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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 469 records · Page 26
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

The Kara and Ust-Kara impact structures (USSR) and their relevance to the K/T boundary event

The Kara and Ust-Kara craters are twin impact structures situated at about 69 deg 10 min N; 65 deg 00 min E at the Kara Sea. For Kara a diameter of about 55 km would be a very conservative estimate, and field observations indicate a maximum current diameter of about 60 km. The diameter of Ust-Kara has to be larger than 16 km. A better estimate might be 25 km but in all likelihood it is even larger. Suevites and impactites from the Kara area have been known since the beginning of the century, but had been misidentified as glacial deposits. Only about 15 years ago the impact origin of the two structures was demonstrated, following the recognition of shock metamorphism in the area. The composition of the target rocks is mirrored by the composition of the clasts within the suevites. In the southern part of Kara, Permian shales and limestones are sometimes accompanied by diabasic dykes, similar to in the central uplift. Due to the high degree of shock metamorphism the shocked magmatic rocks are not easily identified, although most of them seem to be of diabasic or dioritic composition. The impact melts (tagamites) are grey to dark grey fine grained crystallized rocks showing very fine mineral components and are the product of shock-melting with later recrystallization. The impact glasses show a layered structure, inclusions, and vesicles, and have colors ranging from translucent white over brown and grey to black. A complete geochemical characterization of the Kara and Ust-Kara impact craters was attempted by analyzing more than 40 samples of target rocks, shocked rocks, suevites, impact melts, and impact glasses for major and trace elements.

Koeberl, Christian↗
NASA NTRS1990

LaRC TPI 1500 series polymers

The crystallization behavior and the melt flow properties of two batches of 1500 series LaRC-TPI polymers from Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals (MTC) were investigated. The characterization methods include Differential Scanning Calorimetry, the x ray diffractography and the melt rheology. The as-received materials possess initial crystalline melting peak temperatures of 295 and 305 C, respectively. These materials are less readily recrystallizable at elevated temperatures when compared to other semicrystalline thermoplastics. For the samples annealed at temperatures below 330 C, a semicrystalline polymer can be obtained. On the other hand, a purely amorphous structure is realized in the samples annealed at temperatures above 330 C. Isothermal crystallization kinetics were studied by means of the simple Avrami equation. The viscoelastic properties at elevated temperatures below and above glass transition temperature of the polymers were measured. Information with regard to the molecule sizes and distributions in these polymers were also extracted from melt rheology.

Hou, Tan-Hung↗
NASA NTRS2000

Crystallization of Ca-Al-Rich Inclusions: Experimental Studies on the Effects of Repeated Heating Events

The observed textures and chemistry of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are presumed to be the culmination of a series of repeated heating and cooling events in the early history of the solar nebula. We have examined the effects of these heating/cooling cycles experimentally on a bulk composition representing an average Type B Ca-Al-rich inclusion composition. We have tested the effect of the nature of the starting material. Although the most recent and/or highest temperature event prior to incorporation into the parent body dominates the texture and chemistry of the CAI, prior events also affect the phase compositions and textures. We have determined that heating precursor grains to about 1275 C prior to the final melting event increases the likelihood of anorthite crystallization in subsequent higher temperature events and a prior high temperature even that produced dendritic melilite results in melilite that shows evidence of rapid crystallization in subsequent lower temperature events. Prior low temperature pre-crystallization events produce final ran products with pyroxene compositions similar to Type B Ca-Al-rich inclusions, and the glass (residual liquid) composition is more anorthitic than any other experiments to date. The addition of Pt powder to the starting material appears to enhance the ability of anorthite to nucleate from this composition.

Paque, Julie M.↗
NASA NTRS2003

Residual Gases in Crystal Growth Systems

Residual gases present in closed ampoules may affect different crystal growth processes. That seems to be particularly true under microgravity conditions where, due to weightlessness of the melt, the gases may lead to detached solidification and/or formation of voids and bubbles, as observed in the past. For that reason a good understanding and control of formation of residual gases is important for an optimum design and meaningful interpretation of crystal growth experiments. Our extensive experimental and theoretical studies of the subject, summarized in this paper, include degassing of silica glass and generation of gases from different source materials. Different materials processing conditions, like outgassing under vacuum, annealing in hydrogen, resublimation, different material preparation procedures, multiple annealings, different processing times, and others were applied and their effect on the amount and composition of gas were analyzed. The experimental results were interpreted based on theoretical calculations on diffusion in silica glass and source materials and thermochemistry of the system. Procedures for a reduction of the amount of gas are also discussed.

Palosz, W.↗
NASA NTRS2003

A Liquid-Liquid Transition in an Undercooled Ti-Zr-Ni Liquid

If crystallization can be avoided, liquids enter a metastable (undercooled) state below their equilibrium liquidus temperatures, TI, finally freezing into a glass below a characteristic temperature called the glass transition temperature, T,. In rare cases, the undercooled liquid may undergo a liquid-liquid phase transition (liquid polymorphism) before entering the glassy state. This has been suggested from experimental studies of HzO and Si4. Such phase transitions have been predicted in some stable liquids, i.e. above TI at atmospheric pressure, for Si02 and BeF;, but these have not been verified experimentally. They have been observed in liquids of P7, Sis and C9, but only under high pressure. All of these transitions are driven by an anomalous density change, i.e. change in local structure, with temperature or pressure. In this letter we present the first experimental evidence for a phase transition in a low viscosity liquid that is not driven by an anomalous density change, but by an approach to a constant configuration state. A maximum in the specific heat at constant pressure, similar to what is normally observed near T,, is reported here for undercooled low viscosity liquids of quasicrystal- forming Ti-Zr-Ni alloys. that includes cooperativity, by incorporating a temperature dependent excitation energy fits the data well, signaling a phase transition.

Lee, G. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Contact-eutectic-lens fabrication technique

Method enables use of crystal or semiconductor materials with selective spectral-response characteristics (ultraviolet, visible, or infrared wavelengths) in fabrication of contact lenses, reading glasses, and photographic processing equipment.

Allen, F. G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Glass research in space

Opportunities and problems associated with conducting containerless glass experiments in a microgravity environment are examined. Particular aspects of gel-derived glasses for space processing research are discussed, along with current space-related research activities in areas of amorphous phase separation, crystallization, and heterogeneous and homogeneous crystal nucleation.

Neilson, G. F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Nd:Glass-Raman laser for water vapor dial

A tunable solid-state Raman shifted laser which was used in a water vapor Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system at 9400 A is described. The DIAL transmitter is based on a tunable glass laser operating at 1.06 microns, a hydrogen Raman cell to shift the radiation to 1.88 microns, and a frequency doubling crystal. The results of measurements which characterize the output of the laser with respect to optimization of optical configuration and of Raman parameters were reported. The DIAL system was also described and preliminary atmospheric returns shown.

Kagann, R. H.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate in Martian meteorite EETA79001

Chips of glassy Lithology C of EETA79001 were studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine the mineralogy and petrogenesis of the glass that was shown by others to contain trapped Mars-like gases. Calcium carbonite was identified as massive to acicular crystals for which Ca, C, and O were the major elements. Calcium sulfate was identified as prismatic-acicular crystals with Ca and S as the major elements.

Gooding, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS2005

Liquid Crystalline Thermosets from Ester, Ester-Imide, and Ester-Amide Oligomers

Main chain thermotropic liquid crystal esters, ester-imides, and ester-amides were prepared from AA, BB, and AB type monomeric materials and were end-capped with phenylacetylene, phenylmaleimide, or nadimide reactive end-groups. The resulting reactive end-capped liquid crystal oligomers exhibit a variety of improved and preferred physical properties. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers are thermotropic and have, preferably, molecular weights in the range of approximately 1000-15,OOO grams per mole. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers have broad liquid crystalline melting ranges and exhibit high melt stability and very low melt viscosities at accessible temperatures. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers are stable for up to an hour in the melt phase. These properties make the end-capped liquid crystal oligomers highly processable by a variety of melt process shape forming and blending techniques including film extrusion, fiber spinning, reactive injection molding (RIM), resin transfer molding (RTM), resin film injection (RFI), powder molding, pultrusion, injection molding, blow molding, plasma spraying and thermo-forming. Once processed and shaped, the end- capped liquid crystal oligomers were heated to further polymerize and form liquid crystalline thermosets (LCT). The fully cured products are rubbers above their glass transition temperatures. The resulting thermosets display many properties that are superior to their non-end-capped high molecular weight analogs.

Theodornus J Dingemans↗
NASA NTRS2005

Liquid crystalline thermosets from ester, ester-imide, and ester-amide oligomers

Main chain thermotropic liquid crystal esters, ester-imides, and ester-amides were prepared from AA, BB, and AB type monomeric materials and were end-capped with phenylacetylene, phenylmaleimide, or nadimide reactive end-groups. The resulting reactive end-capped liquid crystal oligomers exhibit a variety of improved and preferred physical properties. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers are thermotropic and have, preferably, molecular weights in the range of approximately 1000-15,000 grams per mole. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers have broad liquid crystalline melting ranges and exhibit high melt stability and very low melt viscosities at accessible temperatures. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers are stable for up to an hour in the melt phase. These properties make the end-capped liquid crystal oligomers highly processable by a variety of melt process shape forming and blending techniques including film extrusion, fiber spinning, reactive injection molding (RIM), resin transfer molding (RTM), resin film injection (RFI), powder molding, pultrusion, injection molding, blow molding, plasma spraying and thermo-forming. Once processed and shaped, the end-capped liquid crystal oligomers were heated to further polymerize and form liquid crystalline thermosets (LCT). The fully cured products are rubbers above their glass transition temperatures. The resulting thermosets display many properties that are superior to their non-end-capped high molecular weight analogs.

Dingemans, Theodorous J.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Liquid Crystalline Thermosets from Ester, Ester-imide, and Ester-amide Oligomers

Main chain thermotropic liquid crystal esters, ester-imides, and ester-amides were prepared from AA, BB, and AB type monomeric materials and end-capped with phenylacetylene, phenylmaleimide, or nadimide reactive end-groups. The end-capped liquid crystal oligomers are thermotropic and have, preferably, molecular weights in the range of approximately 1000-15,000 grams per mole. The end-capped liquid crystaloligomers have broad liquid crystalline melting ranges and exhibit high melt stability and very low melt viscosities at accessible temperatures. The end-capped liquid crystal oli-gomers are stable forup to an hour in the melt phase. They are highly processable by a variety of melt process shape forming and blending techniques. Once processed and shaped, the end-capped liquid crystal oigomers were heated to further polymerize and form liquid crystalline thermosets (LCT). The fully cured products are rubbers above their glass transition temperatures.

Dingemans, Theodorus J.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Characterization of fines from the Apollo 16 site

We describe the characteristics of Apollo 16 fines samples 61281,8; 65701,13; 66031,6; 67701,26; and 67712,16 observed microscopically during the course of size and magnetic separations. Sample 67712,16 is unique in that almost all grains are rounded and no glass welded aggregates are present. All samples except 67712,16 contained about 0.5 wt.% of metal fragments 45 microns or more in diameter including occasional spheres and large single crystals. Some of this metal showed rust spots. Moessbauer spectra showed all the samples to be high in olivine compared to samples from other Apollo sites and to vary significantly in modal composition from each other. The fine grained Fe metal content and the excess absorption area near zero velocity in the Moessbauer spectra both vary with particle size and regolith maturity in the way one would predict from our model of Fe metal reduction and agglomeration during glass aggregate formation.

Housley, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS2002

The Effect of the Wall Contact and Post-Growth Cool-Down on Defects in CdTe Crystals Grown by 'Contactless' Physical Vapour Transport

A series of cadmium telluride crystals grown by physical vapor transport without contact with the ampoule walls and cooled at different rates were characterized using synchrotron X-ray topography, photoluminescence, and chemical etching. Strain from sticking to silica glass and its effect on the dislocation density is shown. It was found that very fast cool-down increases dislocation density by at least one order of magnitude. None of the samples had random dislocation distributions but coarse clumping of dislocations on the scale of more than 100 microns was more prevalent in slowly cooled crystals. Photoluminescence revealed that slow cooling favored the donor-acceptor luminescence involving complex A centers. This was diminished in fast cooled material; and effect presumed to be due to dislocation gettering. Fast cooling also enhanced the formation of shallow acceptors. Implications for Bridgman growth of CdTe and the vapor growth of CdZnTe are discussed briefly.

Palosz, W.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Protein crystal growth results from shuttle flight 51-F

The protein crystal growth (PCG) experiments run on 51-F were analyzed. It was found that: (1) sample stability is increased over that observed during the experiments on flight 51-D; (2) the dialysis experiments produced lysozyme crystals that were significantly larger than those obtained in our identical ground-based studies; (3) temperature fluctuations apparently caused problems during the crystallization experiments on 51-F; (4) it is indicated that teflon tape stabilizes droplets on the syringe tips; (5) samples survived during the reentry and landing in glass tips that were not stoppered with plungers; (6) from the ground-based studies, it was expected that equilibration should be complete within 2 to 4 days for all of these vapor-diffusion experiments, thus it appears that the vapor diffusion rates are somewhat slower under microgravity conditions; (7) drop tethering was highly successful, all four of the tethered drops were stable, even though they contained MPD solutions; (8) the PCG experiments on 51-F were done to assess the hardware and experimental procedures that are developed for future flights, when temperature control will be available. Lysozyme crystals obtained by microdialysis are considerably larger than those obtained on the ground, using the identical apparatus and procedures.

Bugg, C. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Apollo 15 breccia rake samples - Mineralogy of lithic and mineral clasts

Major features of 22 Apollo 15 breccia rake samples and 30 lithic clasts in these samples are described. The range of compositions of exsolved pyroxene grains (bulk and individual lamellae) indicates a slowly cooled mare basalt source. In terms of these data the pyroxenes closely resemble pyroxenes in large anorthosite 67075. It is suggested that the pyroxene-plagioclase-olivine clast in 15146 as well as some anomalous chemical data might result from metamorphism of a mare-type basalt or from plutonic crystallization of magma with mare basalt affinity. The bulk composition of the clast in 15146 closely matches that of Apollo 15 'green glass' to which it may be related. A unique ultrabasic clast in 15360 has an unusually low CaO content and other chemical features which suggest that this sample is unlike ultrabasic samples described to date.

Steele, I. M.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Effects of Impacts: Shock and Awe

This document discusses the following topics: Zircon as a Shock Indicator in Impactites of Drill Core Yaxcopoil-1, Chicxulub Impact Structure, Mexico; Experimental Investigation of Shock Effects in a Metapelitic Granulite; Experimental Reproduction of Shock Veins in Single-Crystal Minerals; Post-Shock Crystal-Plastic Processes in Quartz from Crystalline Target Rocks of the Charlevoix Impact Structure; Shock Reequilibration of Fluid Inclusions; How Does Tektite Glass Lose Its Water?; Assessing the Role of Anhydrite in the KT Mass Extinction: Hints from Shock-loading Experiments; A Mineralogical and Geochemical Study of the Nonmarine Permian/Triassic Boundary in the Southern Karoo Basin, South Africa; Extraterrestrial Chromium in the Permian-Triassic Boundary at Graphite Peak, Antarctica; Magnetic Fe,Si,Al-rich Impact Spherules from the P-T Boundary Layer at Graphite Peak, Antarctica; A Newly Recognized Late Archean Impact Spherule Layer in the Reivilo Formation, Griqualand West Basin, South Africa; Initial Cr-Isotopic and Iridium Measurements of Concentrates from Late Eocene Cpx-Spherule Deposits; An Ordinary Chondrite Impactor Composition for the Bosumtwi Impact Structure, Ghana, West Africa: Discussion of Siderophile Element Contents and Os and Cr Isotope Data.

Kyte, F. T.↗