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NASA NTRS2016

Modeling Global Water Use for the 21st Century: Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) Initiative and Its Approaches

To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water use increased by nearly 6 times during the last 100 years, and continues to grow. As water demands get closer and closer to the water availability in many regions, each drop of water becomes increasingly valuable and water must be managed more efficiently and intensively. However, soaring water use worsens water scarcity conditions already prevalent in semi-arid and arid regions, increasing uncertainty for sustainable food production and economic development. Planning for future development and investments requires that we prepare water projections for the future. However, estimations are complicated because the future of the world's waters will be influenced by a combination of environmental, social, economic, and political factors, and there is only limited knowledge and data available about freshwater resources and how they are being used. The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative coordinates its work with other ongoing scenario efforts for the sake of establishing a consistent set of new global water scenarios based on the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) and the representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The WFaS "fast track" assessment uses three global water models, namely H08, PCR-GLOBWB, and WaterGAP. This study assesses the state of the art for estimating and projecting water use regionally and globally in a consistent manner. It provides an overview of different approaches, the uncertainty, strengths and weaknesses of the various estimation methods, types of management and policy decisions for which the current estimation methods are useful. We also discuss additional information most needed to be able to improve water use estimates and be able to assess a greater range of management options across the water-energy-climate nexus.

soaring↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Technology Transfer Plan: LuNaMaps Project

The main contribution of this project is the combined knowledge of terrain relative navigation experts and lunar scientists who are familiar with both the lunar orbital imagery and the instruments that collected the data as well as how a TRN system utilizes map data. This knowledge comes in the form of published technical papers, benchmark map data sets, and software tools that can help others automate the process of creating the necessary maps for their own landing sites in the future. This document represents the project's plans to share all the lessons learned, processes developed, and applicable software tools with the public.

optical navigation↗

DOE OSTI2024

Geospatial Data Platform for All

Spatiotemporal data has evolved in scale due to augmented use in cross-domain applications. Simultaneously, there is substantial growth in the availability of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data provided by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) along with other federal, state, county, or local agencies through open-data portals and public access APIs. However, data availability does not equate with accessibility. Large-scale analyses and applications require robust, performant data management with co-location of data storage and computing. The insufficiency of data management infrastructure compels researchers to adopt ad hoc project- specific GIS data storage solutions (e.g., copying data to High-Performance computer file systems). As an ad hoc storage strategy does not scale, it hampers cross-domain analyses causing difficulty in data reuse and utilizing existing code bases. Furthermore, GIS data is complex and requires expertise to analyze and manipulate due to its intricate data structures and data-specific projection transformations. Despite the challenges, we recognize that derived GIS data products, e.g., satellite or LIDAR-based images, can be used in downstream applications such as AI by domain, but non-GIS experts. To address the data needs and overcome the challenges, we are working towards a GIS Data Platform focused on efficient data storage, data discovery and access, and an API to enable common workflows. We propose a knowledge-graph (KG) approach for data discovery, whereby datasets are semantically linked to higher- level constructs such as projects and research areas. The semantic data links enable researchers to explore datasets in a top-down approach by specifying relevant and meaningful terms (assists in finding hidden data). An advantage is that the nodes and edges in a knowledge graph create built-in semantic documentation. Deeper spatiotemporal connections between data sources can be encoded via Graph Neural Networks (GNN) (Zhang et al., 2021). The KG approach can be extended to integrate the data itself in a Virtual KG (VKG). Our work will derive inspiration from large-scale VKG efforts that have been undertaken or are currently underway as part of the OpenStreetMap project (Ding et al., 2021). For DOE Data Days, we share the proposed geospatial data platform hybrid (cloud/on-prem) architecture, our work-to-date on storing, retrieving, and transforming LiDAR and raster data relevant to two important NREL use-cases, including the Renewable Energy Potential (reV) Model, and present our proposal for a KG based data discovery engine.

data platform↗

DOE OSTI2024

Unveiling Structural Heterogeneity and Imbalance of Gold Decahedral Nanoparticles using Four-dimensional Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Multi-twinned structures have been observed in technologically important crystal systems, for example diamond cubic and face-centered cubic (FCC) lattices, that include materials such as diamond, silicon, a wide range of noble metals, and their nanoscale counterparts. Beyond atomic building blocks, the special arrangements also occur in the self-assembly of nanoparticles (NP) and μm-sized colloidal particles and occupy parts of their phase diagrams. Spanning a wide range of length scales, the universality of the structures arises when the systems attempt to achieve multitwinned structures by overcoming geometric misfits during minimizing surface energies with entirely {111} or close-packing facets. While it is fundamental to understand how strain is sustained upon twinned structures and symmetry breaking, the knowledge will be paramount in practical aspects such as guiding and controlling the thin film growth, anisotropic NP growth, and self-assembly of NPs. Au decahedral (Dh) NP, as the most prevalent multi-twinned model system, fits five tetrahedral motifs into a circle by sharing an axis resulting in a geometric misfit angle of 7.35°, or a disclination with power of -7.35°. Postulating how Au FCC lattice adopts the misfit, theoretical models have been developed to address the underlying lattice symmetry and inhomogeneous strain distribution separately. Yet, experimental reports regarding the former have been limited due to the relatively large X-ray beam sizes that do not fit the sizes of NPs. On the other hand, though the latter has been widely adapted in the thermodynamics of small (<10 nm) multi-twinned nanoparticles, previous literature has shown that, at edge length of 17 nm, the theory’s is invalidated by shear strain that is observed in a defect-free Au Dh NP by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging. Though the advancement of aberrationcorrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC-STEM) imaging and ab initio calculation techniques brings new opportunities, along with challenges in complicated image analysis and limitation in particle size (usually below 10 nm), the gap between nanoscale and mesoscale has never been extended to gain insight from atomic system with straightforward interaction potentials.

4D-STEM↗

DOE OSTI2025

LandScan Global 2024

The LandScan program is excited to share LandScan 2024, the latest annual update of a global gridded population dataset at 30 arc-second resolution that serves as foundational GEOINT Human Geography data. Substantial changes were continued from last year in the new ML methodological approach with the goal to retain the knowledge and expertise represented through improvements with each annual release over the past quarter century. Through these annual releases, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has consistently produced the most accurate global gridded population data, reflecting both ambient and unwarned population patterns that meet the United States Department of Defense (U.S. DoD) requirements. Additionally, the dataset is used widely across various U.S. government programs and is released publicly through an NGA and ORNL collaborative open portal (https://LandScan.ornl.gov) to expand its availability to researchers, humanitarian organizations, and the public at large.

Lebakula, Viswadeep [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000152935914↗

NASA NTRS1993

The ParaScope parallel programming environment

The ParaScope parallel programming environment, developed to support scientific programming of shared-memory multiprocessors, includes a collection of tools that use global program analysis to help users develop and debug parallel programs. This paper focuses on ParaScope's compilation system, its parallel program editor, and its parallel debugging system. The compilation system extends the traditional single-procedure compiler by providing a mechanism for managing the compilation of complete programs. Thus, ParaScope can support both traditional single-procedure optimization and optimization across procedure boundaries. The ParaScope editor brings both compiler analysis and user expertise to bear on program parallelization. It assists the knowledgeable user by displaying and managing analysis and by providing a variety of interactive program transformations that are effective in exposing parallelism. The debugging system detects and reports timing-dependent errors, called data races, in execution of parallel programs. The system combines static analysis, program instrumentation, and run-time reporting to provide a mechanical system for isolating errors in parallel program executions. Finally, we describe a new project to extend ParaScope to support programming in FORTRAN D, a machine-independent parallel programming language intended for use with both distributed-memory and shared-memory parallel computers.

Cooper, Keith D.↗

NASA NTRS2018

Igneous Rocks Formed by Hypervelocity Impact

Igneous rocks are the primary building blocks of planetary crusts. Most igneous rocks originate via decompression melting and/or wet melting of protolith lithologies within planetary interiors and their classification and compositional, petrographic, and textural characteristics, arewell-studied. As our exploration of the Solar System continues, so too does the inventory of intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, settings, and processes. The results of planetary exploration have also clearly demonstrated that impact cratering is a ubiquitous geological process that has affected, andwill continue to affect, all planetary objectswith a solid surface,whether that be rock or ice. It is nowrecognized that the production of igneous rocks is a fundamental outcome of hypervelocity impact. The goal of this review is to provide an up-to-date synthesis of our knowledge and understanding of igneous rocks formed by hypervelocity impact. Following a brief overview of the basics of the impact process, we describe howand whymelts are generated during impact events and howimpactmelting differs fromendogenic igneous processes.While the processmay differ,we showthat the products of hypervelocity impact can share close similarities with volcanic and shallow intrusive igneous rocks of endogenic origin. Such impact melt rocks, as they are termed, can display lobate margins and cooling cracks, columnar joints and at the hand specimen andmicroscopic scale, such rocks can displaymineral textures that are typical of volcanic rocks, such as quench crystallites, ophitic, porphyritic, aswell as features such as vesicles, flowtextures, and so on.Historically, these similarities led to themisidentification of some igneous rocks now known to be impact melt rocks as being of endogenic origin. This raises the question as to how to distinguish between an impact versus an endogenic origin for igneous-like rocks on other planetary bodies where fieldwork and sample analysis may not be possible and all that may be available is remote sensing data.While the interpretation of some impact melt rocks may be relatively straightforward (e.g., for clast-rich varieties and those with clear projectile contamination) we conclude that distinguishing between impact and endogenic igneous rocks is a non-trivial task that ultimately may require sample investigation and analysis to be conducted. Caution is, therefore, urged in the interpretation of igneous rocks on planetary surfaces.

Osinski, Gordon R.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

A Comparison of Evaluation Techniques for in-School Programs vs. Adult-oriented Planetarium Programs

Children in school are familiar with constant testing, and the test is often a gate to a desired goal (e.g., certification of completion of a particular grade level). However, adults in a planetarium setting are often nonchalant about learning in this informal venue, and can be almost offended when asked to complete a test of their knowledge, even when the "test" is called a "survey", the emphasis is on how well the presenter explained the material, and a space-oriented handout is offered as a premium for completing the survey. In this presentation, surveys given during 2019 and early 2020 will be shared, along with answers from the respondents. These will be compared with surveys returned after an in-school presentation. An example question from the planetarium survey, with a few answers follows: "Did you learn anything new from this presentation, and if so, what was it?" Answers included: names of patterns/shapes of collections of stars, star locations, how sun and stars work in southern hemisphere. Future work will involve assessing programming for the planetarium at the University of North Alabama, which is used for college-level students and for the general public. For comparison, identical (or nearly so) surveys will be administered to attendees of Von Braun Astronomical Society's (in Huntsville, Alabama) programs.

Education↗

NASA NTRS2016

Methods for Determining Aircraft Surface State at Lesser-Equipped Airports

Tactical departure scheduling within a terminal airspace must accommodate a wide spectrum of surveillance and communication capabilities at multiple airports. The success of such a scheduler is highly dependent upon the knowledge of a departure's state while it is still on the surface. Airports within a common Terminal RAdar CONtrol (TRACON) airspace possess varying levels of surface surveillance infrastructure which directly impacts uncertainties in wheels-off times. Large airports have access to surface surveillance data, which is shared with the TRACON, while lesser-equipped airports still rely solely on controllers in Air Traffic Control Towers (Towers). Coordination between TRACON and Towers can be greatly enhanced when the TRACON controller has access to the surface surveillance and the associated decision-support tools at well-equipped airports. Similar coordination at lesser-equipped airports is still based on verbal communications. This paper investigates possible methods to reduce the uncertainty in wheels-off time predictions at the lesser-equipped airports through the novel use of Over-the-Air (OTA) data transmissions. We also discuss the methods and equipment used to collect sample data at lesser-equipped airports within a large US TRACON, as well as the data evaluation to determine if meaningful information can be extracted from it.

departure scheduling↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

High School Citizen Scientists Use AI/ML to Predict Intra-Ocular Pressure From Gene Expression Data for Spaceflown Mice

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have increasingly become pivotal in biological and biomedical research, largely due to the culture of open data sharing and its associated benefits. The methodologies inherent in AI/ML are particularly adept at identifying and forecasting biological phenotypes from the vast amounts of data generated by next-generation sequencing technologies. These techniques offer substantial promise for advancing research in space biosciences and for the development of automated systems for monitoring space health. Nevertheless, there are crucial aspects to consider when training, validating, and testing machine learning models in both biological research and clinical contexts. It is essential that Open Science principles, including data sharing and the availability of open-source code, are complemented by high-quality, publicly accessible training resources. These resources should focus on best practices and include modules based on real-world scientific cases and data to ensure that future AI/ML practitioners gain practical experience with genuine problems. Addressing this knowledge gap, we have designed, developed, and delivered both interactive and self-paced training programs for citizen scientists worldwide, enabling them to utilize AI/ML for space biology research. This initiative was made possible through generous funding from a Transformation to Open Science Training grant. The interactive training sessions, conducted this summer, utilized AI/ML techniques to analyze data from the Open Science Data Repository, specifically targeting the effects of spaceflight on ocular structure and function. The dataset OSD-583, from the Rodent Research 9 mission, provides experimental data detailing the ocular responses of mice subjected to a 35-day spaceflight, compared with ground control counterparts. Using OSD-583 as observational data, our summer training participants applied AI/ML methods to predict intraocular pressure from RNA-seq data and identify the genes most predictive of the observed responses. Further analysis through pathway enrichment and gene set enrichment revealed that these genes are involved in molecular and cellular processes contributing to retinal degeneration.

James Casaletto↗

NASA NTRS2001

Science Desk: General Overview

This viewgraph presentation discusses information sharing and other management procedures between related groups of scientists. ScienceOrganizer is an information repository and digital library for use by distributed scientific project teams which enables the storage and retrieval of heterogeneous project information in multiple formats. Over time, usage by persons results in the development of an increasingly information-rich knowledge base and network. Some of the engineering details include the determination of useful navigation hubs by which users can most easily navigate the information management system.

Keller, Richard M.↗

NASA NTRS2020

Accelerating Space Life Sciences: Successes and Challenges of Biospecimen and Data Sharing

NASA's current human space flight research is directed towards enabling human space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit (LEO). To that end, NASA Space Flight Payload Projects; Rodent Research, Cell Science, and Microbial Labs, flown on the International Space Station (ISS), benefit the global life sciences and commercial space communities. Verified data sets, science results, peer-reviewed publications, and returned biospecimens, collected and analyzed for flight and ground investigations, are all part of the knowledge base collected by NASA's Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate's Space Life and Physical Sciences Research and Applications (SLPSRA) Division, specifically the Human Research and Space Biology Programs. These data and biospecimens are made available through the public Life Sciences Data Archive (LSDA) website to promote basic discovery, pre-clinical and clinical science.The NASA Institutional Scientific Collection (ISC), stores flight and ground biospecimens from Space Shuttle and ISS programs. These specimens are curated and managed by the Ames Life Sciences Data Archive (ALSDA), an internal node of NASA's LSDA. The ISC stores over 30,000 specimens from experiments dating from 1984 to present. Currently available specimens include tissues from the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory, integumentary, muscular, neurosensory, reproductive, respiratory and skeletal systems.NASA's biospecimen collection represents a unique and limited resource of unique spaceflight payload and ground control research subjects. These specimens are harvested according to well established SOPs that maintain their quality and integrity. Once the primary scientific objectives have been met, the remaining specimens are made available to provide secondary opportunities for complementary studies or new investigations to broaden research without large expenditures of time or resources. Website: https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/

Scott, Ryan T.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Online Small-Sat Knowledge Repositories and Modeling Tools for Risk Reduction and Enhanced Mission Success

Developers of small satellites face the challenges of a short development schedule, incomplete information about parts from vendors, and limited budgets. The situation is complicated by the need to use commercial electronic parts rather than radiation hardened parts to meet performance and budget constraints. Fortunately, a number of organizations are standing up new modeling and data resources that are available for free online. Motivation for sharing models, part data, and lessons learned include shorter development times, increased mission success likelihood, and training the next generation of space professionals. The purpose of this paper is to make these resources and their complementary capabilities known to the small satellite community.

Small Satellites↗

NASA NTRS1994

KATE: From the lab to the firing room

For the past 9 years, the AI group at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) has been developing a real-time model-based reasoning (MBR) system that can diagnose faults and provide control advisories. The system resulting from this effort is called KATE (Knowledge-based Autonomous Test Engineer). This article describes the transition of KATE from the applied research lab to the firing room (the firing room is the main control and monitoring center for all Shuttle ground support and launch processing). Because the problems that were countered along the way are not unique, we decided to share some of our experiences. This article also includes a brief overview of the latest application of KATE.

Pepe, Charles↗

NASA NTRS2017

Growing Beyond Earth; Students Exploring Plant Varieties for Future Space Exploration

Future space exploration and long duration space flight will pose an array of challenges to the health and wellbeing of astronauts. Since 2015, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (FTBG), in partnership with NASA's Veggie team, has been testing edible crops for space flight potential through a series of citizen science experiments. FTBG's interest in classroom-based science projects, along with NASA's successful operation of the Veggie system aboard the International Space Station (ISS), led to a NASA-FTBG partnership that gave rise to the Growing Beyond Earth STEM Initiative (GBE). Established in 2015, GBE now involves 131 middle and high school classrooms in South Florida, all conducting simultaneous plant science experiments. The results of those experiments (both numeric and visual) are directly shared with the space food production researchers at KSC. Through this session, we will explore the successful classroom implementation and integration into the curriculum, how the data is being used and the impact of the project on participating researchers, teachers, and students. Participating schools were supplied with specialized LED-lit growth chambers, mimicking the Veggie system on ISS, for growing edible plants under similar physical and environmental constraints. Research protocols were provided by KSC scientists, while edible plant varieties were selected mainly by the botanists at FTBG. In a jointly-led professional development workshop, participating teachers were trained to conduct GBE experiments in their classrooms. Teachers were instructed to not only teach basic botany concepts, but to also demonstrate practical applications of math, physics and chemistry. As experiments were underway, students shared data on plant germination, growth, and health in an online spreadsheet. Results from the students research show a promising selection of new plant candidates for possible further testing. Over a two year period, more than 5000 South Florida students, ages 11 to 18, participated in GBE. Evaluation of the program shows an increased knowledge of and interest in science and science careers among students. The program has also boosted the demand for summer high school internships at FTBG, further developing expertise in plant research and science related to space exploration. Supported by a grant from NASA (NNX16AM32G) to Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden.

Veggie↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Incorporation of Human Risk Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) With Mishap Investigations to Un-Silo Knowledge

NASA’s Human System Risk Board (HSRB) has been a central driver in efforts to understand, mitigate, and communicate the 29 human systems risks monitored by the board. As a result of the collaboration between research, operations, and technical authorities, large bodies of knowledge have been collected and digested to represent the current understanding of the risks. As a part of these bodies of knowledge, directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) have been developed to communicate the current understanding of the causal relationship of the hazards, contributing factors, countermeasures, other risks, and outcomes that contribute to the overall risk. This risk knowledge is applied in a theoretical sense for potential incidents during exploration even while informed by surveillance data. However, there have been mishaps and close calls during past space exploration that intersect with one or more of the Human System Risks DAGs and knowledge bases. The purpose of this exercise was to un-silo this risk knowledge and connect it to the close call of EVA 23 through the development of a DAG representing the intersection of the HSRB Risks and the events of the close call. The development of the DAG occurred through an iterative process, with each iteration expanding and/or refining the nodes and connections described by the source materials. In addition to the risk documentation developed by the HSRB, lessons learned and other mishap investigation documents were utilized to understand the events that led to water entering the helmet of a crewmember on the EVA. New nodes specific to the events of EVA 23 were interconnected with existing HSRB DAG nodes and edges. Nodes within the DAG were defined within a “DAG-tionary” with any updates to a definition that may have previously existed from the HSRB DAGs, and edges were recorded in a matrix. Both the DAG-tionary and matrix describe where nodes and edges are present across the Risk and Mishap DAG. This DAG will then be reviewed by experts outside of HSRB and HRP to confirm that interpretations of the non-health related events (such as the engineering nodes) are represented accurately. DISCUSSION This process highlighted a method by which the knowledge generated among the contributing members of the HSRB Risks can be effectively adapted and utilized through the tools employed by the Risk Custodian teams. By leveraging these tools, new context and insights to the information at hand can be brought forward to address current spaceflight challenges. Moreover, un-siloing this knowledge through future DAGs and other efforts can drive interprofessional collaboration and foster communication. This will enable teams to work together more effectively, leveraging their diverse expertise to tackle the complex challenges of space exploration and human research. Ultimately, this collaboration will bring NASA closer to achieve agency goals and contribute to the overall shared mission and vision.

Samuel Jacobs↗

NASA NTRS2009

From LEO, to the Moon and then Mars: Developing a Global Strategy for Exploration Risk Reduction

Most nations currently involved in human spaceflight, or with such ambitions, believe that space exploration will capture the imagination of our youth resulting in future engineers and scientists, advance technologies which will improve life on earth, increase the knowledge of our solar system, and strengthen bonds and relationships across the globe. The Global Exploration Strategy, published in 2007 by 14 space agencies, eloquently makes this case and presents a vision for space exploration. It argues that in order for space exploration to be sustainable, nations must work together to address the challenges and share the burden of costs. This paper will examine Mars mission scenarios developed by NASA, ESA and other agencies and show resulting conclusions regarding key challenges, needed technologies and associated mission risks. It will discuss the importance of using the International Space Station as a platform for exploration risk reduction and how the global exploration community will develop lunar exploration elements and architectures that enable the long term goal of human missions to Mars. The International Space Station (ISS) is a critical first step both from a technology and capability demonstration point of view, but also from a partnership point of view. There is much work that can be done in low earth orbit for exploration risk reduction. As the current "outpost at the edge of the frontier", the ISS is a place where we can demonstrate certain technologies and capabilities that will substantially reduce the risk of deploying an outpost on the lunar surface and Mars mission scenarios. The ISS partnership is strong and has fulfilled mission needs. Likewise, the partnerships we build on the moon will provide a strong foundation for establishing partnerships for the human Mars missions. On the moon, we build a permanently manned outpost and deploy technologies and capabilities to allow humans to stay for long periods of time. The moon is interesting from a scientific point of view, but it is extremely important for development and demonstration the technologies and capabilities needed for human missions to Mars. This paper will show the logic and strategy for addressing technological, operational and programmatic challenges by using low earth orbit and lunar missions to enable the long term goal of exploration of our solar system.

Laurini, Kathleen C.↗

NASA NTRS2024

Integrated (Physical and Digital) Collaborative Experimentation: Advancing Dialog and Leveraging by Aerospace Researchers and Developers

This paper 1) documents findings and observations from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Ground Test Technical Committee (GTTC) Future of Ground Test Working Group and the Applied Aeronautics Technical Committee (APATC) Collaborative Experiments & Computation Discussion Group, and 2) develops a more focused approach for sharing and advancing integrated development and use of physical experimental and computational capabilities for aerospace research and development. The GTTC and APATC are engaging with the larger AIAA technical community by creating a Focus Group on this topical area that will support working together on common interests in the public domain. This paper summarizes the knowledge capture from the last ten+ years and proposes a structure and scope going forward for the new, combined Focus Group.

ground testing↗