' 80 at several temperatures. In both formulations, a cumulative damage parameter is introduced to model the changes in material properties due to the formation of microcracks and microvoids that ultimately produce a macroscopic crack. A back stress/drag stress/damage model was evaluated for Rene' 95 at 1200 F and is shown to predict the tensile, creep, and cyclic loading responses reasonably well.

Sherwood, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Bithermal fatigue of a nickel-base superalloy single crystal

The thermomechanical fatigue behavior of a nickel-base superalloy single crystal was investigated using a bithermal test technique. The bithermal fatigue test was used as a simple alternative to the more complex thermomechanical fatigue test. Both in-phase and out-of-phase bithermal tests were performed on (100)-oriented coated and bare Rene N4 single crystals. In out-of-plane bithermal tests, the tensile and compressive halves of the cycle were applied isothermally at 760 and 982 C, respectively, while for the in-phase bithermal tests the temperature-loading sequence was reversed. The bithermal fatigue lives of bare specimens were shorter than the isothermal fatigue lives at either temperature extreme when compared on an inelastic strain basis. Both in-phase and out-of-phase bithermal fatigue life curves converged in the large strain regime and diverged in the small strain regime, out-of-phase resulting in the shortest lives. The coating had no effect on life for specimens cycled in-phase; however, the coating was detrimental for isothermal fatigue at 760 C and for out-of-phase fatigue under large strains.

Verrilli, Michael J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Fatigue damage modeling for coated single crystal superalloys

A high temperature, low-cycle fatigue life prediction method for coated single crystal nickel-base superalloys is being developed. The method is being developed for use in predicting crack initiation life of coated single crystal turbine airfoils. Although the models are being developed using coated single crystal PWA 1480, they should be readily adaptable to other coated nickel-base single crystal materials. The coatings choosen for this effort were of two generic types: a low pressure plasma sprayed NiCoCrAlY overlay, designated PWA 286, and an aluminide diffusion, designated PWA 273. In order to predict the useful crack initiation life of airfoils, the constitutive and failure behavior of the coating/substrate combination must be taken into account. Coatings alter the airfoil surface microstructure and are a primary source from which cracks originate. The adopted life prediction approach addresses this complexity by separating the coating and single crystal crack initiation regimes. This provides a flexible means for using different life model formulations for the coating and single crystal materials. At the completion of this program, all constitutive and life model formulations will be available in equation form and as software. The software will use the MARC general purpose finite element code to drive the constitutive models and calculate life parameters.

Nissley, David M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effect of alloy composition on the sodium-sulfate induced hot corrosion attack of cast nickel-base superalloys at 900 C

The effects of Cr, Al, Ti, Mo, Ta, Nb, and W content on the hot corrosion of Ni-base alloys were examined experimentally. The superalloys were tested for 300 1-hr cycles at 900 C in a Mach 0.3 burner rig flame containing 0.5 ppmw sodium. The data reveal that the best corrosion resistance is obtained when the Cr content is greater than 12 percent; however, good resistance is detected in some alloys with Cr content less than 10 percent provided that the Al content is less than 2.5 wt pct and the Ti content is less than 4 wt pct. It is observed that the influence of W, Ta, Mo, and Nb content on resistance is dependent on Al and Ti contents. The derivation of an equation for estimating hot corrosion attack as a function of alloy composition using multiple linear regression analysis is described. The applicability of the equation is tested using various data sets of alloys. It is noted that the equation can be used to explain the effects of alloy composition on attack rates.

Stearns, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

High-temperature oxidation/corrosion of iron-based superalloys

The oxidation and sulfidation of several novel iron-base superalloys were evaluated in high-temperature cyclic tests. The experimental austenitic alloys examined were modifications of NASAUT-4GA which were developed for Stirling-engine application. The weight gains and resulting surface scales were measured and analyzed. Mixed oxide scales were found to form on all specimens exposed above 871 C. The build-up of these scales led to a depletion of Mn and Cr in a zone adjacent to the oxides. In addition, the initial oxidation of the Fe-rich alloy was inhibited by a thin but tenacious Si layer which formed at the interface between oxides and the parent layer. Sulfidation tests using Na2SO4 coatings resulted in the formation of a protective spinel and alpha-Fe2O3 phases. Preferential attack of the carbide phase by hydrogen was not observed after 350 h at 871 C.

Lemkey, F. D.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Role of molybdenum in the Na2SO4 induced corrosion of superalloys at high temperature

Sodium sulfate induced corrosion of a molybdenum containing nickel-base superalloy, Udimet 700, was studied in laboratory furnace test and in a high velocity (Mach 0.3) burner rig. Tlhe effect of SO2 content in the atmosphere on the corrosion behavior in the laboratory furnace tests was determined. catastrophic corrosion occursonly when the melt contains MoO3 in addition to Na2SO4 and Na2MoO4. The conditions under which catastrophic corrosion occurs are identified and a mechanism is described to explain the catastrophic corrosion.

Misra, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effect of initial gamma prime size on the elevated temperature creep properties of single crystal nickel base superalloys

The influence of initial gamma-prime size and shape on the high-temperature creep properties of two single-crystal Ni-base superalloys was investigated. The two alloys were chosen to represent different magnitudes of gamma/gamma-prime lattice mismatch. A range of initial microstructures was produced by various quenching and aging treatments. Creep-rupture testing at 1000 C was performed under stresses where gamma-prime directionally coarsens to form gamma/gamma-prime lamellae in the early portion of the creep life. Both alloys exhibited a peak in creep resistance as a function of initial gamma-prime size. The peak corresponded to an initial microstructure consisting of cuboidal precipitates aligned along 001 line directions. These aligned cuboidal gamma-prime particles directionally coarsened into a relatively perfect lamellar gamma/gamma-prime structure in the early stages of creep, whereas the more irregularly shaped and distributed gamma-prime particles in both under- and overaged material formed more irregular lamellae with more imperfections. The alloy with a lower magnitude of mismatch was less sensitive to initial gamma-prime size and shape.

Nathal, M. V.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Sodium sulfate-induced corrosion of pure nickel and superalloy Udimet 700 in a high velocity burner rig at 900 C

Sodium sulfate-induced corrosion of pure nickel and a commercial nickel-base superalloy, Udimet 700 (U-700), were studied at 900 C in a Mach 0.3 burner rig with different Na levels in the combustor. The corrosion rate of Ni was independent of the Na level in the combustor and considerably lower than that measured in laboratory salt spray tests. The lower rates are associated with the deposition of only a small amount of Na2SO4 on the surface of the NiO scale. Corrosion of U-700 was observed to occur in two stages. During the first stage, the corrosion proceeds by reaction of Cr2O3 scale with the Na2SO4 and evaporation of the Na2CrO4 reaction product from the surface of the corroding sample. Cr depletion in the alloy occurs and small sulfide particles are formed in the Cr depletion zone. Extensive sulfidation occurs during the second state of corrosion, and a thick scale forms. The relationship between the corrosion rate of U-700 and the Na level in the combustor gives a good correlation in the range of 0.3 to 1.5 ppm by weight Na. Very low levels of Na in the combustor cause accelerated oxidation of U-700 without producing the typical hot corrosion morphology.

Misra, A. K.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Hydrogen effects in 001-line oriented nickel-base superalloy single crystals

The entry and subsequent interaction of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of the single crystal nickel-base superalloy CMSX-2 has been studied. Significant amounts of hydrogen were introduced by high temperature hydrogen charging in molten salts which led to an increased lattice parameter and microhardness and to a degradation in tensile elongation to failure whose extent scales with the depth of the hydrogenated zone. In this region a fracture mode change from a 111 to a 100 plane type also occurred. The values of the binding energy of hydrogen to solidification voids and the effective hydrogen pressure in the voids were estimated.

Baker, C. L.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Thermal cycling of tungsten-fibre-reinforced superalloy composites

The thermal cycling of a tungsten-fiber-reinforced superalloy (TFRS) composite is typical of its application in high-temperature engine environments. The mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients between fiber and matrix causes substantial longitudinal (0 deg) stresses in the composite, which can produce inelastic damage-producing matrix strains. The case of thermal fatigue is explored as a "worst case" of the possible matrix damage, in comparison with specimens which are also mechanically loaded in tension. The thermally generated cyclic stresses and the attendant matrix plasticity may be estimated using a nonlinear finite-element program, by proposing a physical analog to the micromechanics equations. A damage metric for the matrix is proposed using the Coffin-Manson criterion, which metric can facilitate comparisons of damage among different candidate materials, and also comparisons for a given material subjected to different temperature cycles. An experimental program was carried out for thermal cycling of a 37 vol pct TFRS composite to different maximum temperatures. The results confirm the prediction that thermal cycling produces matrix degradation and composite strength reduction, which become more pronounced with increasing maximum cyclic temperature. The strength of the fiber is shown to be identical for the as-fabricated and thermally cycled specimens, suggesting that the reduction in composite strength is due to the loss of matrix contribution and also to notching effects of the matrix voids on the fiber.

Wetherhold, Robert C.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Fatigue crack propagation of nickel-base superalloys at 650 deg C

The 650 C fatigue crack propagation behavior of two nickel-base superalloys, Rene 95 and Waspaloy, is studied with particular emphasis placed on understanding the roles of creep, environment, and two key grain boundary alloying additions, boron and zirconium. Comparison of air and vacuum data shows the air environment to be detrimental over a wide range of frequencies for both alloys. More in-depth analysis on Rene 95 shows at lower frequencies, such as 0.02 Hz, failure in air occurs by intergranular, environmentally-assisted creep crack growth, while at higher frequencies, up to 5.0 Hz, environmental interaction are still evident but creep effects are minimized. The effect of B and Zr in Waspaloy is found to be important where environmental and/or creep interactions are presented. In those instances, removal of B and Zr dramatically increases crack growth and it is therefore plausible that effective dilution of these elements may explain a previously observed trend in which crack growth rates increase with decreasing grain size.

Gayda, J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Creep-fatigue behavior of NiCoCrAlY coated PWA 1480 superalloy single crystals

Single crystal specimens of a Ni base superalloy, PWA 1480, with a low pressure plasma sprayed NiCoCrAlY coating were tested in various 0.1 Hz fatigue and creep fatigue cycles both at 1015 and 1050 C. Creep fatigue tests of the cp, pc, and cc types were conducted with various constant total strain ranges employing creep dwells at various constant stresses. Considerable cyclic softening occurred as was evidenced particularly by rapidly increasing creep rates in the creep fatigue tests. The cycle time in the creep fatigue tests typically decreased by more than 80 percent at 0.5 N sub f. Though cyclic life did correlate with delta epsilon sub in a better correlation existed with sub f for both the fatigue and creep fatigue tests, and poor correlations were observed with either sigma sub max or the average cycle time. A model containing both delta sigma and delta sigma (sub in), N sub f = alpha delta sigma (sub in) beta delta sigma gamma, with best fit values of sigma for each cycle type, but the same values of beta and gamam, was found to provide good correlations. Life lines were not greatly different among the cycle types, differing only by a factor of about three. The cp cycle life line was lowest for both test temperatures, however among the other three cycle types there was no consistent ranking. For all test types failure occurred predominately by multiple internal cracking originating at pores. The strong correlation of life with delta sigma may reflect a significant crack growth period in the life of the specimens.

Miner, R. V.↗
NASA NTRS1988

A model for life predictions of nickel-base superalloys in high-temperature low cycle fatigue

Extensive characterization of low-cycle fatigue damage mechanisms was performed on polycrystalline Rene 80 and IN100 tested in the temperature range from 871 to 1000 C. Low-cycle fatigue life was found to be dominated by propagation of microcracks to a critical size governed by the maximum tensile stress. A model was developed which incorporates a threshold stress for crack extension, a stress-based crack growth expression, and a failure criterion. The mathematical equivalence between this mechanistically based model and the strain-life low-cycle fatigue law was demonstrated using cyclic stress-strain relationships. The model was shown to correlate the high-temperature low-cycle fatigue data of the different nickel-base superalloys considered in this study.

Romanoski, Glenn R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Accelerated crack growth rate at low Delta K in a single crystal superalloy

The low Delta K crack growth behavior of a single crystal of the PWA 1480 nickel-based superalloy was investigated. The crystal was tested in the near (100) orientation with the side faces being in the near (001) orientation. Although in the higher Delta K region the fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior is rather normal, at Delta K of about 8 MPa sq rt m, a transition occurs where the FCG rate appears to be independent of Delta K. This region is found to continue until Delta K of about 2.5 MPa sq rt m, where the FCG rate again decreases with decreasing Delta K.

Telesman, Jack↗