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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 55 records · Page 3
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Method for compression molding of thermosetting plastics utilizing a temperature gradient across the plastic to cure the article

A method is described for compression molding of thermosetting plastics composition. Heat is applied to the compressed load in a mold cavity and adjusted to hold molding temperature at the interface of the cavity surface and the compressed compound to produce a thermal front. This thermal front advances into the evacuated compound at mean right angles to the compression load and toward a thermal fence formed at the opposite surface of the compressed compound.

Heier, W. C.↗
NASA NTRS1978

An evaluation of the sandwich beam in four-point bending as a compressive test method for composites

The experimental phase of the study included compressive tests on HTS/PMR-15 graphite/polyimide, 2024-T3 aluminum alloy, and 5052 aluminum honeycomb at room temperature, and tensile tests on graphite/polyimide at room temperature, -157 C, and 316 C. Elastic properties and strength data are presented for three laminates. The room temperature elastic properties were generally found to differ in tension and compression with Young's modulus values differing by as much as twenty-six percent. The effect of temperature on modulus and strength was shown to be laminate dependent. A three-dimensional finite element analysis predicted an essentially uniform, uniaxial compressive stress state in the top flange test section of the sandwich beam. In conclusion, the sandwich beam can be used to obtain accurate, reliable Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio data for advanced composites; however, the ultimate compressive stress for some laminates may be influenced by the specimen geometry.

Shuart, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Comparison between the PISO algorithm and preconditioning methods for compressible flow

Two widely used family of algorithms, pressure-based and density-based methods, have been developed for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) problems over the years. Pressure-based methods (such as SIMPLE and PISO) use a Poisson-like equation for updating pressure instead of the continuity equation, while density-based methods use the continuity equation to update density (an equation of state is used to provide density in pressure based schemes and pressure in density based schemes). Pressure-based methods were developed originally for incompressible flows at low Reynolds numbers and were then extended to high Reynolds numbers and compressible applications. On the other hand, density based methods were originally developed for transonic flows and have been extended down to low Mach numbers through the use of preconditioning techniques. We compare these two very different approaches to solving the Navier-Stokes equations in order to gain an understanding of their similarities and differences. Specifically, we consider the PISO scheme as a representative pressure-based method and contrast it with a recently developed preconditioning scheme. We also compare the relative performance of the PISO algorithm with a Euler implicit algorithm that is employed to solve the preconditioned equations by means of a vector stability analysis.

Merkle, Charles L.↗
NASA NTRS1991

A spectral collocation method for compressible, non-similar boundary layers

An efficient and highly accurate algorithm based on a spectral collocation method is developed for numerical solution of the compressible, two-dimensional and axisymmetric boundary layer equations. The numerical method incorporates a fifth-order, fully implicit marching scheme in the streamwise (timelike) dimension and a spectral collocation method based on Chebyshev polynomial expansions in the wall-normal (spacelike) dimension. The spectral collocation algorithm is used to derive the nonsimilar mean velocity and temperature profiles in the boundary layer of a 'fuselage' (cylinder) in a high-speed (Mach 5) flow parallel to its axis. The stability of the flow is shown to be sensitive to the gradual streamwise evolution of the mean flow and it is concluded that the effects of transverse curvature on stability should not be ignored routinely.

Pruett, C. D.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Finite element methods for compressible flows

The problems of mesh generation and developing effective algorithms for the solution of the equations of compressible flow on unstructured meshes are discussed. Adaptive mesh refinement methods can be implemented in a straightforward manner. Possible adaptive strategies are examined. A finite element method adapted to problems involving high speed compressible flow is described. The adaptive mesh regeneration procedure appears to offer the possibility of large computational savings in three dimensional flow computation.

Morgan, K.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Optimal Compression of Floating-Point Astronomical Images Without Significant Loss of Information

We describe a compression method for floating-point astronomical images that gives compression ratios of 6 - 10 while still preserving the scientifically important information in the image. The pixel values are first preprocessed by quantizing them into scaled integer intensity levels, which removes some of the uncompressible noise in the image. The integers are then losslessly compressed using the fast and efficient Rice algorithm and stored in a portable FITS format file. Quantizing an image more coarsely gives greater image compression, but it also increases the noise and degrades the precision of the photometric and astrometric measurements in the quantized image. Dithering the pixel values during the quantization process greatly improves the precision of measurements in the more coarsely quantized images. We perform a series of experiments on both synthetic and real astronomical CCD images to quantitatively demonstrate that the magnitudes and positions of stars in the quantized images can be measured with the predicted amount of precision. In order to encourage wider use of these image compression methods, we have made available a pair of general-purpose image compression programs, called fpack and funpack, which can be used to compress any FITS format image.

Pence, William D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

An h-p Taylor-Galerkin finite element method for compressible Euler equations

An extension of the familiar Taylor-Galerkin method to arbitrary h-p spatial approximations is proposed. Boundary conditions are analyzed, and a linear stability result for arbitrary meshes is given, showing the unconditional stability for the parameter of implicitness alpha not less than 0.5. The wedge and blunt body problems are solved with both linear, quadratic, and cubic elements and h-adaptivity, showing the feasibility of higher orders of approximation for problems with shocks.

Demkowicz, L.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A numerical investigation of the finite element method in compressible primitive variable Navier-Stokes flow

The results of a comprehensive numerical investigation of the basic capabilities of the finite element method (FEM) for numerical solution of compressible flow problems governed by the two-dimensional and axis-symmetric Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables are presented. The strong and weak points of the method as a tool for computational fluid dynamics are considered. The relation of the linear element finite element method to finite difference methods (FDM) is explored. The calculation of free shear layer and separated flows over aircraft boattail afterbodies with plume simulators indicate the strongest assets of the method are its capabilities for reliable and accurate calculation employing variable grids which readily approximate complex geometry and capably adapt to the presence of diverse regions of large solution gradients without the necessity of domain transformation.

Cook, C. H.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Spectral methods for compressible flow problems

Recent results concerning numerical simulation of shock waves using spectral methods are reviewed. Shock fitting techniques were discussed as well as shock capturing techniques with finite difference artificial viscosity. Also the notion of the information contained in the numerical results obtained by spectral methods and show how this information is recovered was discussed.

Gottlieb, D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Calculation methods for compressible turbulent boundary layers

Calculation procedures for non-reacting compressible two- and three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers were reviewed. Integral, transformation and correlation methods, as well as finite difference solutions of the complete boundary layer equations summarized. Alternative numerical solution procedures were examined, and both mean field and mean turbulence field closure models were considered. Physics and related calculation problems peculiar to compressible turbulent boundary layers are described. A catalog of available solution procedures of the finite difference, finite element, and method of weighted residuals genre is included. Influence of compressibility, low Reynolds number, wall blowing, and pressure gradient upon mean field closure constants are reported.

Bushnell, D. M.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Embedded function methods for compressible high speed turbulent flow

Fundamental issues relating to compressible turbulent flow are addressed. The focus has been on developing methods and testing concepts for attached flows rather than trying to force a conventional law of the wall into a zone of backflow. Although the dynamics of the near-wall flow in an attached turbulent boundary layer are relatively well documented, the dynamical features of a zone of reversed turbulent flow are not, nor are they well understood. Incompressibility introduces effects and issues that have been dealt with only marginally in the literature, therefore, the present work has been focussed on attached high-speed flows. The wall function method has been extended up through the supersonic to hypersonic speeds. Algorithms have been successfully introduced into the code that calculates the flow all the way to the wall, and testing is being carried out for progressively more complex flow situations.

Walker, J. D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1939

The Pack Method for Compressive Tests of Thin Specimens of Materials Used in Thin-Wall Structures

The strength of modern lightweight thin-wall structures is generally limited by the strength of the compression members. An adequate design of these members requires a knowledge of the compressive stress-strain graph of the thin-wall material. The "pack" method was developed at the National Bureau of Standards with the support of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics to make possible a determination of compressive stress-strain graphs for such material. In the pack test an odd number of specimens are assembled into a relatively stable pack, like a "pack of cards." Additional lateral stability is obtained from lateral supports between the external sheet faces of the pack and outside reactions. The tests seems adequate for many problems in structural research.

Aitchison, C S↗
NASA NTRS1947

Study by the Prandtl-Glauert method of compressibility effects and critical Mach number for ellipsoids of various aspect ratios and thickness ratios

By using the Prandtl-Glauert method that is valid for three-dimensional flow problems, the value of the maximum incremental velocity for compressible flow about thin ellipsoids at zero angle of attack is calculated as a function of the Mach number for various aspect ratios and thickness ratios. The critical Mach numbers of the various ellipsoids are also determined. The results indicate an increase in critical Mach number with decrease in aspect ratio which is large enough to explain experimental results on low-aspect-ratio wings at zero lift.

Hess, Robert V↗
NASA NTRS1979

Sandwich beam compressive test method

Tests presented show that the sandwich beam in four-point bending could be used to obtain reliable compressive elastic constants for graphite/polyimide laminates although some difficulties were encountered measuring composite compressive strengths. Data were obtained for ultimate stress, ultimate strain, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio values in 117K, room temperature, and 589K test environments for the HTS1/PMR-15 material system. A total of 36 compressive tests on various laminates were performed. Also, 24 tensile tests on the same laminate orientations were performed to obtain input to the analytical portion of this program. A portion of the beam test section was analyzed using a linear elastic finite element computer program to predict the stress state in the graphite/polyimide composite. The influence of the honeycomb core of this stress state was analytically determined.

Shuart, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Science-based Region-of-Interest Image Compression

As the number of currently active space missions increases, so does competition for Deep Space Network (DSN) resources. Even given unbounded DSN time, power and weight constraints onboard the spacecraft limit the maximum possible data transmission rate. These factors highlight a critical need for very effective data compression schemes. Images tend to be the most bandwidth-intensive data, so image compression methods are particularly valuable. In this paper, we describe a method for prioritizing regions in an image based on their scientific value. Using a wavelet compression method that can incorporate priority information, we ensure that the highest priority regions are transmitted with the highest fidelity.

Wagstaff, K. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Transform coding for space applications

Data compression coding requirements for aerospace applications differ somewhat from the compression requirements for entertainment systems. On the one hand, entertainment applications are bit rate driven with the goal of getting the best quality possible with a given bandwidth. Science applications are quality driven with the goal of getting the lowest bit rate for a given level of reconstruction quality. In the past, the required quality level has been nothing less than perfect allowing only the use of lossless compression methods (if that). With the advent of better, faster, cheaper missions, an opportunity has arisen for lossy data compression methods to find a use in science applications as requirements for perfect quality reconstruction runs into cost constraints. This paper presents a review of the data compression problem from the space application perspective. Transform coding techniques are described and some simple, integer transforms are presented. The application of these transforms to space-based data compression problems is discussed. Integer transforms have an advantage over conventional transforms in computational complexity. Space applications are different from broadcast or entertainment in that it is desirable to have a simple encoder (in space) and tolerate a more complicated decoder (on the ground) rather than vice versa. Energy compaction with new transforms are compared with the Walsh-Hadamard (WHT), Discrete Cosine (DCT), and Integer Cosine (ICT) transforms.

Glover, Daniel↗