Generalized Landau kinetic equation describing the transverse diffusion of a nongyrotropic plasma column
Plasma kinetic theory application to particle distribution function for diffusion effects
PLASMA PHYSICS↗
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Photopolarimetry of scattering surfaces and their interpretation by computer model
Wolff's computer model of a rough planetary surface was simplified and revised. Close adherence to the actual geometry of a pitted surface and the inclusion of a function for diffuse light resulted in a quantitative model comparable to observations by planetary satellites and asteroids. A function is also derived to describe diffuse light emitted from a particulate surface. The function is in terms of the indices of refraction of the surface material, particle size, and viewing angles. Computer-generated plots describe the observable and theoretical light components for the Moon, Mercury, Mars and a spectrum of asteroids. Other plots describe the effects of changing surface material properties. Mathematical results are generated to relate the parameters of the negative polarization branch to the properties of surface pitting. An explanation is offered for the polarization of the rings of Saturn, and the average diameter of ring objects is found to be 30 to 40 centimeters.
Wolff, M.↗
Junction capacitance as a function of voltage for diffused p-n diodes with exponential doping gradients
Capacitance calculation for diffused p-n junction with exponential doping gradients
Been, J. F.↗
Series integration of the diaphragm cell transport equation when the diffusion coefficient is a function of concentration
An integral of the form, t = B0 + BL ln(Delta-c) + B1(Delta-c) + B2(Delta-c)-squared + ..., where t is the time and Delta-c is the concentration difference across the frit, is derived in the case of the diaphragm cell transport equation where the interdiffusion coefficient is a function of concentration. The coefficient, B0, is a constant of the integration, while the coefficients, BL, B1, B2,..., depend in general upon the constant, the compartment volumes, and the interdiffusion coefficient and various of its concentration derivatives evaluated at the mean concentration for the cell. Explicit formulas for BL, B1, B2,... are given.
Cain, Judith B.↗
Diffusivity Measured as a Function of Concentration
Optical diagnostic techniques have become an integral part of many measurements in industrial and research laboratories. Many types of interferometers and their phase-shifted versions have been used to measure optical wave fronts for lens testing and combustion and fluid flow diagnostics. One such instrument is the point diffraction interferometer (PDI), which is considered to be robust because it has a common-path design. However, the PDI is difficult to align and has limited measurement range for liquid phase applications. Interferometry and schlieren techniques have been widely used for many years for gas flow visualization.
Rashidnia, Nasser↗
The velocity correlation function in cosmic-ray diffusion theory
It is shown that Earl's (1973) eigenvalue sum for the cosmic-ray spatial diffusion coefficient parallel to the mean magnetic field is precisely equivalent to the time integral of the particle-velocity correlation function parallel to the mean field. A derivation due to Kubo (1957) is applied to cosmic-ray pitch-angle scattering, and it is proven that all nine components of the cosmic-ray diffusion tensor can be expressed as integrals over the velocity correlation function. A pitch-angle correlation function is derived, and the effect of long-wavelength turbulence on the velocity correlation function and spatial diffusion coefficients is examined. Application of the velocity-correlation method to a realistic case involving both pitch-angle scattering and appreciable fluctuation in the direction of the local field indicates that long-wavelength turbulence in the local field reduces the parallel diffusion coefficient and places an upper limit on the ratio of the perpendicular to parallel diffusion coefficients.
Forman, M. A.↗
Diffusion as a problem of statistical path.
Feynman space-time path formulation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics applied to classical diffusion problem
FEYNMAN DIAGRAM↗
Solute redistribution in dendritic solidification with diffusion in the solid
An investigation of solute redistribution during dendritic solidification with diffusion in the solid has been performed using numerical techniques. The extent of diffusion is characterized by the instantaneous and average diffusion parameters. These parameters are functions of the diffusion Fourier number, the partition ratio and the fraction solid. Numerical results are presented as an approximate model, which is used to predict the average diffusion parameter and calculate the composition of the interdendritic liquid during solidification.
Ganesan, S.↗
TEM Analysis of Diffusion-Bonded Silicon Carbide Ceramics Joined Using Metallic Interlayers
Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a promising material for thermostructural applications due to its excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and thermal stability. However, joining and integration technologies are indispensable for this material in order to fabricate large size and complex shape components with desired functionalities. Although diffusion bonding techniques using metallic interlayers have been commonly utilized to bond various SiC ceramics, detailed microstructural observation by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of the bonded area has not been carried out due to difficulty in preparing TEM samples. In this study, we tried to prepare TEM samples from joints of diffusion bonded SiC ceramics by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system and carefully investigated the interfacial microstructure by TEM analysis. The samples used in this study were SiC fiber bonded ceramics (SA-Tyrannohex: SA-THX) diffusion bonded with metallic interlayers such as Ti, TiMo, Mo-B and TiCu. In this presentation, we report the microstructure of diffusion bonded SA-THX mainly with TiCu interlayers obtained by TEM observations, and the influence of metallic interlayers on the joint microstructure and microhardness will be discussed.
Ceramics↗
TEM Analysis of Interfaces in Diffusion-Bonded Silicon Carbide Ceramics Joined Using Metallic Interlayers
Silicon Carbide (SiC) is a promising material for thermo-structural applications due to its excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, oxidation resistance, and thermal stability. However, joining and integration technologies are indispensable for this material in order to fabricate large size and complex shape components with desired functionalities. Although diffusion bonding techniques using metallic interlayers have been commonly utilized to bond various SiC ceramics, detailed microstructural observation by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of the bonded area has not been carried out due to difficulty in preparing TEM samples. In this study, we tried to prepare TEM samples from joints of diffusion bonded SiC ceramics by Focused Ion Beam (FIB) system and carefully investigated the interfacial microstructure by TEM analysis. The samples used in this study were SiC fiber bonded ceramics (SA-Tyrannohex: SA-THX) diffusion bonded with metallic interlayers such as Ti, TiMo, and Mo-B. In this presentation, the result of microstructural analysis obtained by TEM observations and the influence of metallic interlayers and fiber orientation of SA-THX on the joint microstructure will be discussed.
Silicon Carbide↗
Pressure recovery performance of conical diffusers at high subsonic Mach numbers
The pressure recovery performance of conical diffusers has been measured for a wide range of geometries and inlet flow conditions. The approximate level and location (in terms of diffuser geometry of optimum performance were determined. Throat Mach numbers from low subsonic (m sub t equals 0.2) through choking (m sub t equals 1.0) were investigated in combination with throat blockage from 0.03 to 0.12. For fixed Mach number, performance was measured over a fourfold range of inlet Reynolds number. Maps of pressure recovery are presented as a function of diffuser geometry for fixed sets of inlet conditions. The influence of inlet blockage, throat Mach number, and inlet Reynolds number is discussed.
Dolan, F. X.↗
Near Hartree-Fock quality Gaussian type orbital basis sets for the first- and third-row atoms
Energy-optimized, near Hartree-Fock (NHF) quality Gaussian type orbital (GTO) basis sets are reported for the second-row (Li to Ne) and fourth-row (K to Kr) atoms. The most accurate basis sets reported for the second row are (18s 13p) sets which are with 4 micro E(H) of the numerical Hartree-Fock (NHF) results. For B to Ne basis sets with more than 15s functions are quadruple zeta in the valence space. For the second-row transition metal atoms the (20s 12p 9d) basis sets are triple zeta in the valence space and are approximately equivalent to Clementi and Roetti's accurate Slater type orbital sets. Supplementing the (20s 12p 9d) basis sets optimized for the lowest state with the 4s(2)3d(n) occupation with a diffuse d function gives self-consistent-field energy separations to the 4s(1)3d(n+1) and 3d(n+2) states which are within 100 micro E(H) of the NHF results. The most accurate basis sets for the transition metal atoms are with 30 micro E(H) of the NHF results. In addition, energy optimized sets are reported for He(3P), Li(2P) and Be(3P).
Partridge, Harry↗
Bio-Optical Properties of the Arabian Sea as Determined by In Situ and Sea WiFS Data
The overall objective of this work was to characterize optical and fluorescence properties in the euphotic zone during two British Ocean Flux Study (BOFS) Arabian Sea cruises. This was later expanded in 1995 to include three U.S. JGOFS Arabian Sea Cruises. The region was to be divided into one or more "bio-optical provinces," within each of which a single set of regression models was to be developed to relate the vertical distribution of irradiance attenuation and normalized fluorescence (SF and NF) to remote sensing reflectance and diffuse attenuation coefficient. The working hypothesis was that over relatively large spatial and temporal scales, the vertical profiles of bio-optical properties were predictable. The specific technical objectives were: (1) To characterize the vertical distribution of the inherent and apparent optical properties by measuring downwelling and upwelling irradiances, upwelling radiances, scalar irradiance of PAR, and beam transmissions at each station - from these data, spectral diffuse attenuation coefficients, irradiance reflectances, remote sensing reflectances, surface-leaving radiances and beam attenuation coefficients were determined; (2) To characterize the spectral absorption of total particulate, detrital, and dissolved organic material at each station from discrete water samples; (3) To describe the vertical distribution of photoadaptive properties in the water column by measuring profiles of stimulated (SF) and natural (NF) fluorescence and examining relationships between SF and NF as a function of diffuse optical depth, pigment biomass and primary productivity; and (4) To establish locally derived, in-water algorithms relating remote sensing reflectance spectra to diffuse attenuation coefficients, phytoplankton pigment concentrations and primary productivity, through intercomparisons with in situ measurements, for application to SeaWiFS data.
Trees, Charles C.↗
Atomization Energies of SO and SO2; Basis Set Extrapolation Revisted
The addition of tight functions to sulphur and extrapolation to the complete basis set limit are required to obtain accurate atomization energies. Six different extrapolation procedures are tried. The best atomization energies come from the series of basis sets that yield the most consistent results for all extrapolation techniques. In the variable alpha approach, alpha values larger than 4.5 or smaller than 3, appear to suggest that the extrapolation may not be reliable. It does not appear possible to determine a reliable basis set series using only the triple and quadruple zeta based sets. The scalar relativistic effects reduce the atomization of SO and SO2 by 0.34 and 0.81 kcal/mol, respectively, and clearly must be accounted for if a highly accurate atomization energy is to be computed. The magnitude of the core-valence (CV) contribution to the atomization is affected by missing diffuse valence functions. The CV contribution is much more stable if basis set superposition errors are accounted for. A similar study of SF, SF(+), and SF6 shows that the best family of basis sets varies with the nature of the S bonding.
Bauschlicher, Charles W., Jr.↗
On the source function of the soft X-ray diffuse background
Radiation transfer theory has been used recently to derive the source function of the soft X-ray diffuse background, resulting in the claim of evidence for 10 exp 6 K gas in the Galactic halo. We show that this analysis has several errors that invalidate its conclusions. We argue that the case for an extensive hot halo remains open, pending further work, but may be settled by the continuing series of Rosat observations of high-latitude soft X-ray shadows.
Burrows, David N.↗
Particle diffusion in degenerate, ionized gases
Particle diffusion distribution function of two component ionized degenerate gas from Boltzmann transport equation, giving tables for various spin and mass ratios
Rosen, L. C.↗
Fission-gas release from uranium nitride at high fission rate density
A sweep gas facility has been used to measure the release rates of radioactive fission gases from small UN specimens irradiated to 8-percent burnup at high fission-rate densities. The measured release rates have been correlated with an equation whose terms correspond to direct recoil release, fission-enhanced diffusion, and atomic diffusion (a function of temperature). Release rates were found to increase linearly with burnups between 1.5 and 8 percent. Pore migration was observed after operation at 1550 K to over 6 percent burnup.
Weinstein, M. B.↗
Low-pressure performance of annular, high-pressure (40 atm) high-temperature (2480 K) combustion system
Experimental tests were conducted to develop a combustion system for a 40 atmosphere pressure, 2480 K exhaust gas temperature, turbine cooling facility. The tests were conducted in an existing facility with a maximum pressure capability of 10 atmospheres and where inlet air temperatures as high as 894 K could be attained. Exhaust gas temperatures were as high as 2365 K. Combustion efficiences were about 100 percent over a fuel air ratio range of 0.016 to 0.056. Combustion efficiency decreased at leaner and richer ratios when the inlet air temperature was 589 K. Data are presented that show the effect of fuel air ratio and inlet air temperature on liner metal temperature. Isothermal system pressure loss as a function of diffuser inlet Mach number is also presented. Data included exhaust gas pattern factors; unburned hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen emission index values; and smoke numbers.
Wear, J. D.↗