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DOE OSTI2023

Study of NuMI Dirt Monte Carlo Events in the ICARUS T600 Detector (Fermilab Internship Final Report)

The moving of the Icarus detector from Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso to Fermilab in order to pursue the physics goals of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program has introduced the necessity of a more careful study of backgrounds. In this work some developments of the validation of the Monte Carlo backgrounds for the Icarus run 1 data taking are presented, focusing on the study of the so called “Dirt” events from the NuMI beamline. In particular the analysis hints at a possible underestimation of the muon background. Hopefully this issue will be solved at a later stage of the analysis with the inclusion of components that were not considered in the present work.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Systematically testing singlet models for $(g - 2)_{μ}$

We comprehensively study all viable new-physics scenarios that resolve the muon $(g - 2)_{μ}$ anomaly with only Standard Model singlet particles coupled to muons via renormalizable interactions. Since such models are only viable in the MeV–TeV mass range and require sizable muon couplings, they predict abundant accelerator production through the same interaction that resolves the anomaly. We find that a combination of fixed-target $(\text {NA64}μ, M^{3})$, B-factory (BABAR, Belle II), and collider (LHC, muon collider) searches can cover nearly all viable singlets scenarios, independently of their decay modes. In particular, future muon collider searches offer the only certain test of singlets above the GeV scale, covering all higher masses up to the TeV-scale unitarity limit for these models. Intriguingly, we find that $ \mathcal{O}\left(100\ \mathrm{GeV}\right) $ muon colliders may yield better coverage for GeV-scale singlets compared to TeV-scale concepts, which has important implications for the starting center-of-mass energy of a staged muon collider program.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2021

An Upgrade Path for the Fermilab Accelerator Complex

The completion of the PIP-II project and its superconducting linear accelerator will provide up to 1.2 MW of beam power to the LBNF/DUNE facility for neutrino physics. It will also be able to produce high-power beams directly from the linac that can be used for lower-energy particle physics experiments as well, such as directing beam toward the Muon Campus at Fermilab for example. Any further significant upgrade of the beam power to DUNE, however, will be impeded by the limitations of the present Booster synchrotron at the facility. To increase the power to DUNE by a factor of two would require a new accelerator arrangement to feed the Main Injector that does not include the Booster. In what follows, a path toward upgrading the Fermilab accelerator complex to bring the beam power for DUNE to 2.4 MW is presented, using a new rapid-cycling synchrotron plus an energy upgrade to the PIP-II linac. The path includes the ability to instigate a new lower-energy, very high-power beam delivery system for experiments that can address much of the science program presented by the Booster Replacement Science Working Group. It also allows for the future possibility to go beyond 2.4 MW up to roughly 4 MW from the Main Injector.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Enabling U.S. participation in Future Higgs Factories

Exciting proposals for a new Higgs factory collider, aimed at the search for new physics and precision studies of particles and forces, especially measurement of the Higgs boson couplings at the loop level, will be evaluated as part of the Snowmass process. Potential facilities include (among others) ILC, FCC-ee, C3, CEPC, CLIC, muon collider and advanced accelerator concepts being investigated by Snowmass topical group AF6, potentially located in Asia, Europe, or the United States. The European Strategy has endorsed an electron-positron Higgs factory as its highest priority after HL-LHC. Much of the detector, software, and physics preparative studies needed for these machines is in common, and is currently being implemented by physicists world-wide. In this white paper for the 2021 Snowmass process we look at current global activity on future Higgs factories and give examples of investments that could be made in these common areas over the next five years to establish a leadership role for the U.S. in a future Higgs factory, wherever it is built. The U.S. high energy physics program confronts a number of challenges that a strong role in the study of the Higgs boson can address. These include, in addition to the scientific results, maintaining leading roles in international partnerships, nurturing and advancing world-leading capabilities and expert resources, and maintaining and attracting talent. The international effort would benefit from increased U.S. participation, and the U.S., in turn, would maintain stature through the partnership.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

ICARUS at the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program: First Results

First results from ICARUS experiment are presented at FNAL. The selection of nu_mu CC events with 1muon+ N Protons from BNB targeted at numu disappearance analysis is presented for a subset of the collected statistics, , compared with MC predictions. A similar selection of nu_mu CC events 1muon+ N Protons + 0 pions in the NuMI beam aiming at the neutrino-Argon cross section measurement is also presented, together with a control sideband requiring in addition at least a pion candidate. Finally the result of a BSM search for a new particle decaying into two muons is also presented, showing no evidence within the studied sample of new physics.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Search for a Long-Lived $\mu\mu$ Resonance in the NuMI Beam at ICARUS

The ICARUS detector in the Short-Baseline Neutrino program at Fermilab is sensitive to “long-lived” new physics particles that would be produced in the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam and decay inside the ICARUS liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC). We show results from a new analysis in ICARUS which searched for di-muon decays from a long-lived particle produced in kaon decay in the NuMI beam. The search is sensitive to new areas of parameter space for the Higgs portal scalar and an axion-like particle model. The sensitivity is also presented in a model-independent way applicable to any new physics model predicting the process $K \to \pi+S(\to\mu\mu)$, for a long-lived particle S. This is the first search for new physics performed with the ICARUS detector at Fermilab. It paves the way for the future program of long-lived particle searches at ICARUS.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

First Measurements of Differential Cross Sections In Kinematic Imbalance Variables With The MicroBooNE Detector

Making high-precision measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters requires an unprecedented understanding of neutrino-nucleus scattering. In this presentation, we present the first muon neutrino charged current double-differential cross sections in kinematic imbalance variables. These variables characterize the imbalance in the plane transverse to an incoming neutrino. We use events with a single muon above 100 MeV/c, a single final state proton above 300 MeV/c, and no recorded final state pions. Thus, these variables act as a direct probe of nuclear effects such as final state interactions, Fermi motion, and multi-nucleon processes. We also present a complementary ongoing analysis using electron neutrinos. This channel is of the utmost importance for the extraction of neutrino oscillation parameters by making high-precision measurements. Our measurements allow us to constrain systematic uncertainties associated with neutrino oscillation results performed by near-future experiments of the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program, as well as by future large-scale experiments like DUNE.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

High Energy Neutrino Physics

Of the twelve subatomic particles that are the building blocks of all the known matter in the universe, three are neutrinos, small neutral particles that interact through the weak interaction with other particles in the Universe. These three neutrinos, paired with the three charged leptons, the familiar electron, the heavier muon, and the still heavier tau, are some of the least well understood particles of these building blocks. Experiments using accelerator beams, like those that are the subject of this grant, can address some of the key questions scientists are posing with respect to the neutrino. Specifically, are there differences between neutrinos and their anti-particles, anti-neutrinos, that could give us some clue to the matter dominated universe, do we understand the spectrum of masses of the three neutrinos, and are there other kinds of neutirnos than the three neutrinos? Coupled with advances in precision neutrino detection, the US is addressing these questions from small scale experiments to the massive DUNE experiment. PI Fleming and her team play critical roles in accelerator based neutrino physics at short and long baseline with participation on MicroBooNE, SBND, and with the group's participation in DUNE. These experiments are at the heart of the US-based high energy physics program.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Mu2e experiment: Simulation of the Production Target

The Mu2e experiment will search for coherent, neutrinoless conversion of muons to elections in an aluminum stopping target. A simulation program is used to experiment and design the production target of the Mu2e experiment. The module uses programing languages and libraries to work. The program called the Offline uses C++ as the programing language in the module. To construct the simulation, the Geant4 library constructs shapes and uses them in the simulation program, ROOT. The offline program simplifies the creation of the tube by organizing them into parameter objects and nesting them with other variables required to construct the tube-like center point, material, or if it is allowed to conflict with other solids. The parameter varies for every solid tube. The geometry file uploads the parameters by declaring and organizing the parameters in C++ using the configuration tools. The author describes the development and the future of this project.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Data vs. MC Comparison of Light Signal from Cosmic Rays in the ICARUS Detectors

Currently, the ICARUS-T600 liquid argon TPC is collecting data exposed to Booster Neutrino and Numi off-axis beams within the SBN program at Fermilab. A light detection system, based on PMTs deployed behind the TPC wire chambers, is in place to detect vacuum ultraviolet photons produced by ionizing particles in LAr. This system is fundamental for the detector operation, providing an efficient trigger and contributing to the 3D reconstruction of events. Moreover, since the TPC is exposed to a huge flux of cosmic rays due to its operations at shallow depths, the light detection system allows for the time reconstruction of events, contributing to the identification and to the selection of neutrino interactions within the beam spill gates. This contribution will primarily focus on the comparative study (data vs. MC) of light signal of cosmic muons to validate the light emulation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Simulation of Bunch Formation for the Mu2e Experiment

The Fermilab Recycler is an 8 GeV storage ring composed of permanent magnets that was crucial to the success of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider program. It is currently being used to slip-stack protons for the high energy neutrino program and to re-bunch protons for use in the Muon g-2 and Mu2e experiments. For the latter applications, the Recycler re-bunches each 1.6 µs "batch" from the Fermilab Booster into four 2.5 MHz bunches. For the Mu2e experiment, it is crucial that beam more than 125 ns from the nominal bunch center be suppressed by at least a factor of 1E-5. While bunch formation is currently in operation for the g-2 experiment, this out of time requirement has not been met, and the reason is not understood. This work presents a simulation of bunch formation in the Recycler, in an effort to understand the reason for this excessive out of time beam and to search for a way to reduce it.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Evaluating the Effects of Detector Modeling Uncertainties on Sterile Neutrino Oscillation Analysis with the ICARUS Detector

he ICARUS T600 LArTPC detector was refurbished after an initial run at the underground LNGS labs and is currently taking data within its experimental hall at Fermilab after full commissioning. Regular data taking began in May 2021 with neutrinos from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) off-axis beam. As the far detector of the Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) Program, the ICARUS detector's capability in searching for both muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance will allow for unprecedented sensitivity to light sterile neutrinos with eV-scale mass. The ultimate sensitivity of the detector to sterile neutrino oscillations depends on the understanding of the detector response and the uncertainties remaining after calibrating the detector model. This poster will review how detector-model-related uncertainties are quantified, evaluated and their impact on expected sterile neutrino oscillation sensitivities using the existing ICARUS data. The work pursued here is broadly applicable to other ICARUS analysis pathways such as neutrino-argon cross-sections and Beyond the Standard Model physics searches. It will finally discuss improvement pathways to reduce the systematic uncertainties to the level needed for the joint sterile neutrino oscillation analysis with the Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND) within the SBN Program.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Search for dark matter decaying to two displaced muons produced in proton-proton collisions at 13 TeV with the CMS detector, and for dark photons produced in electron-positron fixed-target collisions at 500 MeV with the PADME detector

Two novel searches for dark matter using particle accelerators are presented. The first is a search for inelastically-coupled dark matter with the CMS detector at CERN, relying on 137 fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collision data collected at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy between 2016 and 2018. The search strategy exploits the striking signature expected of inelastic dark matter: a pair of displaced, soft, and narrow muons collimated with missing transverse momentum and recoiled off an initial-state radiation jet. This is the first search for inelastic dark matter at a hadron collider. The second experiment is PADME, a small-scale detector to search for dark photons located in Frascati, Italy. PADME seeks to detect the production of dark photons in positron-electron collisions with a stationary diamond target and a 500 MeV positron beam. The missing-mass technique employed in the experiment relies on constraining all four-momenta in the system except for the dark photon and lookin g for a bump in the resulting invariant mass distribution corresponding to the dark photon's mass. The projected sensitivity for both experiments is compared in the context of highlighting the need for a comprehensive experimental search program for dark matter. Both analyses expect first public results by the end of 2020.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Charged Current Single Pion Production on SBND

The Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program at Fermilab is designed to provide precise measurements of neutrino oscillations using 3 Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPC) built along Fermilab's Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB). The Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND), located at only 110 m from the BNB target, will precisely characterize the neutrino flux before oscillations take place, thanks to its unprecedented neutrino interaction statistics. Due to its proximity to the neutrino production target, the detector expects over a million neutrino interactions annually, which will open the possibility of exploring exclusive channels of neutrino interactions. This poster will show SBND’s capabilities of exploring Muon Neutrino Charged Current Single Pion production, for which previous measurements in Argon were limited by statistics. The poster will introduce the relevance of this process for neutrino Physics, the unique possibilities of SBND and a preliminary event selection using SBND's current reconstruction tools.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Low Cost High Efficiency Magnetrons for Accelerator Applications

High efficiency, low cost RF sources are required for proton, ion, and muon accelerators. These sources must be compact and provide precise control of the output power and phase. Currently only large, expensive klystrons can provide this performance. Calabazas Creek Research Inc. proposes to develop a phase locked magnetron-based system that has phase and amplitude control via a low power amplifier. The system uses phase modulation to control the RF power. The efficiency can exceed 80% and the cost is expected to be less than $3/Watt, significantly lower than other high power amplifiers. CCR originally proposed to develop a magnetron with a grid for control of phase and amplitude. Detailed simulations showed that this was not a promising approach. The grid was found to be viable only in magnetrons with low duty cycle, and amplitude control was demonstrated; but the grid was found to be not effective for phase locking. Attention was turned to a concept from Fermilab, which is very promising for both amplitude and phase control and does not require a grid. CCR will develop an RF system providing phase and amplitude control of a 100 kW peak, 10 kW average 1.3 GHz magnetron. Procedures and techniques will be applicable to design of systems at other frequencies and power levels. The program will include development of the magnetron and locking electronics. The system will be tested at Fermilab. Commercial Applications and Other Benefits Magnetrons can provide high levels of RF power at very high efficiency at low cost. As oscillators, however, their applications are limited. Magnetrons with more precise control of the output power and control of the phase could find wide application in accelerators and colliders. They would also provide improved performance for high resolution radar.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Using AI to Reproduce Neutrino Cross Section Analysis - Prototyping the Neutrino Discovery Platform

The Neutrino Discovery Platform (NDP) aims to accelerate DUNE-era science by making the neutrino program's existing datasets analyzable through fast, reproducible, and auditable workflows. We report a working version of two of its layers, data curation and agentic orchestration, built and tested end to end on MINERvA open data. The guiding lesson throughout is that a cross section is a measurement, and not just a plotted shape, only if it carries a defensible systematic-uncertainty budget, a trustworthy unfolding, and a reproducible record. Using a single medium-energy playlist pair from the MINERvA open-data release (about $2.05\times10^{17}$ protons on target of data), we first reproduced the shapes of two published charged-current inclusive $\nu_\mu$ measurements through a complete extraction ladder: selection, background subtraction, D'Agostini unfolding, efficiency correction, and flux normalization. These shape-level reproductions ran and tracked the published results, but they lacked the systematic-uncertainty machinery that defines a MINERvA cross section. To supply it, we vendored and built the MINERvA Analysis Toolkit and developed a many-universe systematic-uncertainty tool that produces a portable covariance artifact, a parallel event-loop runner, and a per-run auditability harness. Validated against a published covariance release, the toolchain reproduces the released statistical, flux, and muon-energy-scale terms and shows that they account for roughly 63\% of the total variance, with the remainder unreleased. Using this same infrastructure, we then performed a measurement of our own design, the hadronic recoil-energy distribution of low-energy ($E_\nu<2.5$~GeV) charged-current inclusive events, and found data/simulation shape agreement of $\chi^2/\mathrm{ndf}=1.26$. Together these results show that the platform supports original physics and not only reproductions.

Breaux, Auto [Tulane U. (main)]↗

DOE OSTI2026

Toward the Neutrino Discovery Platform: An Auditable, Uncertainty-Bearing Toolchain for MINERvA Open-Data Cross-Section Analysis

Breaux, Auto [Tulane U. (main)]↗

DOE OSTI2024

Status of ICARUS NUMI Interaction Cross-Section Analysis

The ICARUS experiment, utilizing Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) technology, has been installed at Fermilab in Chicago, Illinois, following its initial operation in Italy and subsequent refurbishment at CERN. ICARUS completed commissioning in June 2022. Currently, the experiment is in the phase of analyzing data from its two runs of physics data acquisition and gearing up for the third run. While its primary objective is to function as the far detector of the Short Baseline Neutrino program (SBN), seeking sterile neutrino signatures, ICARUS also offers diverse physics capabilities, including searches beyond the standard model and measurements of cross-sections. In addition to being exposed to the common Booster Neutrino (BNB) beamline, ICARUS also receives off-axis neutrinos from the Main Injector (NuMI) beam. Due to the off-axis angle between NuMI and ICARUS, coupled with contributions from both pion and kaon decays to neutrino fluxes, interactions of NuMI neutrinos within ICARUS can be detected over a range of several GeV in energy. These interactions present opportunities for crucial cross-section measurements and model tests within an energy range that overlaps both the SBN oscillation search and a portion of the DUNE spectrum. This poster presentation will delve into our efforts to conduct a muon-neutrino cross-section measurement, where the signal is defined by events with no pions produced in the final state of the interaction, along with some preliminary muon-neutrino inclusive measurements. Additionally, it will provide updates on the current status and future plans, including reconstruction, selection, and analysis procedures.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗