Interconnect Fabrication by Electroless Plating on 3D-Printed Electroplated Patterns
Not provided.
Materials Science↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Chemically Interconnected Thermotropic Polymers for Transparency-Tunable and Impact-Resistant Windows
Not provided.
Materials Science↗
Interconnected Vertically Stacked 2D-MoS2 for Ultrastable Cycling of Rechargeable Li-Ion Battery
2D layer structured material is often high-capacity ionic storage material with fast ionic transport within the layers. This appears to be the case for non-conversion layer structure, such as graphite. However, this is not the case for conversion-type layered structure such as transition metal sulfide, in which localized congestion of ionic species adjacent to the surface will induce localized conversion, leading to the blocking of the fast diffusion channels and fast capacity fading, which therefore constitutes one of the critical barriers for the application of transition metal sulfide layered structure. In this work, we report the tackling of this critical barrier through nanoscale engineering. We discover that vertically-stacked 2D-MoS2 can dramatically enhance the cycling stability. Atomic level in-situ TEM observation reveals that the MoS2 nanocakes assembled with tangling (100)-terminated nanosheets offer abundant open channels for Li+ insertion through the (100) surface, featuring an enhanced cyclability performance for over 200 cycle with a capacity retention of 90%. In contrast, (001)-terminated MoS2 nanoflowers only retains 10% of original capacity after 50 cycles. The present work demonstrates a general principle and opens a new route of crystallographic design to enhance electrochemical performance for assembling 2D materials for energy storage.
Sun, Congli↗
Stability at Scale: Challenges of Module Interconnects for Perovskite Photovoltaics
Photovoltaic modules must invariably have three characteristics: efficiency, scalability, and stability. Halide perovskite solar cells, while generating excitement throughout the research community, have yet to deliver on all three aspects simultaneously.
14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
Interconnection of Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions and Cloud Feedback Through Warm Rain Process
Recent research has revealed a correlation within the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations: models exhibiting more pronounced warming due to positive cloud feedback simultaneously show enhanced cooling from aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACI). However, the interplay between ACI and cloud feedback is not well understood in these models. Our study addresses this gap by modifying the autoconversion rate in two Earth system models (ESMs), elucidating how ACI could connect with cloud feedback through the warm rain process. We find that higher autoconversion rates, which are associated with stronger ACI, suppress the increase in cloud liquid water path (LWP) and cloud optical depth with warming by enhancing the precipitation efficiency over the extratropical regions, leading to a larger positive cloud feedback. This study offers new insights into the compensatory mechanism between ACI and cloud feedback through the warm rain process and highlights the importance of constraining the autoconversion parameterization in models.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Thousands of microbial genomes shed light on interconnected biogeochemical processes in an aquifer system
The subterranean world hosts up to one-fifth of all biomass, including microbial communities that drive transformations central to Earth's biogeochemical cycles. However, little is known about how complex microbial communities in such environments are structured, and how inter-organism interactions shape ecosystem function. Here we apply terabase-scale cultivation-independent metagenomics to aquifer sediments and groundwater, and reconstruct 2,540 draft-quality, near-complete and complete strain-resolved genomes that represent the majority of known bacterial phyla as well as 47 newly discovered phylum-level lineages. Metabolic analyses spanning this vast phylogenetic diversity and representing up to 36% of organisms detected in the system are used to document the distribution of pathways in coexisting organisms. Consistent with prior findings indicating metabolic handoffs in simple consortia, we find that few organisms within the community can conduct multiple sequential redox transformations. As environmental conditions change, different assemblages of organisms are selected for, altering linkages among the major biogeochemical cycles.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Interconnected nanoconfining pore networks enhance catalyst CO 2 interaction in electrified reactive capture
Systems that sequentially capture and upgrade CO 2 from air to fuels/fuel-intermediates, such as syngas and ethylene, rely on an energy-intensive CO 2 release process. Electrified reactive capture systems transform CO 2 obtained directly from carbonate capture liquid into products. Previous reactive capture systems show a decline in Faradaic efficiencies (FE) at current densities above 200 mA/cm 2 . Here we show the chemical origins of this problem, finding that prior electrocatalyst designs failed to arrest, activate, and reduce in situ-generated CO 2 (i-CO 2 ) before it traversed the catalyst layer and entered the tailgas stream. We develop a templated synthesis to define pore structures and the sites of Ni single atoms, and find that carbon-nitrogen-based nanopores are effective in accumulating i-CO 2 via short-range, non-electrostatic interactions between CO 2 molecules and the nanochannel walls. These interactions confine and enrich i-CO 2 within the pores, enhancing its binding and activation. We report as a result carbonate electrolysis at 300 mA/cm 2 with FE to CO of 50% ± 3%, and with <1% CO 2 in the tailgas outlet stream. This corresponds to a projected energy efficiency (EE) to 2:1 syngas of 46% at 300 mA/cm 2 when H 2 is added using a water electrolyzer.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Feeding state-dependent neuropeptidergic modulation of reciprocally interconnected inhibitory neurons biases sensorimotor decisions in Drosophila
Abstract An animal’s feeding state changes its behavioral priorities and thus influences even nonfeeding-related decisions. How the feeding state information is transmitted to nonfeeding-related circuits and what circuit mechanisms are involved in biasing nonfeeding-related decisions remain open questions. By combining calcium imaging, neuronal manipulations, behavioral analysis and computational modeling, we determined that the competition between different aversive responses to mechanical cues is biased by changes in the feeding state. We found that this effect is achieved by the differential modulation of two different types of reciprocally connected inhibitory neurons promoting opposing actions. This modulation results in a more frequent active type of response and, less frequently, a protective type of response if larvae are fed sugar than when they are fed a balanced diet. Information about the internal state is conveyed to inhibitory neurons through homologs of the vertebrate neuropeptide Y, which is known to be involved in regulating feeding behavior.
Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
NiO-Microflower Formed by Nanowire-weaving Nanosheets with Interconnected Ni-network Decoration as Supercapacitor Electrode
We propose a ‘weaving’ evolution mechanism, by systematically investigating the products obtained in controlled experiments, to demonstrate the formation of Ni-based ‘microflowers’ which consists of multiple characteristic dimensions, in which the three dimensional ( 3 D) NiO ‘microflower’ is constructed by a two-dimensional ( 2 D) nanosheet framework that is derived from weaving onedimensional ( 1 D) nanowires. We found such unique nanostructures are conducive for the generation of an electrically conductive Ni-network on the nanosheet surface after being exposed to a reducing atmosphere. Our study offers a promising strategy to address the intrinsic issue of poor electrical conductivity for NiO-based materials with significant enhancement of utilization of NiO active materials, leading to a remarkable improvement in the performance of the Ni-NiO microflower based supercapacitor. The optimized Ni-NiO microflower material showed a mass specific capacitance of 1,828F g –1 , and an energy density of 15.9Wh kg –1 at a current density of 0.5A g –1 . This research not only contributes to understanding the formation mechanism of such ‘microflower’ structures but also offers a promising route to advance NiO based supercapacitor given their ease of synthesis, low cost, and long-term stability.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
3D interconnected SnO[subscript 2]-coated Cu foam as a high-performance anode for lithium-ion battery applications
Abstract not provided
Um, Ji Hyun↗
Interconnected ionic domains enhance conductivity in microphase separated block copolymer electrolytes
Block copolymer electrolytes (BCEs) represent an attractive choice as solid-state ionic conductors for electrochemical technologies used in energy storage and conversion, water treatment, sensors, and data storage and processing. Unlocking the maximum ionic conductivity of BCEs requires an intimate understanding as to how the microphase separated structure influences transport properties. However, elucidating such knowledge remains elusive due to the challenging task of precisely engineering BCEs with a defined structure in bulk materials. In this work, we examined BCEs in a thin film format because it was amenable to attaining BCEs with a desired nanostructure. Specifically, we systematically investigated anion-conducting BCEs with different degrees of connectivity of the ionic domains. For the first time, we demonstrate that increasing terminal defects in the ionic domain from 1 terminal defect per mu m(2) to 20 terminal defects per mu m(2) ( a relatively small amount of defects) decreased ionic conductivity by 67% compared to the maximum value attained. Conversely, maximizing ionic domain connectivity increased the ionic conductivity by two-fold over a non-ordered BCE film. These experiments highlight that microphase separation alone was insufficient for ameliorating ionic conductivity in BCEs. Rather, microphase separation coupled with complete ionic domain connectivity realized BCEs with significantly enhanced ionic conductivity.
Arges, Christopher G. (ORCID:0000000317038323)↗
Understanding three-dimensionally interconnected porous oxide-derived copper electrocatalyst for selective carbon dioxide reduction
In this study, we have investigated a hierarchical CuO-derived inverse opal (CuO-IO) catalyst with high CO selectivity up to 80–90% and minimal H 2 evolution at moderate potentials for CO 2 electroreduction. The three-dimensionally (3D) structured, porous catalyst was composed of small CuO nanoparticles and exhibited a peak CO faradaic efficiency (FE) of 72.5% (±1.8), complete suppression of H 2 formation, and good stability over 24 hours operation at –0.6 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). In situ Raman, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements indicated reduction of the catalyst into metallic Cu0 oxidation state with dominant Cu(111) orientation under electrocatalytic conditions. We suggest that rapid depletion of CO 2 and protons at the highly roughened catalyst surface likely increased the local pH during the electrolysis. The combination of C 1 favoring Cu(111) surfaces and reduced local proton/CO 2 availability facilitated selective conversion of CO 2 into CO and reduced H 2 and C 2 products. Our work provides additional understanding of the structure–property relationships of 3D porous electrocatalysts for CO 2 reduction applications by evaluating the crystallographic orientation, oxidation state, and crystallite size of a CO-selective CuO-IO catalyst under realistic working conditions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Orchestrating nimble experiments across interconnected labs
Human researchers multi-task, collaborate, and share resources. HELAO-async is a multi-workflow automation software that helps realize these attributes in materials acceleration platforms.
Guevarra, Dan↗
The life cycle land use of natural gas-fired electricity in the US Western interconnection
Land presents a critical yet often overlooked constraint to energy development.
Dai, Tao↗
Adding power of artificial intelligence to situational awareness of large interconnections dominated by inverter‐based resources
Abstract Large‐scale power systems exhibit more complex dynamics due to the increasing integration of inverter‐based resources (IBRs). Therefore, there is an urgent need to enhance the situational awareness capability for better monitoring and control of power grids dominated by IBRs. As a pioneering Wide‐Area Measurement System, FNET/GridEye has developed and implemented various advanced applications based on the collected synchrophasor measurements to enhance the situational awareness capability of large‐scale power grids. This study provides an overview of the latest progress of FNET/GridEye. The sensors, communication, and data servers are upgraded to handle ultra‐high density synchrophasor and point‐on‐wave data to monitor system dynamics with more details. More importantly, several artificial intelligence (AI)‐based advanced applications are introduced, including AI‐based inertia estimation, AI‐based disturbance size and location estimation, AI‐based system stability assessment, and AI‐based data authentication.
24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
Density functional theory study of the influence of segregation of S or Fe impurities on electromigration in nano-grained copper interconnects
The reliability of the circuits in the modern microelectronic devices remains, during last decades, one of the key topics in research and gains an attention for improving the promising candidates for conductors. Improvement of materials for such applications can be obtained by both electronic and compositional optimization. Ab initio calculations using full potential linearized augmented plane wave method in density functional theory are applied to explain the reduction in electromigration effect in the vicinity of grain boundaries (GB) in nano-structured Cu due to the segregation of some additives to the GB. Several possible mechanisms are considered. It is demonstrated that S atoms segregated to GB of nano-structured Cu lead to the growth of effective mass of the electrons. This decreases the mobility of electrons in external electric field, and, correspondingly, the momentum that they may transfer to atoms in collisions. Fe atoms segregated to GB of Cu create new empty states at the top of the valance band. These non-occupied states may stimulate the current of holes when external electric field is applied to the system, creating the “hole wind” in the direction opposite to the current of electrons. Such “hole wind” will compensate the forces generated by the electron current and therefore will reduce the total momentum transfer between charge carriers and atoms. The calculated electron density maps show that S and Fe segregating to Cu GB increases the strength of covalent bonds reducing the diffusion of Cu atoms in the vicinity of GB.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Super-Kamiokande [CETUP 2015: Workshop on dark matter, neutrino physics and astrophysics; PPC 2015: 9. international conference on interconnections between particle physics and cosmology]
The Super-Kamiokande experiment performs a large variety of studies, many of them in the neutrino sector. The archetypes are atmospheric neutrino (recently awarded with the Nobel prize for Mr. T. Kajita) and the solar neutrinos analyses. In these proceedings we report our latest results and present updates to indirect dark matter searches, our solar neutrino analysis and discuss the future upgrade of Super-Kamiokande by loading gadolinium into our ultra-pure water.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Continuous roll-to-roll fabrication of organic photovoltaic cells via interconnected high-vacuum and low-pressure organic vapor phase deposition systems
We demonstrate continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) fabrication of single junction and tandem organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells on flexible plastic substrates employing a system that integrates organic deposition by high vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) and low pressure organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD). By moving the substrate from chamber to chamber and then depositing films on stationary substrates, we achieve power conversion efficiencies of PCE = 8.6 ± 0.3% and 8.9 ± 0.2% for the single junction and tandem cells, respectively. Single junction OPVs are also fabricated on a continuously translating substrate at 0.3 cm/s, to achieve PCE = 8.5 ± 0.2%. Thin films grown on translating substrates by OVPD show <3% thickness non-uniformity and 0.66 nm root mean square surface roughness, similar to that obtained by VTE. Our results suggest that R2R film deposition comprising multiple vapor deposition technologies is a promising method for rapid speed and continuous manufacturing of high quality, small molecular weight organic electronic materials.
42 ENGINEERING↗