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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Imaging and dosimetric characteristics of 67 Cu

In recent years the use of beta-emitting radiopharmaceuticals for cancer therapy has expanded rapidly following development of therapeutics for neuroendocrine tumors, prostate cancer, and other oncologic malignancies. One emerging beta-emitting radioisotope of interest for therapy is 67 Cu (t 1/2 : 2.6 d) due to its chemical equivalency with the widely-established positron-emitting isotope 64 Cu (t 1/2 : 12.7 h). Here we evaluate both the imaging and dosimetric characteristics of 67 Cu, as well as producing the first report of SPECT/CT imaging using 67 Cu. To this end, 67 Cu was produced by photon-induced reactions on isotopically-enriched 68 Zn at the Low-Energy Accelerator Facility (LEAF) of Argonne National Laboratory, followed by bulk separation of metallic 68 Zn by sublimation and radiochemical purification by column chromatography. Gamma spectrometry was performed by efficiency-calibrated high-purity germanium (HPGe) analysis to verify absolute activity calibration and establish radionuclidic purity. Absolute activity measurements corroborated manufacturer-recommended dose-calibrator settings and no radionuclidic impurities were observed. Using the Clinical Trials Network anthropomorphic chest phantom, SPECT/CT images were acquired. Medium Energy (ME) SPECT collimation was found to provide the best image quality from the primary 185 keV gamma emission of 67 Cu. Reconstructed images of 67 Cu were similar in quality to images acquired using 177 Lu. Recovery coefficients were calculated and compared against quantitative images of 99m Tc, 177 Lu, and 64 Cu within the same anthropomorphic chest phantom. Production and clinical imaging of 67 Cu appears feasible, and future studies investigating the therapeutic efficacy of 67 Cu-based radiopharmaceuticals are warranted.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
NASA NTRS1997

New Research by CCD Scanning for Comets and Asteroids

The purpose of Spacewatch is to explore the various populations of small objects within the solar system. Spacewatch provides data for studies of comets and asteroids, finds potential targets for space missions, and provides information on the environmental problem of possible impacts. Moving objects are discovered by scanning the sky with charge-coupled devices (CCDs) on the 0.9-meter Spacewatch Telescope of the University of Arizona on Kitt Peak. Each Spacewatch scan consists of three drift scan passes over an area of sky using a CCD filtered to a bandpass of 0.5-1.0 microns (approximately V+R+I with peak sensitivity at 0.7 micron). The effective exposure time for each pass is 143 seconds multiplied by the secant of the declination. We have been finding some 30,000 new asteroids per year and applying their statistics to the study of the collisional history of the solar system. As of the end of the observing run of Nov. 1997, Spacewatch had found a total of 153 Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) and 8 new comets since the project began in the 1980s, and had recovered one lost comet. The total number of NEAs found by Spacewatch big enough to be hazardous if they were to impact the Earth is 36. Spacewatch is also efficient in recovery of known comets and has detected and reported positions for more than 137,000 asteroids, mostly new ones in the main belt, including more than 16,000 asteroids designated by the Minor Planet Center (MPC).

Gehrels, Tom↗
NASA NTRS2013

The Effect of Agricultural Growing Season Change on Market Prices in Africa

Local agricultural production is a key element of food security in many agricultural countries in Africa. Climate change and variability is likely to adversely affect these countries, particularly as they affect the ability of smallholder farmers to raise enough food to feed themselves. Seasonality influences farmers' decisions about when to sow and harvest, and ultimately the success or failure of their crops. At a 2009 conference in the United Kingdom hosted by the Institute of Development Studies, Jennings and Magrath (2009) described farmer reports from East Asia, South Asia, Southern Africa, East Africa and Latin America. Farmers indicate significant changes in the timing of rainy seasons and the pattern of rains within seasons, including: More erratic rainfall, coming at unexpected times in and out of season; Extreme storms and unusually intense rainfall are punctuated by longer dry spells within the rainy season; Increasing uncertainty as to the start of rainy seasons in many areas; Short or transitional second rainy seasons are becoming stronger than normal or are disappearing altogether. These farmer perceptions of change are striking in that they are geographically widespread and are remarkably consistent across diverse regions (Jennings and Magrath, 2009). The impact of these changes on farmers with small plots and few resources is large. Farming is becoming riskier because of heat stress, lack of water, pests and diseases that interact with ongoing pressures on natural resources. Lack of predictability in the start and length of the growing season affects the ability of farmers to invest in appropriate fertilizer levels or improved, high yielding varieties. These changes occur at the same time as the demand for food is rising and is projected to continue to rise for the next fifty years (IAASTD, 2008). Long-term data records derived from satellite remote sensing can be used to verify these reports, providing necessary analysis and documentation required to plan effective adaptation strategies. Remote sensing data can also provide some understanding of the spatial extent of these changes and whether they are likely to continue. Given the agricultural nature of most economies on the African continent, agricultural production continues to be a critical determinant of both food security and economic growth (Funk and Brown, 2009). Crop phenological parameters, such as the start and end of the growing season, the total length of the growing season, and the rate of greening and senescence are important for planning crop management, crop diversification, and intensification. The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as: "when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life". Food security roughly depends on three factors: 1) availability of food; 2) access to food and 3) appropriate use of food, as well as adequate water and sanitation. The first factor is dependent on growing conditions and weather and climate. In a previous paper we have investigated this factor by evaluating the effect of large scale climate oscillation on land surface phenology (Brown et al., 2010). We found that all areas in Africa are significantly affected by at least one type of large scale climate oscillations and concluded that these somewhat predictable oscillations could perhaps be used to forecast agricultural production. In addition, we have evaluated changes in agricultural land surface phenology over time (Brown et al., 2012). We found that land surface phenology models, which link large-scale vegetation indices with accumulated humidity, could successfully predict agricultural productivity in several countries around the world. In this chapter we are interested in the effect of variability in peak timing of the growing season, or phenology, on the second factor of food security, food access. In this chapter we want to determine if there is a link between market prices and land surface phenology and to determine which markets are vulnerable to land surface phenology changes and variability and which market prices are not correlated.

Prices↗
NASA NTRS2016

Ancient Air Caught by Shooting Stars

It is a truth almost universally acknowledged that Earth’s atmosphere before about 2.5 billion years ago had little or no free oxygen. The classic argument for anoxia on ancient Earth is that a distinct change occurred in the oxidation state of many surface rocks and minerals around the end of the Archaean eon (which lasted from 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago). A more recent argument is that a sudden, permanent change in the relative abundances of rare sulfur isotopes preserved in sediments also occurred at that time — a change that can be linked to differences in sulfur’s atmospheric chemistry in the presence or absence of oxygen. These arguments are strong. It therefore comes as a surprise that melted meteor fragments recovered from Archaean limestone indicate that the contemporaneous atmosphere above 75 kilometres was highly oxidized, as reported by Tomkins et al. on page 235.

ancient Earth's atmosphere↗
DOE OSTI2026

Boride-based Ceramic Super-high Temperature Thermocouples in Harsh Environments (Final Scientific/Technical Report)

An electromotive force (emf) can be generated along a temperature gradient between the cold end and hot end of a thermoelectric material, termed the Seebeck effect. Based on the Seebeck effect, metallic alloys have been extensively employed to detect temperatures for centuries, named thermocouples. However, commercially available thermocouple alloys suffer from limitations, such as oxidation, chemical degradation, and poor long-term stability under high-temperature harsh environments. This DOE-funded project aimed to develop high-temperature, chemically tolerant thermocouples suitable for operation in extreme environments relevant to semiconducting thermoelectric materials. The research focused on boride-based semiconducting thermoelectric compounds as candidates for next-generation thermocouples with enhanced oxidation resistance, chemical stability, and thermal robustness under conditions representative of charcoal-fired electricity facilities. During the funded years, boride materials were synthesized using an arc-plasma technique under ambient air and argon atmospheres, enabling scalable and cost-effective production compared with conventional boride fabrication methods. The synthesized borides were processed into nanostructured powders, followed by consolidation into dense bulk materials using a spark plasma sintering (SPS) bottom-up approach. Comprehensive characterization was performed, including microstructural analysis, electrical transport measurements, and optical and thermal property evaluation. Both p-type and n-type boride electric legs were fabricated and integrated into boride-based thermocouples. The thermal and irradiation stabilities of the boride nanomaterials and bulk thermoelectric materials were systematically evaluated to assess suitability for long-term operation in harsh environments. Additionally, 12 students were broadly hands-on trained spanning the full research workflow, including word processing and technical editing (e.g., LATEX for manuscript and poster preparation), data collection and analysis (using Python and related libraries and hardware interfaces), sample preparation (including arc-plasma synthesis and spark plasma sintering), and advanced characterization techniques (such as X-ray diffraction, UV–vis spectroscopy, electron microscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Seebeck coefficient measurements, etc). Overall, this project demonstrated the feasibility of boride-based thermoelectric materials as durable high-temperature thermocouples, providing a promising pathway toward robust temperature sensing technologies aligned with DOE energy infrastructure and extreme-environment monitoring needs.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Annual Status Report (FY 2024): Performance Assessment for the Integrated Disposal Facility

The purpose of this Annual Summary Report (ASR) for Fiscal Year (FY) 2024 is to evaluate the continued adequacy of the Integrated Disposal Facility (IDF) Performance Assessment (PA) and Disposal Authorization Statement (DAS). This report consolidates relevant monitoring data, modeling analyses, and regulatory reviews to demonstrate a reasonable expectation that the PA objectives and performance measures will be met, as required under DOE O 435.1. The ASR follows the guidance in DOE-STD-5002-2017, which provides a framework for maintaining the validity of the DAS through periodic assessment of facility performance and compliance with waste disposal requirements. The IDF is a near-surface disposal facility designed to receive and permanently dispose of low-level waste (LLW) and mixed low-level waste (MLLW) generated from Hanford Site operations. The facility consists of two double-lined disposal cells equipped with leak detection and leachates recovery systems to ensure environmental protection. Waste planned for disposal includes vitrified low-activity waste (LAW) and solid secondary waste (SSW) from the Hanford Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP). At the end of FY 2024, the IDF had not yet received any waste, as it remains in a pre-operational state. Disposal activities will begin with the hot commissioning of the WTP LAW Vitrification Facility using the Direct-Feed Low-Activity Waste (DFLAW) approach in Calendar Year (CY) 2025. This ASR justifies the continued adequacy of the PA and DAS by reviewing key documents and data sources. these sources are listed in Table A-2 in Appendix A.4): The Operating Disposal Authorization Statement (ODAS) for the IDF (DOE-EM, 2021) remains in effect, with no outstanding conditions or key issues affecting its implementation. Based on the comprehensive review of PA analyses, monitoring data, and regulatory compliance activities, this ASR concludes that the IDF remains in compliance with DOE O 435.1, and there is reasonable assurance that the PA performance objectives will be met once disposal operations commence in CY 2025.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1976

ALSEP: Quasar differential VLBI

A program of Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP)-Quasar Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) is being reported. These observations primarily employ a 4 antenna technique, whereby simultaneous observations with two antennas at each end of an intercontinental baseline are used to derive the differential interferometric phase between a compact extragalactic radio source (usually a quasar) and a number of ALSEP transmitters on the lunar surface. A continous ALSEP-quasar differential phase history over a few hour period leads to extremely high angular accuracy in measuring the lunar position against the quasar reference frame. This application of the 4 antenna technique has been underway for more than a year and is now producing high quality data utilizing Deep Space Network (DSN) stations in Australia, Spain, and Goldstone, California, as well as the Spaceflight Tracking and Data Network (STDN) Apollo station at Goldstone.

Slade, M. A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Automated Ride Hailing - Status, Projections, and Critical Safety Review

Automated ride-hailing services, commonly known as 'robo-taxis' are beginning to proliferate and scale. Currently they are available in four major US cities with another 10 cities planning their implementation in the near future. In the US, automated ride-hailing services are dominated by a single provider, with announcements from several competitors of service offerings by end of calendar year 2025. Internationally, only three companies are currently in commercial operations, with many more planned. The scaling of robo-taxi services appears to be the leading application of automated vehicles (AVs), and provides evidence of their anticipated safety in comparison to conventional vehicles. This presentation will provide an overview of the status of deployments of fully operational AVs in ride-hailing services, projections of the number of trips, vehicles, and vehicle miles traveled for the immediate future, and a critical review of the safety data that has been reported, both in the US as well as internationally.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS1990

Crustal Dynamics Project data analysis, 1990

The Goddard Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) group reports the results of analyzing 1073 Mark 3 data sets acquired from fixed and mobile observing sites through the end of 1989 and available to the Crustal Dynamics Project. Two large solutions, GLB656 and GLB657, were used to establish a VLBI reference frame with an origin coincident with the ITRF89. Another large solution, GLB658, was used to obtain Earth rotation parameters, nutation offsets, and global source positions. Site velocities were obtained from another large solution, GLB659. A fifth large solution, GLB660, was used to obtain baseline evolution. Site positions are tabulated on a yearly basis from 1979 through 1992. Site velocities are presented in both Cartesian and topocentric coordinates. The results include 76 sources, 80 sites, and 422 baselines.

Caprette, D. S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Report of the first Nimbus-7 SMMR Experiment Team Workshop

Preliminary results of sea ice and techniques for calculating sea ice concentration and multiyear fraction from the microwave radiances obtained from the Nimbus-7 SMMR were presented. From these results, it is evident that these groups used different and independent approaches in deriving sea ice emissivities and algorithms. This precluded precise comparisons of their results. A common set of sea ice emissivities were defined for all groups to use for subsequent more careful comparison of the results from the various sea ice parameter algorithms. To this end, three different geographical areas in two different time intervals were defined as typifying SMMR beam-filling conditions for first year sea ice, multiyear sea ice, and open water and to be used for determining the required microwave emissivities.

Campbell, W. J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Advanced photovoltaic solar array - Design and performance

This paper reports on the development of an ultralightweight flexible blanket, flatpack, foldout solar array design that can provide 3- to 4-fold improvement on specific power performance of current rigid panel arrays and a factor of two improvement over a first-generation flexible blanket array developed as a forerunner to the Space Station Freedom array. To date a prototype wing has been built with a projected specific power performance of about 138 W/kg at beginning-of-life (BOL) and 93 W/kg end-of-life (EOL) at 12 kW (BOL) for a 10-year geosynchronous (GEO) mission. The prototype wing hardware has been subjected to a series of system-level tests to demonstrate design feasibility. The design of the array is summarized. The major trade studies that led to the selection of the baseline design are discussed. Key system-level and component-level testing are described. Array-level performance projections are presented as a function of existing and advanced solar array component technology for various mission applications.

Kurland, Richard↗
NASA NTRS1998

Trace Explosives Signatures from World War II Unexploded Undersea Ordnance

Trace explosives signatures of TNT and DNT have been extracted from multiple sediment samples adjacent to unexploded undersea ordnance at Halifax Harbor, Canada. The ordnance was hurled into the harbor during a massive explosion some 50 years earlier, in 1945 after World War II had ended. Laboratory sediment extractions were made using the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) method in seawater and detection using the Reversal Electron Attachment Detection (READ) technique and, in the case of DNT, a commercial gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Results show that, after more than 50 years in the environment, ordnance that appeared to be physically intact gave good explosives signatures at the parts per billion level, whereas ordnance that had been cracked open during the explosion gave no signatures at the 10 parts per trillion sensitivity level. These measurements appear to provide the first reported data of explosives signatures from undersea unexploded ordnance.

Darrach, M. R.↗
DOE OSTI2020

W.A. Parish Post-Combustion CO 2 Capture and Sequestration Demonstration Project (Final Technical Report)

The Petra Nova Project (Project) is a commercial scale post-combustion carbon capture project developed by a joint venture between NRG Energy, Inc. (NRG) and JX Nippon Oil Exploration (EOR) Limited (JX). The Project is designed to separate and capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from an existing coal-fired unit’s flue gas slipstream at NRG’s W.A. Parish Electric Generating Station (WAP) located southwest of Houston, Texas. The captured CO2 is dried, compressed, and transported via an 81-mile pipeline to the West Ranch oilfield (West Ranch) in Jackson County, Texas, where it is injected to boost oil production. The Project, which is partially funded by a grant (Grant) from the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) under the Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI) Round 3, uses the Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide Recovery advanced amine-based CO 2 absorption technology (KM-CDR Process®), which was jointly developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI) and the Kansai Electric Power Co. Inc., to treat and capture at least ninety percent (90%) of the CO 2 from a 240-megawatt equivalent (MWe) flue gas slipstream off of Unit 8 at WAP. When operating at full capacity, the Project captures approximately 5,200 short tons of CO 2 per day, which would otherwise be emitted into the atmosphere, representing the largest commercial scale deployment of post-combustion CO2 capture technology at a coal power plant to date. Under the Grant, the Project was managed in 3 phases: (1) Phase 1: Project Definition / Front End Engineering Design (FEED) (2) Phase 2: Detailed Engineering, Procurement & Construction (3) Phase 3: Demonstration and Monitoring. On December 29, 2016, commercial operation of the Project was achieved, ending Phase 2 and starting Phase 3, a 3-year demonstration period running from January 1, 2017 through December 31, 2019. The key objectives of Phase 3 were to (a) demonstrate the specific advanced technologies constructed during Phase 2 and (b) monitor the injected CO 2 at West Ranch to demonstrate technologies and protocols for monitoring, verification, and accounting (MVA). As of the end of Phase 3, Petra Nova captured 3,904,978 short tons of CO 2 (3,542,537 metric tons) that was transported to West Ranch. To support the DOE obligation to monitor, verify, and account for the sequestered CO 2 at West Ranch, Petra Nova contracted with the Bureau of Economic Geology (in the Jackson School of Geosciences at The University of Texas at Austin) to (a) design a monitoring program, (b) draft an MVA Plan for DOE review and approval, and (c) working with Petra Nova and the operator of West Ranch to manage and report on the MVA activity. This report discussed the technical aspects of the project during each of the 3 phases of the project as identified above.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
NASA NTRS2024

Continuation of Solar Absorptivity Degradation of Spacecraft Materials Due to UV and Charged Particles in the Gateway Environment

Gateway is a lunar orbiting platform that will be assembled in space similar to the International Space Station. Modules will arrive following different transit orbits, some of which have an extended duration in the Van Allen Belts. This means the spacecraft is exposed to significant charged particle radiation, after which it must operate in cislunar space for 15 years. Charged particle and UV degradation of potential Gateway materials was identified as a knowledge gap by the Passive Thermal Control System (PTCS) Group as end-of-life solar absorptivity greatly impacts thermal performance. Multiple rounds of ground testing have been completed at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in which potential Gateway materials were subjected to expected worst-case transit charged particle fluence (9.86 x 10 15 protons/cm 2 at 2.5 keV and 3.1x10 16 electrons/cm 2 at 10 keV) and up to 5093 Equivalent Solar Hours (ESH) of UV exposure. This report builds on previous data from Zinecker et al. 2022. Round 1a was published in that paper and Rounds 2a, 2b, and 2c are discussed here with some comparisons to Round 1a. Additional materials have been tested and solar absorptivity degradation is presented along with comparisons to previous results.

Brandon Hoffmann↗
DOE OSTI2020

Oscar Seborer: Father of the Soviet Atomic Bomb?

Seventy-five years after the end of World War II, atomic spies continue to captivate and revolt the American public. Theodore "Ted" Hall, Klaus Fuchs, and David Greenglass all committed espionage at Los Alamos during the war. It has also been conjectured that there was an unidentified spy known only by the code-name PERSEUS, but there is a growing consensus among scholars that PERSEUS never existed. However, in September 2019, historians Harvey Klehr and John Earl Haynes unmasked a fourth Los Alamos spy code-named GODSEND. His name: Oscar Seborer. When the New York Times reported the story of Seborer's treachery in November 2019, almost nothing was known about his work at the Laboratory. However, recently discovered documents in the National Security Research Center (NSRC) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) offer some clues as to what GODSEND may have stolen for Stalin.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2021

Long-run Marginal CO2 Emission Rates Workbooks for 2020 Standard Scenarios Cambium Data

This dataset has been superseded by a new set of workbooks that can be found here: https://data.nlr.gov/submissions/183 These workbooks contain modeled estimates of long-run marginal CO2 emission rates (LRMER) for the contiguous United States. The LRMER is an estimate of the rate of emissions that would be either induced or avoided by a long-term (i.e., more than several years) change in electrical demand. It incorporates both the projected changes to the electric grid, as well as the potential for an incremental change in electrical demand to influence the structural evolution of the grid (i.e., the building and retiring of capital assets, such as generators and transmission lines). It is therefore distinct from the more-commonly-known short-run marginal, which treats grid assets as fixed. In addition to year-over-year data, the Levelized LRMER worksheet within each workbook is set up to produce a levelized long-run marginal emission rate based on user-provided inputs. These levelized LRMER values are intended for analysts to use when estimating the emissions induced (or avoided) by a long-term change in end-use electricity demand. Three future scenarios are provided in separate workbooks: A Mid-case (i.e., business-as-usual), and two scenarios with relatively higher or lower renewable energy costs. For more details on these scenarios, see the Standard Scenarios 2020 Report ( https://www.nlr.gov/docs/fy21osti/77442.pdf ). For more data underlying each scenario, see the Standard Scenarios 2020 project (Cambium data) at https://cambium.nlr.gov/ . This data was produced as part of the Cambium project. For more details about the methodology, see the Cambium Documentation: Version 2020 ( https://www.nlr.gov/docs/fy21osti/78239.pdf ). This data is planned to be updated annually. Information on the latest versions can be found at https://www.nlr.gov/analysis/cambium.html .

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mitchell FEED Study Summary Report (Unlimited Rights Version) (Rev. D)

Heidelberg Materials (HM), Sargent & Lundy (S&L), and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) completed a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) study for deployment of an amine-based CO 2 capture system at the Mitchell Cement Plant in Indiana. The project includes compression of captured CO 2 to a supercritical state for geological sequestration. The flue gases from 7,000 mtpd clinker plant combined with auxiliary boiler flue gases into the capture system. Auxiliary boiler supplies steam for solvent regeneration. The study developed an AACE Class 3 capital cost estimate (+30%/-20%) at approximately 30% design completion to evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of capturing up to 2 million tonnes of CO 2 per year.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2009

A Landsat-Based Assessment of Mobile Bay Land Use and Land Cover Change from 1974 to 2008

The Mobile Bay region has experienced noteworthy land use and land cover (LULC) change in the latter half of the 20th century. Accompanying this change has been urban expansion and a reduction of rural land uses. Much of this LULC change has reportedly occurred since the landfall of Hurricane Frederic in 1979. The Mobile Bay region provides great economic and ecologic benefits to the Nation, including important coastal habitat for a broad diversity of fisheries and wildlife. Regional urbanization threatens the estuary s water quality and aquatic-habitat dependent biota, including commercial fisheries and avian wildlife. Coastal conservation and urban land use planners require additional information on historical LULC change to support coastal habitat restoration and resiliency management efforts. This presentation discusses results of a Gulf of Mexico Application Pilot project that was conducted in 2008 to quantify and assess LULC change from 1974 to 2008. This project was led by NASA Stennis Space Center and involved multiple Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA) partners, including the Mobile Bay National Estuary Program (NEP), the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s (NOAA s) National Coastal Data Development Center (NCDDC), and the NOAA Coastal Services Center. Nine Landsat images were employed to compute LULC products because of their availability and suitability for the application. The project also used Landsat-based national LULC products, including coastal LULC products from NOAA s Coastal Change & Analysis Program (C-CAP), available at 5-year intervals since 1995. Our study was initiated in part because C-CAP LULC products were not available to assess the region s urbanization prior to 1995 and subsequent to post Hurricane Katrina in 2006. This project assessed LULC change across the 34-year time frame and at decadal and middecadal scales. The study area included the majority of Mobile and Baldwin counties that encompass Mobile Bay. In doing so, each date of Landsat data was classified using an end-user defined modified Anderson level 1 classification scheme. LULC classifications were refined using a decision rule approach in conjunction with available C-CAP products. Individual dates of LULC classifications were validated by image interpretation of stratified random locations on raw Landsat color composite imagery in combination with higher resolution remote sensing and in-situ reference data. The results indicate that during the 34-year study period, urban areas increased from 96,688 to 150,227 acres, representing a 55.37% increase, or 1.63% per annum. Most of the identified urban expansion results from conversion of rural forest and agriculture to urban cover types. Final LULC mapping and metadata products were produced for the entire study area as well as watersheds of concern within the study area. Final project products, including LULC trend information, were incorporated into the Mobile Bay NEP State of the Bay report. Products and metadata were transferred to NOAA NCDDC to allow free online accessibility and use by GOMA partners and by the public.

Spruce, Joseph↗