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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1991

Current and future developments in civil aircraft non-destructive evaluation from an operator's point of view

In June, 1988, the first International Conference on aging aircraft was held to address nondestructive tests (NDT) of aging aircraft and other issues. From this meeting, a research program was initiated and funded by the FAA. As a result of this program, a lot of work has been done to study current NDT practices in the aviation industry and secondly, to research and develop new NDT methods to improve the reliability and efficiency of in-service inspection of aircraft structures and powerplants. The following is an overview of the current and future developments in civil aircraft NDT, as viewed by an air carrier and the concerns for NDT in the future.

Aging Aircraft↗
NASA NTRS1992

A stroboscopic technique for using CCD cameras in flow visualization systems for continuous viewing and stop action photography

A technique for synchronizing a pulse light source to charge coupled device cameras is presented. The technique permits the use of pulse light sources for continuous as well as stop action flow visualization. The technique has eliminated the need to provide separate lighting systems at facilities requiring continuous and stop action viewing or photography.

Franke, John M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Field of view effects on a simulated flight task with head-down and head-up sensor imagery displays

Field-of-view (FOV) effects are investigated in simulated flights with sensor imagery appearing on a head-up display (HUD) and a head-down display (HDD). The pilots fly a simulated slalom course and are given information from a sensor image with a 25-, 40-, or 50-deg FOV and no additional information. The factors which most significantly affect performance are thereby identified, and the speed of flying, level of training, and FOV are found to be the most important characteristics. FOV affects performance regardless of the choice of HUD or HDD, and the narrow FOV caused the pilots to fly closer to the obstacles than the wider FOVs. No statistically significant difference between the use of HUD and HDD is identified, but the pilots appear to regard the displays in general as the entire world and not as a 'window on the world'.

Brickner, Michael S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Movable Cameras And Monitors For Viewing Telemanipulator

Three methods proposed to assist operator viewing telemanipulator on video monitor in control station when video image generated by movable video camera in remote workspace of telemanipulator. Monitors rotated or shifted and/or images in them transformed to adjust coordinate systems of scenes visible to operator according to motions of cameras and/or operator's preferences. Reduces operator's workload and probability of error by obviating need for mental transformations of coordinates during operation. Methods applied in outer space, undersea, in nuclear industry, in surgery, in entertainment, and in manufacturing.

Diner, Daniel B.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Auxiliary Illumination For Viewing Along A Welding Torch

Auxiliary optical subsystem provides additional illumination for through-torch vision system of type used in automated or semiautomated arc welding. Also useful during operation of torch to view parts in shadows cast by arc light.

Gilbert, Jeffrey L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

The Inner Magnetospheric Imager (IMI): Instrument heritage and orbit viewing analysis

For the last two years an engineering team in the Program Development Office at MSFC has been doing design studies for the proposed Inner Magnetospheric Imager (IMI) mission. This team had a need for more information about the instruments that this mission would carry so that they could get a better handle on instrument volume, mass, power, and telemetry needs as well as information to help assess the possible cost of such instruments and what technology development they would need. To get this information, an extensive literature search was conducted as well as interviews with several members of the IMI science working group. The results of this heritage survey are summarized below. There was also a need to evaluate the orbits proposed for this mission from the stand point of their suitability for viewing the various magnetospheric features that are planned for this mission. This was accomplished by first, identifying the factors which need to be considered in selecting an orbit, second, translating these considerations into specific criteria, and third, evaluating the proposed orbits against these criteria. The specifics of these criteria and the results of the orbit analysis are contained in the last section of this report.

Wilson, Gordon R.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Composite video and graphics display for camera viewing systems in robotics and teleoperation

A system for real-time video image display for robotics or remote-vehicle teleoperation is described that has at least one robot arm or remotely operated vehicle controlled by an operator through hand-controllers, and one or more television cameras and optional lighting element. The system has at least one television monitor for display of a television image from a selected camera and the ability to select one of the cameras for image display. Graphics are generated with icons of cameras and lighting elements for display surrounding the television image to provide the operator information on: the location and orientation of each camera and lighting element; the region of illumination of each lighting element; the viewed region and range of focus of each camera; which camera is currently selected for image display for each monitor; and when the controller coordinate for said robot arms or remotely operated vehicles have been transformed to correspond to coordinates of a selected or nonselected camera.

Diner, Daniel B.↗
NASA NTRS1992

An engineer/constructor's view of lunar resource development

A strawman lunar outpost scenario has been postulated as a special focus to guide the papers in this symposium. This scenario describes an evolving facility with basic components, personnel, and activities intended to support lunar missions that lead to a permanent occupation on the lunar surface. The engineer/constructor's view of establishing a lunar outpost is largely concerned with identifying and analyzing the logistics needed to transform the engineering designs on paper into a constructed and operating facility. This means that all aspects of the outpost design will be examined to satisfy constructability requirements and to develop a construction management plan that leads to successful facility startup and routine operations. Whether the facility is to be devoted to materials production, vehicle refueling, or science projects will influence the construction plan in its details, but the construction of all lunar facilities will be mainly governed by the difficult logistics path from Earth to the lunar surface.

Jones, Carleton H.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Field of view location and formation flying for polar orbiting missions

The problem of flying an earth observing mission using a group of observatories flying in formation, rather than a single observatory, is addressed. Contraints placed on the design of the observatories and of the mission, if it is required that the instantaneous field of views of the two instruments overlap by a specified amount, are determined. The complexities of formation flying are found to greatly outweigh simpler solutions which combine instruments on a single spacecraft payload. While formation flying may be beneficial when crossing times and simultaneity arguments are not stringent, it is not practical for EOS. Accomplishment of the EOS scientific mission requires the simultaneous measurement of a basic set of earth system science parameters; it also requires that many events be observed by groups of instruments looking through the same atmospheric path.

Scolese, Christopher↗
NASA NTRS1992

Three-dimensional computed tomography from interferometric measurements within a narrow cone of views

A theory to determine the properties of a fluid from measurements of its projections was developed and tested. Viewing cones as small as 10 degrees were evaluated, with the only assumption being that the property was space limited. The results of applying the theory to numerical and actual interferograms of a spherical discontinuity of refractive index are presented. The theory was developed to test the practicality and limits of using three dimensional computer tomography in internal fluid dynamics.

Decker, Arthur J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Aperture codes for sensors viewing extended objects from space

The paper describes aperture codes viewing extended objects form space which find application in imaging an extended object which may have relatively low contrast, and whose lateral limits extend beyond the FOV of the sensor. Those elements of an extended object lying near the FOV limits are only partially coded, i.e., flux from those elements cannot cast a shadow of the entire aperture code onto the detector, as can elements near the center of the FOV. This has consequences for the algorithms used to reconstruct the image. The object field is divided into a number of elements which is smaller than the number of detector pixels, and a least squares fit to the data is performed. The methods used for choosing the matrices representing the aperture codes are discussed, and computer simulations of the effects of noise are described.

Curtis, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Long-term changes in Jovian synchrotron radio emission - Intrinsic variations or effects of viewing geometry?

Possible causes of the observed long-term variation of Jovian synchrotron radio emission, including both intrinsic changes in the Jovian radiation belts and apparent changes due to variations in the Jovigraphic declination of the earth, D sub E, are investigated. An increase in diffusion rate with other parameters held constant results in an inward displacement of the peak emission radial distance that is not observed. Effects of viewing geometry changes are examined. The possible importance of such effects is suggested by a correlation between the total decimetric radio flux and D sub E, which varies between -3.3 and +3.3 deg during one Jovian orbital period. Because the Jovian central meridian longitudes where the magnetic latitude passes through zero during a given Jovian rotation change substantially with D sub E and since significant longitudinal asymmetries exist in both the volume emissivity and the latitudinal profile of the beam, the total intensity should be at least a partial function of D sub E.

Hood, Lon L.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Windowless Airplane With A View

Proposed windowless passenger airplane gives passengers views of the outside but would be stronger, weigh less, and cost less than does conventional airplane of equivalent capacity. Ordinary see-through windows of today's commercial aircraft replaced by flat-panel color television screens connected to outward-looking video cameras in fuselage.

Carden, Huey D.↗
NASA NTRS1992

View generated database

This document represents the final report for the View Generated Database (VGD) project, NAS7-1066. It documents the work done on the project up to the point at which all project work was terminated due to lack of project funds. The VGD was to provide the capability to accurately represent any real-world object or scene as a computer model. Such models include both an accurate spatial/geometric representation of surfaces of the object or scene, as well as any surface detail present on the object. Applications of such models are numerous, including acquisition and maintenance of work models for tele-autonomous systems, generation of accurate 3-D geometric/photometric models for various 3-D vision systems, and graphical models for realistic rendering of 3-D scenes via computer graphics.

Downward, James G.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Views from Space

This video shows how views from the shuttle provide valuable information as to the condition of earth.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1993

The Feasibility of Tropospheric and Total Ozone Determination Using a Fabry-perot Interferometer as a Satellite-based Nadir-viewing Atmospheric Sensor

Monitoring of the global distribution of tropospheric ozone (O3) is desirable for enhanced scientific understanding as well as to potentially lessen the ill-health impacts associated with exposure to elevated concentrations in the lower atmosphere. Such a capability can be achieved using a satellite-based device making high spectral resolution measurements with high signal-to-noise ratios; this would enable observation in the pressure-broadened wings of strong O3 lines while minimizing the impact of undesirable signal contributions associated with, for example, the terrestrial surface, interfering species, and clouds. The Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) provides high spectral resolution and high throughput capabilities that are essential for this measurement task. Through proper selection of channel spectral regions, the FPI optimized for tropospheric O3 measurements can simultaneously observe a stratospheric component and thus the total O3 column abundance. Decreasing stratospheric O3 concentrations may lead to an increase in biologically harmful solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth's surface, which is detrimental to health. In this research, a conceptual instrument design to achieve the desired measurement has been formulated. This involves a double-etalon fixed-gap series configuration FPI along with an ultra-narrow bandpass filter to achieve single-order operation with an overall spectral resolution of approximately .068 cm(exp -1). A spectral region of about 1 cm(exp -1) wide centered at 1054.73 cm(exp -1) within the strong 9.6 micron ozone infrared band is sampled with 24 spectral channels. Other design characteristics include operation from a nadir-viewing satellite configuration utilizing a 9 inch (diameter) telescope and achieving horizontal spatial resolution with a 50 km nadir footprint. A retrieval technique has been implemented and is demonstrated for a tropical atmosphere possessing enhanced tropospheric ozone amounts. An error analysis assessing the impact on retrieved O3 amounts of the most significant uncertainties associated with this particular measurement has been performed for several different types of atmospheres. Results show the proposed instrumentation to enable a good measurement of absolute ozone amounts and an even better determination of relative changes, with a range of accuracy to within 7.55 to 20.6 percent for integrated tropospheric amounts (and 1.99 to 4.02 percent for total O3 column abundance) and a corresponding range in precision to within 7.73 to 10.4 percent (and 3.30 to 3.95 percent for total O3 column abundance), for the atmospheric conditions considered.

Larar, Allen Maurice↗
NASA NTRS1993

NASDA's view of ground control in mission operations

This paper presents an overview of the present status and future plans of the National Space Development Agency of Japan 's (NASDA's) ground segment and related space missions. The described ground segment consists of the tracking and data acquisition (T&DA) system and the Earth Observation Center (EOC) system. In addition to these systems, the current plan of the Engineering Support Center (ESC) for the Japanese Experiment Module (JEM) attached to Space Station Freedom is introduced. Then, NASDA's fundamental point of view on the future trend of operations and technologies in the coming new space era is discussed. Within the discussion, the increasing importance of international cooperation is also mentioned.

Tateno, Satoshi↗
NASA NTRS1993

A user view of the EURECA ground segment

The European Retrievable Carrier (EURECA) was launched on 31 Jul. 1992. It is the largest ESA spacecraft ever launched, and the first one to be launched and retrieved by the NASA Space Shuttle. This paper describes the lessons learned during the first months of utilization of the EURECA ground segment from the point of view of the flight control team.

Ferri, Paolo↗