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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 415 records · Page 23
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Cryostat system for investigation on new neutron moderator materials at reactor TRIGA PUSPATI

A simple continuous flow (SCF) cryostat was designed to investigate the neutron moderation of alumina in high temperature co-ceramic (HTCC) and polymeric materials such as Teflon under TRIGA neutron environment using a reflected neutron beam from a monochromator. Cooling of the cryostat will be carried out using liquid nitrogen. The cryostat will be built with an aluminum holder for moderator within stainless steel cylinder pipe. A copper thermocouple will be used as the temperature sensor to monitor the moderator temperature inside the cryostat holder. Initial measurements of neutron spectrum after neutron passing through the moderating materials have been carried out using a neutron spectrometer.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1982

Development of advanced high-temperature heat flux sensors

Various configurations of high temperature, heat flux sensors were studied to determine their suitability for use in experimental combustor liners of advanced aircraft gas turbine engines. It was determined that embedded thermocouple sensors, laminated sensors, and Gardon gauge sensors, were the most viable candidates. Sensors of all three types were fabricated, calibrated, and endurance tested. All three types of sensors met the fabricability survivability, and accuracy requirements established for their application.

Atkinson, W. H.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Fiber Optic Thermal Health Monitoring of Composites

A recently developed technique is presented for thermographic detection of flaws in composite materials by performing temperature measurements with fiber optic Bragg gratings. Individual optical fibers with multiple Bragg gratings employed as surface temperature sensors were bonded to the surfaces of composites with subsurface defects. The investigated structures included a 10-ply composite specimen with subsurface delaminations of various sizes and depths. Both during and following the application of a thermal heat flux to the surface, the individual Bragg grating sensors measured the temporal and spatial temperature variations. The data obtained from grating sensors were analyzed with thermal modeling techniques of conventional thermography to reveal particular characteristics of the interested areas. Results were compared with the calculations using numerical simulation techniques. Methods and limitations for performing in-situ structural health monitoring are discussed.

Wu, Meng-Chou↗
NASA NTRS2011

Fiber Optic Thermal Detection of Composite Delaminations

A recently developed technique is presented for thermographic detection of delaminations in composites by performing temperature measurements with fiber optic Bragg gratings. A single optical fiber with multiple Bragg gratings employed as surface temperature sensors was bonded to the surface of a composite with subsurface defects. The investigated structure was a 10-ply composite specimen with prefabricated delaminations of various sizes and depths. Both during and following the application of a thermal heat flux to the surface, the individual Bragg grating sensors measured the temporal and spatial temperature variations. The data obtained from grating sensors were analyzed with thermal modeling techniques of conventional thermography to reveal particular characteristics of the interested areas. Results were compared and found to be consistent with the calculations using numerical simulation techniques. Also discussed are methods including various heating sources and patterns, and their limitations for performing in-situ structural health monitoring.

Wu, Meng-Chou↗
DOE OSTI2023

Aerosol‐Jet‐Printable Covalent Organic Framework Colloidal Inks and Temperature‐Sensitive Nanocomposite Films

Abstract With molecularly well‐defined and tailorable 2D structures, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as leading material candidates for chemical sensing, storage, separation, and catalysis. In these contexts, the ability to directly and deterministically print COFs into arbitrary geometries will enable rapid optimization and deployment. However, previous attempts to print COFs have been restricted by low spatial resolution and/or post‐deposition polymerization that limits the range of compatible COFs. Here, these limitations are overcome with a pre‐synthesized, solution‐processable colloidal ink that enables aerosol jet printing of COFs with micron‐scale resolution. The ink formulation utilizes the low‐volatility solvent benzonitrile, which is critical to obtaining homogeneous printed COF film morphologies. This ink formulation is also compatible with other colloidal nanomaterials, thus facilitating the integration of COFs into printable nanocomposite films. As a proof‐of‐concept, boronate‐ester COFs are integrated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to form printable COF‐CNT nanocomposite films, in which the CNTs enhance charge transport and temperature sensing performance, ultimately resulting in high‐sensitivity temperature sensors that show electrical conductivity variation by 4 orders of magnitude between room temperature and 300 °C. Overall, this work establishes a flexible platform for COF additive manufacturing that will accelerate the incorporation of COFs into technologically significant applications.

2D materials↗
DOE OSTI2019

Reduced Mode Sapphire Optical Fiber and Sensing System

This is the final technical report for the Virginia Tech Center for Photonics Technology (VT-CPT) research project entitled “Reduced Mode Sapphire Optical Fiber and Sensing System”. The objective of the five-year effort was to develop a low modal volume (LMV) single crystal sapphire fiber and demonstrate its advantages in current state-of-the-art sapphire-based temperature sensors and in novel distributed ultra-high temperature sensing systems. The project, sponsored by the Crosscutting Research Program, began in 2014 and had the original goal of developing the next generation of harsh environment sensing systems. After successfully completing the original scope of the award, the project was expanded and extended to allow for the development of harsh environment packaging and testing of a prototype sensor system. These novel fiber optic sensing technologies provide real-time, accurate, and reliable temperature measurements at distributed locations in existing coal-fueled electricity generating units to improve the overall performance, reliability, and flexibility of the nation’s coal-fired power plant fleet. In the final year (2018) of the project, prototype sensing systems were successfully deployed and operated in small commercial coal and natural gas fired boilers at the Virginia Tech Power Plant. The harsh environment quasi-distributed temperature sensing technology was advanced from a (Technology Readiness Level) TRL=1 to a TRL=7 by demonstrating the full validation of the sensing system prototype in a relevant industrial environment. The real-time, accurate and reliable monitoring of temperatures at distributed locations is expected to lower operating costs by allowing more accurate measurement of the harsh conditions inside a boiler system to better control its operation. The technologies developed by Virginia Tech’s Center for Photonics Technology will support the mission of the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to advance energy options to fuel our economy, strengthen our security, and improve the environment.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2018

Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok (Final Campaign Report)

Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok (AALCO) Intensive Operation Period (IOP) began in October, 2016 and ended in October, 2017 at the ARM Mobile Facility-3 (AMF-3) at Oliktok Point, Alaska. The operations tested super-cooled liquid water sensors (SLWCs), leaf-wetness sensors, radiosondes, and a distributed temperature sensor (DTS) on tethered balloon system (TBS) platforms throughout the period. An auto-reeler system, a helikite, and a aerostat were tested. When conditions were optimal, the aerostat was preferred to the helikite and the auto-reeler. It was found the SLWCs had better transmission and sensitivity to relay information about the near-surface cloudy boundary layer than the leaf-wetness sensors. The DTS was also found to give useful information about the atmospheric column and deployment is condition-dependent. Results from the SLWCs and DTS are being compared with high resolution Large Eddy Simulations (LES) in the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1972

Heat flow experiment

The heat flow experiment installed on the lunar surface during the Apollo 15 flight is described. Subjects discussed are: (1) the experiment concept and design, (2) the operations of the experiment, (3) the employment of the experiment on the lunar surface at Hadley Rille site, (4) subsurface lunar temperatures, and (5) extrapolation of sensor temperatures to equilibrium values. Graphs of the data obtained from the experiment are provided.

Langseth, M. G., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Structural analysis of stratocumulus convection

The 1 and 20 Hz data are examined from the Electra flights made on July 5, 1987. The flight legs consisted of seven horizontal turbulent legs at the inversion, midcloud, and below clouds, plus 4 soundings made within the same period. The Rosemont temperature sensor and the top and bottom dewpoint sensors were used to measure temperature and humidity at 1 Hz. Inversion structure and entrainment; local dynamics and large scale forcing; convective elements; and decoupling of cloud and subcloud are discussed in relationship to the results of the Electra flight.

Siems, S. T.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Pressure transducer and system for cryogenic environments

A silicon pressure die is bonded to a borosilicate substrate above the pneumatic port. A Wheatstone bridge circuit is formed on the silicon pressure die and has bridge elements of silicon doped with boron to a deposit density level of approximately 1 x 10(exp 19)-10(exp 21) boron/cc. A current source is provided to excite the Wheatstone bridge circuit. In addition, a temperature sensor is provided to provide temperature readings. An array may be formed of the resulting pressure transducers. This unique solution of materials permits operation of a pressure transducer in cryogenic environments.

Chapman, John J.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Radiant Temperature Nulling Radiometer

A self-calibrating nulling radiometer for non-contact temperature measurement of an object, such as a body of water, employs a black body source as a temperature reference, an optomechanical mechanism, e.g., a chopper, to switch back and forth between measuring the temperature of the black body source and that of a test source, and an infrared detection technique. The radiometer functions by measuring radiance of both the test and the reference black body sources; adjusting the temperature of the reference black body so that its radiance is equivalent to the test source; and, measuring the temperature of the reference black body at this point using a precision contact-type temperature sensor, to determine the radiative temperature of the test source. The radiation from both sources is detected by an infrared detector that converts the detected radiation to an electrical signal that is fed with a chopper reference signal to an error signal generator, such as a synchronous detector, that creates a precision rectified signal that is approximately proportional to the difference between the temperature of the reference black body and that of the test infrared source. This error signal is then used in a feedback loop to adjust the reference black body temperature until it equals that of the test source, at which point the error signal is nulled to zero. The chopper mechanism operates at one or more Hertz allowing minimization of l/f noise. It also provides pure chopping between the black body and the test source and allows continuous measurements.

Robert Ryan↗
NASA NTRS2011

Thin film ceramic thermocouples

A thin film ceramic thermocouple (10) having two ceramic thermocouple (12, 14) that are in contact with each other in at least on point to form a junction, and wherein each element was prepared in a different oxygen/nitrogen/argon plasma. Since each element is prepared under different plasma conditions, they have different electrical conductivity and different charge carrier concentration. The thin film thermocouple (10) can be transparent. A versatile ceramic sensor system having an RTD heat flux sensor can be combined with a thermocouple and a strain sensor to yield a multifunctional ceramic sensor array. The transparent ceramic temperature sensor that could ultimately be used for calibration of optical sensors.

Gregory, Otto↗
DOE OSTI2018

Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok Field Campaign Report

The Aerial Assessment of Liquid in Clouds at Oliktok (AALCO) Intensive Operation Period (IOP) began in October 2016 and ended in October 2017 at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) third Mobile Facility (AMF3) at Oliktok Point, Alaska (https://www.arm.gov/research/campaigns/amf2016aalco). The operations tested super-cooled liquid water sensors (SLWCs), leaf-wetness sensors, radiosondes, and a distributed temperature sensor (DTS) on tethered balloon system (TBS) platforms throughout the period. An auto-reeler system, a helikite, and an aerostat were tested. When conditions were optimal, the aerostat was preferred to the helikite and the auto-reeler. It was found that the SLWCs had better transmission and sensitivity to relay information about the near-surface cloudy boundary layer than the leaf-wetness sensors. The DTS was also found to give useful information about the atmospheric column and deployment is condition-dependent. Results from the SLWCs and DTS are being compared with high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LES) in the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM) (Khairoutdinov and Randall, 2003).

North Slope of Alaska, Oliktok Point, aerosols, Ar↗
DOE OSTI2015

Designing a TAC thermometer from a VHTR graphite structure

The interior of a nuclear reactor presents a particularly harsh and challenging environment for both sensors and telemetry due to high temperatures and high fluxes of energetic and ionizing particles among the radioactive decay products. Very High Temperature Reactors are pushing the in core temperatures even higher. A unique sensing approach will be discussed to address the necessary high temperature measurements. Thermoacoustic thermometry exploits high temperatures and uses materials that are immune to the effects of ionizing radiation to create a temperature sensor that is self-powered and wireless. In addition, the form-factor for the Thermoacoustic Thermometer (TACT) can be designed to be integrated within common in-pile structures. There are no physical moving parts required for TACT and the sensor is self-powered, as it uses the nuclear fuel for its heat source. TACT data will be presented from a laboratory prototype mimicking the design necessary for a VHTR graphite structure.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

iButton and Tinytag snow/ground interface temperature measurements at Teller 27 and Kougarok 64 from 2022-2023, Seward Peninsula, Alaska

Snow/ground interface temperature measurements were collected at the NGEE Arctic Teller Road Site at mile marker 27 (TL_MM27) and at the Kougarok Road Site at mile marker 64 (KG_MM64) on the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Data were collected between October 1, 2022 to September 18, 2023 using iButton Link DS1921G-F5# Thermochron miniature temperature sensors (https://www.ibuttonlink.com/products/ds1921g) and Tinytag TGP-4017 internal sensors (https://www.micronmeters.com/product/tgp-4017-internal-sensor-40-to-85-c-40-f-to-185-f) deployed across the Kougarok and Teller sites. These sensors are a cost-efficient way to collect snowpack temperatures at a higher spatial resolution than what is normally achieved. iButton data were collected every 4 hours, while Tinytag data were collected every 30 minutes. In total, data were collected from 196 iButtons and 26 Tinytags. This dataset contains four *.csv files of near-ground surface temperatures at various locations throughout each study site and two *.kml files of sensor locations. Data were collected throughout the snow cover season so that snowpack characteristics could be derived using the temperature data. Sensors were placed both inside and outside of vegetation to better capture the spatial variability of snow properties across each domain.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic) was a 15-year research effort (2012-2027) to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska.Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy’s Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

iButton snow temperature measurements at Teller 27 and Kougarok 64, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2019-2020

Snow temperature measurements were collected at the NGEE Arctic Teller Road Site at mile marker 27 (TL_MM27) and at the Kougarok Road Site at mile marker 64 (KG_MM64) on the Seward Peninsula. Data were collected from October 1, 2021 to August 16, 2022 using iButton Link DS1926-F5# Thermochron miniature temperature sensors (https://www.ibuttonlink.com/products/ds1921g) and Tinytag TGP-4017 internal sensors (https://www.micronmeters.com/product/tgp-4017-internal-sensor-40-to-85-c-40-f-to-185-f) deployed across the Kougarok and Teller sites. These sensors are a cost-efficient way to collect snowpack temperatures at a higher spatial resolution than what is normally achieved. iButton data were collected every 4 hours beginning on October 1, 2021. Tinytag data collection began between October 9, 2021 and October 12, 2021 depending on the specific Tinytag and data were collected every 30 minutes. In total, data were collected from 236 iButtons and 30 Tinytags. This dataset contains four *.csv files of near-ground surface temperatures at various locations throughout each study site and four *.shp files of sensor locations. Data were collected throughout the snow cover season so that snowpack characteristics could be derived using the temperature data. Sensors were placed both inside and outside of vegetation to better capture the spatial variability of snow properties across each domain.The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a 15-year research effort (2012-2027) to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1983

Advanced high temperature heat flux sensors

To fully characterize advanced high temperature heat flux sensors, calibration and testing is required at full engine temperature. This required the development of unique high temperature heat flux test facilities. These facilities were developed, are in place, and are being used for advanced heat flux sensor development.

Atkinson, W.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Jet stability and wall impingement flow field in a thermal striping experiment

We present velocity and temperature field measurements for a 0.9 x 0.9 x 1.7 m glass tank in which two air jets at Re=10000 mix and impinge upon the lid at ambient temperature and pressure. Flow patterns are characterized across a 350 x 200 mm plane located 3 mm below the lid for two inlet geometries: 1) “extended”, in which inlet channels protrude above the tank base, and 2) “flush”, a flat base without protrusions. This minor geometry variation produced distinct changes in the lid flow field, appearing as three stagnant regions for the extended case and only one for flush. The dichotomy is attributed to system stability characteristics: jets are stable in the extended case and unstable for flush. In a separate set of nonisothermal tests, the impingement temperature field was measured for inlet temperature mismatches of 4 oC and jets near Re=10000. A 50 m-long fiber optic distributed temperature sensor positioned 2 mm below the lid measured at 1350 locations. Like the velocity fields, the temperature fields differ for the two inlet geometries: good thermal mixing for the flush case and subdued mixing for the extended case. Simulations with the spectral element code Nek5000 replicated the observed stability dichotomy, duplicating the number of stagnant regions observed in the experiment and matching their locations within ±10 mm. Simulation data suggests that flush case instability is due to interactions between jets and wall flows at the bottom of the tank. The clear flow dichotomy exhibited by this two-jet setup presents an unambiguous case to test the ability of CFD tools to predict subtle flow field changes driven by minor modifications in geometry in the context of thermal striping.

42 ENGINEERING↗