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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS2021

The NASA AfriSAR Campaign: Airborne SAR and Lidar Measurements of Tropical Forest Structure and Biomass in Support of Current and Future Space Missions

In 2015 and 2016, the AfriSAR campaign was carried out as a collaborative effort among international space and National Park agencies (ESA, NASA, ONERA, DLR, ANPN and AGEOS) in support of the upcoming ESA BIOMASS, NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) and NASA Global Ecosystem Dynamics Initiative (GEDI) missions. The NASA contribution to the campaign was conducted in 2016 with the NASA LVIS (Land Vegetation and Ice Sensor) Lidar, the NASA L-band UAVSAR (Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar). A central motivation for the AfriSAR deployment was the common AGBD estimation requirement for the three future spaceborne missions, the lack of sufficient airborne and ground calibration data covering the full range of ABGD in tropical forest systems, and the intercomparison and fusion of the technologies. During the campaign, over 7000 km2 of waveform Lidar data from LVIS and 30000 km2 of UAVSAR data were collected over 10 key sites and transects. In addition, field measurements of forest structure and biomass were collected in sixteen 1 hectare sized plots. The campaign produced gridded Lidar canopy structure products, gridded aboveground biomass and associated uncertainties, Lidar based vegetation canopy cover profile products, Polarimetric Interferometric SAR and Tomographic SAR products and field measurements. Our results showcase the types of data products and scientific results expected from the spaceborne Lidar and SAR missions; we also expect that the AfriSAR campaign data will facilitate further analysis and use of waveform Lidar and multiple baseline polarimetric SAR datasets for carbon cycle, biodiversity, water resources and more applications by the greater scientific community.

AfriSAR↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

ICARTT File Format Enhancements: Supporting FAIRness of Airborne and Field Campaign Data

The ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation) standards were developed to fulfill data management needs for the ICARTT campaign in 2004. The ICARTT file format is text-based and composed of a header with important data description information and the data section. The ICARTT format, built on the NASA Ames and GTE data formats, was created to facilitate data exchange and promote collaborations among the science teams for achieving the ICARTT campaign goals. Due to the success of the ICARTT campaign, the ICARTT file format was exposed to a broad range of airborne researchers and was adopted for use in many other field campaigns sponsored by NASA and other partner agencies. The ICARTT format standards became a NASA standard in 2010 and was amended in January 2017 providing many enhancements, including the requirement for variable standard names. Primarily designed for airborne field studies, ICARTT has been further utilized for ground-based studies. The ICARTT format can host metadata that is critical for proper use of the data, especially for in-situ measurements. However, the information that needs to be included is often in free text, meaning the information are human readable, but not machine interpretable. Furthermore, the amount and type of information provided can vary substantially between principal investigators and campaigns. To support interoperability and FAIR principles, further enhancements to the ICARTT standards are recommended. Possible recommendations include standardizing timestamps for easier data comparisons and analysis; potential use of controlled and consistent vocabulary for variable short name and certain common metadata elements; and providing guidance on variable measurement units and how they are reported.

Megan Buzanowicz↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

ICARTT File Format Enhancements: Supporting FAIRness and Data Discovery of Suborbital Campaign Data

Suborbital campaigns aim to accomplish a wide variety of goals and can include a variety of platforms, instruments, and parameters measured. In 2004, the ICARTT (International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation) standards were developed to fulfill data management needs for the ICARTT campaign. The ICARTT file format is text-based and composed of a header with important data description information and the data section. Built on the NASA Ames and GTE data formats, the ICARTT format was created to facilitate data exchange and promote collaborations among the science teams for achieving the ICARTT campaign goals. Due to its success and adaptation for use in many other field campaigns, the ICARTT file format became a NASA standard in 2010 and was amended in January 2017. These changes provided many enhancements, including the requirement for variable standard names. Primarily designed for airborne field studies, ICARTT has been further utilized for ground-based studies. NASA has made a commitment to build an inclusive open science community over the next decade. Open-source science strives to make publicly funded scientific research transparent, inclusive, accessible, and reproducible. The ICARTT format can host metadata that is critical for proper use of the data, particularly for in-situ measurements, and can enhance data discovery and accessibility. However, the required fields are often free text, meaning that the information is human readable, but not machine interpretable. Furthermore, the amount and type of information provided can vary significantly between principal investigators and campaigns. To support FAIR principles and interoperability, enhancements to the ICARTT standards are recommended. Possible recommendations include potential use of controlled and consistent vocabulary for variable standard name and certain common metadata elements; standardizing timestamps for easier data comparisons and analysis; and providing guidance on variable measurement units and how they are reported. Enhancing ICARTT metadata can further streamline the process to make suborbital data more readily available to the data user and improve variable-level metadata. Providing more variable-level metadata can enhance data searching and discovery, supporting NASA’s Open-Source Science Initiative (OSSI).

Megan Buzanowicz↗
NASA NTRS2023

Overview and Results From the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover's First Science Campaign on the Jezero Crater Floor

The Mars 2020 Perseverance rover landed in Jezero crater on 18 February 2021. After a 100-sol period of commissioning and the Ingenuity Helicopter technology demonstration, Perseverance began its first science campaign to explore the enigmatic Jezero crater floor, whose igneous or sedimentary origins have been much debated in the scientific community. This paper describes the campaign plan developed to explore the crater floor's Máaz and Séítah formations and summarizes the results of the campaign between sols 100–379. By the end of the campaign, Perseverance had traversed more than 5 km, created seven abrasion patches, and sealed nine samples and a witness tube. Analysis of remote and proximity science observations show that the Máaz and Séítah formations are igneous in origin and composed of five and two geologic members, respectively. The Séítah formation represents the olivine-rich cumulate formed from differentiation of a slowly cooling melt or magma body, and the Máaz formation likely represents a separate series of lava flows emplaced after Séítah. The Máaz and Séítah rocks also preserve evidence of multiple episodes of aqueous alteration in secondary minerals like carbonate, Fe/Mg phyllosilicates, sulfates, and perchlorate, and surficial coatings. Post-emplacement processes tilted the rocks near the Máaz-Séítah contact and substantial erosion modified the crater floor rocks to their present-day expressions. Results from this crater floor campaign, including those obtained upon return of the collected samples, will help to build the geologic history of events that occurred in Jezero crater and provide time constraints on the formation of the Jezero delta.

Mars 2020↗
DOE OSTI2025

Prioritizing Nuclear Materials for SAM-3 Neutron Irradiation Campaign: Structural and Cladding Materials Candidates

This report outlines a framework for selecting structural and cladding materials for the Nuclear Science User Facilities (NSUF) SAM-3 neutron irradiation campaign to support the advancement of nuclear energy technologies. The document begins with an introduction that provides background context, highlights the motivations for launching a new irradiation campaign, and defines the overall objectives. The core of the report describes the design considerations for the irradiation campaign, including capsule configurations, irradiation temperature ranges, and target dose levels (defined by displacements per atom, or dpa). The material recommendation was guided by the Specimen Identification and Prioritization (SIP) Working Group, a multidisciplinary team of experts representing national laboratories, academia, industry, federal government and agency. This group played a central role in identifying candidate materials, evaluating technical justifications, and ensuring alignment with boarder programmatic goals. A detailed set of criteria for material prioritization is then presented, taking into account reactor relevance, performance gaps, advanced manufacturing methods, and emerging material classes. Based on the input of SIP working group, specific materials were selected and justified for inclusion in the irradiation campaign by the NSUF leadership and its U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-Office of Nuclear Energy (NE) management. The final section provides recommended capsule designs, summarizing critical parameters such as material type, fabrication method, sample geometry, irradiation conditions, and specimen quantities. This report serves as a foundation for executing a focused and high-impact neutron irradiation campaign aimed at addressing key materials challenges for both existing and advanced nuclear reactors.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2006

Architecting Space Exploration Campaigns: A Decision-Analytic Approach

This paper shows the benefits of Decision Analysis techniques for campaign design and evaluation. Important concepts of decision analysis are reviewed through the lens of designing a campaign to find exploitable equatorial water on Mars. The method developed herein is general to any search campaign. The paper concludes with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities in applying similar techniques to other types of campaigns.

campaigns↗
DOE OSTI2025

A perspective on lessons learned and future needs for wind energy field campaigns

This perspective paper provides motivation and guidance to the wind energy community for suggested future investments and a long-term strategy for wind-energy-related field campaigns that will provide much-needed observations for improving wind energy science and model validation. We synthesize key lessons learned from past field campaigns, identify critical science gaps that we think should drive future field efforts, and provide a suggested pipeline on how future endeavors should be developed. When considering future grand field campaigns, we stress the need for international cooperation across funding bodies, research institutes, and industry partners to collect observations to overcome current and future grand challenges for wind energy.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Simulations of ICRF Heating for SPARC during First Campaign and Primary Reference-Like Discharge using the Stix Code

High magnetic field tokamaks, like SPARC, rely on ion cyclotron radio frequency heating (ICRF) to reach fusion relevant temperatures. The SPARC tokamak will have 14 ICRF antennas in 7 toroidal locations delivering > 20 MW of power to the plasma. New capabilities with the full wave cold plasma solver, Stix, now allow for resolving the wave-particle resonances using lower order thermal corrections to capture core absorption of Landau damping and ion resonances in devices like SPARC. Favorable comparisons to the TORIC codes give confidence in the single pass absorption of this model to accurately capture the strength of edge interactions of the RF. Using this new dielectric formulation in the Stix code, simulations of the 2D poloidal cross section of SPARC are completed for the first campaign and primary reference-like discharges (PRD-like). A scan of the minority ion concentrations of helium-3 is performed and shows the expected behavior that as the helium-3 decreases the amount of single pass absorption also decreases which is seen in both scenarios. Additionally, both scenarios show only slight differences in single-pass absorption for the range of 3% to 5% helium-3 allowing for more flexibility in experiments. This study also highlights the differences between the first campaign and PRD-like with the first campaign discharges showing much more multi-pass absorption and an effect of confining the wave to a smaller portion of the cross-section due to the fast wave cut-off. This latter result suggests that far-field sheath rectification at the high-field side would be minimal for the first campaign scenario.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Field Campaign Guidelines

This document establishes a common set of guidelines for the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Climate Research Facility for planning, executing, and closing out field campaigns. The steps that guide individual field campaigns are described in the Field Campaign Tracking System and are specifically tailored to meet the scope of each field campaign.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sulfuric Acid New Particle Formation Field Campaign Report

This campaign aimed to measure gaseous sulfuric acid concentrations at the surface level using a newly developed sulfuric acid dimethylamine-reactive condensation particle counter (SAD-RCPC). Sulfuric acid is a key nucleation precursor and is the likely driving compound for new particle formation at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility’s Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory. The SAD-RCPC will be deployed in the future at ARM SGP (AFC010010: "Vertically Resolved Nucleation Precursors at SGP") scheduled for 2024. The campaign was in conjunction with Eleanor Browne's campaign (AFC010075: Boundary-layer gradients in new particle formation) and took place from 05/7/23 to 5/21/23. The measured sulfuric acid concentrations by the SAD-RCPC will be compared to concentrations measured by Browne's chemical ionization mass spectrometer (CIMS). The SAD-RCPC consisted of a glass flow reactor coupled to a 1-nm diethylene glycol condensation particle counter (DEG CPC). Sampled air was mixed with a high concentration of dimethylamine vapor (~1 ppbv). Sulfuric acid within the sampled gas nucleated with dimethylamine to form detectable 1-nm particles. The measured particle concentration was converted to sulfuric acid concentration using nucleation reaction kinetics. The pulse height distribution of particles detected by the DEG CPC was observed using a multi-channel analyzer. Large pre-existing particles were separated from the freshly formed particles in the SAD-RCPC from the pulse height distribution (PHD). During the short campaign, seven new particle formation events were observed. The SAD-RCPC detected an increase in sulfuric acid concentration, but this also coincided with an increase in pre-existing <3 nm particle concentrations. In addition, Browne's CIMS detect sulfuric acid concentrations in the range of 10 5 -10 6 cm -3 .

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Atmospheric Boundary Layer-Wind Farm Interactions Field Campaign Report

The American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) was a field campaign in northern Oklahoma intended to analyze the potential influence of wind farms and their collective wakes on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), wind power production, and turbine structural loads. This report summarizes the deployment of instruments by the University of Oklahoma (OU), National Atmospheric and Atmospheric Administration National Severe Storms Laboratory (NOAA NSSL), and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) during AWAKEN. Two Collaborative Lower Atmosphere Profiling Systems (CLAMPS) and LLNL ZephIR profiling lidars were co-deployed from October 3, 2022, to December 20, 2022 (winter campaign). At the end of the winter campaign, both ZephIR lidars were moved to different AWAKEN sites to be a part of a targeted wake study at the King Plains wind farm. The two CLAMPS were redeployed for a second observation period from July 1st, 2023, to September 28, 2023 (summer campaign; the ZephIR lidars were not co-located with CLAMPS).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Targeted Observations of Blowing Snow during SAIL (SAIL-TOBS) Field Campaign Report

Blowing snow research at high-latitude U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility observatories and mobile campaigns demonstrated the need for ground truth during falling and blowing snow events. The purpose of the Targeted Observations of Blowing Snow during SAIL (SAIL-TOBS) field campaign was to affordably deploy additional instruments to observe mixed-phase and frozen hydrometeors, including falling and blowing snow, during the second winter of the Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign. Instruments included two installations of the Open Snowflake Camera for Research and Education (OSCRE), one at the Gothic, Colorado main site (second ARM Mobile Facility [AMF2]) and a second at the Kettle Ponds external field site in support of the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) campaign. Two FlowCapt FC4 acoustic mass flux sensors were also deployed at AMF2 in proximity to OSCRE on top of the instrumented hill (Figure 1).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

AWAKEN Dual-Doppler Lidar (ADDLidar) Field Campaign Report

The AWAKEN Dual-Doppler Lidar (ADDLidar) experiment was conducted as part of the larger AWAKEN field campaign (https://www.nrel.gov/wind/awaken.html). The American Wake Experiment (AWAKEN) is an international, multi-institutional wind energy field campaign that was conducted from May 2022 to 2024, in the vicinity of the King Plains wind farm in north central Oklahoma. The goal of AWAKEN was to provide observations to better understand interactions between wind turbines in a wind farm and the interactions between the wind farm as a whole and the atmosphere. The focus of the ADDLidar campaign was to provide height-resolved measurements of wind speed and direction at key locations upwind of the wind farm to characterize the inflow and possible blockage effects upwind of the farm. Specifically, dual-Doppler scanning methods were employed to create a number of so-called virtual towers (Calhoun et al 2006, Debnath et al. 2017, Fernando et al. 2019, Hill et al. 2010, Newman et al. 2016, Newsom et al. 2008, 2015) upwind of the farm. The ADDLidar campaign involved the deployment of two U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility scanning Doppler lidars (S/N 236 and 237) to AWAKEN sites A4 (36.361894°, -97.356352°) and A7 (36.347259°, -97.389968°). Both sites are located approximately 29 km south of the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory C1 site, as shown in Figure 1. These sites were chosen for their close proximity to the most southerly row of turbines in the King Plains wind farm.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

AWAKEN Dual-Doppler Lidar (ADDLidar) Field Campaign Report

The AWAKEN Dual-Doppler Lidar (ADDLidar) experiment was conducted as part of the larger AWAKEN field campaign (https://www.nrel.gov/wind/awaken.html). The American Wake Experiment (AWAKEN) is an international, multi-institutional wind energy field campaign that was conducted from May 2022 to 2024, in the vicinity of the King Plains wind farm in north central Oklahoma. The goal of AWAKEN was to provide observations to better understand interactions between wind turbines in a wind farm and the interactions between the wind farm as a whole and the atmosphere. The focus of the ADDLidar campaign was to provide height-resolved measurements of wind speed and direction at key locations upwind of the wind farm to characterize the inflow and possible blockage effects upwind of the farm. Specifically, dual-Doppler scanning methods were employed to create a number of so-called virtual towers (Calhoun et al 2006, Debnath et al. 2017, Fernando et al. 2019, Hill et al. 2010, Newman et al. 2016, Newsom et al. 2008, 2015) upwind of the farm. The ADDLidar campaign involved the deployment of two U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility scanning Doppler lidars (S/N 236 and 237) to AWAKEN sites A4 (36.361894°, -97.356352°) and A7 (36.347259°, -97.389968°). Both sites are located approximately 29 km south of the ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) observatory C1 site, as shown in Figure 1. These sites were chosen for their close proximity to the most southerly row of turbines in the King Plains wind farm.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

FOCAL Campaign I: Advanced Wind Turbine Control Strategies

Campaign I of the Floating Offshore-wind Controls Advanced Laboratory Experimental Program (FOCAL) aims to generate a dataset enabling the validation of aerodynamic performance of a scaled turbine mounted on a rigid tower in a fixed condition. The turbine considered in the FOCAL testing campaigns is the IEA-Wind 15MW Reference Wind Turbine. This scaled model is capable of simulating advanced blade-pitch control strategies in a high-quality wind field. The turbine is fully instrumented to record a variety of parameters in real time such as structural loads and dynamics. The test data considered was generated at the University of Maine's Harold Alfond Wind and Wave (W2) testing facility. The Load Cases (LC) considered in this testing campaign are as follows: LC 1.X - Constant wind and blade-pitch with varying rotor speeds LC 2.X - Constant wind and rotor speed with varying blade-pitch LC 3.X - Varying wind with active closed-loop control Detailed properties on the modeled system are found in the following reference: Lenfest E., Floating Offshore-wind Controls Advanced Laboratory (FOCAL) Experimental Program - Campaign I: 1:70 Model-scale Testing of the IEA-Wind 15MW Reference Turbine. UMaine ASCC Report Number 23-40-1183. Details on the results of the verification and validation are found in the following reference: Mendoza, Nicole et al., "Verification and Validation of Model-Scale Turbine Performance and Control for the IEA Wind 15 MW Reference Wind Turbine," Energies, vol. 15, no. 20, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207649.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

SITCOMTN-149: An Interim Report on the LSSTComCam On-Sky Campaign

From 24 October to 11 December 2024, the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory conducted an on-sky campaign using the engineering LSST Commissioning Camera (LSSTComCam) to test the end-to-end functionality of hardware and software, as well as operational procedures. This interim report provides a preliminary technical overview of our understanding of the integrated system performance based tests and analyses conducted during the LSSTComCam on-sky campaign. The objectives are to synthesize what we have learned about the system in a timely way to inform on-going commissioning efforts, and to inform the Rubin science community on the progress of the LSSTComCam on-sky campaign. The report is organized into sections to describe major activities during the campaign, as well as multiple aspects of the demonstrated system and science performance. All of the results presented here are to be understood as work in progress using engineering data and the initial versions of the data processing pipelines; the report is a living document that will be updated as analyses are refined.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1998

Upper tropospheric water vapor: A field campaign of two Raman lidars, Airborne hygrometers, and Radiosondes

Water vapor in the atmosphere plays an important role in radiative transfer and the process of radiative balance so critical for understanding global change. It is the principal ingredient in cloud formation, one of the most difficult atmospheric processes to model, and the most variable component of the Earth-atmosphere albedo. And as a free molecule, it is the most active infrared absorber and emitter, thus, the most important greenhouse gas. The radiative impact of water vapor is important at all levels of the atmosphere. Even though moisture decreases by several orders-of-magnitude from the Earth's surface to the tropopause, recent research has shown that, from a radiative standpoint, a small percentage change in water vapor at any level is nearly equivalent. Therefore accurate and precise measurements of this important atmospheric constituent are needed at all levels to evaluate the full radiative impact. The need for improved measurements in the upper troposphere is particularly important because of the generally hostile (very dry and cold) conditions encountered. Because of the importance of water vapor to the understanding of radiative transfer, the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurements (ARM) program initiated a series of measurement campaigns at the Cloud And Radiation Testbed (CART) site in Oklahoma, especially focused on atmospheric water vapor. Three water vapor intensive observation period (water vapor IOP) campaigns were planned. Two of the water vapor IOP campaigns have been completed: the first IOP was held during the fall of 1996 with a focus on boundary layer water vapor measurements, and the second was conducted during the fall of 1997 with a focus on both boundary layer moisture e and moisture in the upper troposphere. This paper presents a review of the intercomparisons of water vapor measurements in the upper troposphere aquired during the second water vapor IOP. Data to be presented include water vapor measurements ements from: two Raman Lidars, the NASA Goddard Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL) and the CART Raman Lidar (CARL), a number of Vaisala radiosondes launched during the IOP campaign, and a dew point hygrometer flown on the University of North Dakota Cessna Citation Aircraft.

Melfi, S. Harvey↗