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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 613 records · Page 34
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Rational Design of Mixed-Metal Oxides for Chemical Looping Combustion of Coal via Coupled Computational-Experimental Studies

Energy and global climate change are two grand challenges to the modern society. An urgent need exists for development of clean and efficient energy conversion processes. The chemical looping strategy, which utilizes regenerable oxygen carriers (OCs) to indirectly convert carbonaceous fuels via redox reactions, is considered to be one of the more promising approaches for CO2 capture by the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE). To date, most long-term chemical looping operations were conducted using gaseous fuels, even though direct conversion of coal is more desirable from both economics and CO2 capture viewpoints. The main challenges for direct coal conversion reside in the stringent requirements on oxygen carrier performances. In addition, coal char and volatile compounds are more challenging to convert than gaseous fuels. A promising approach for direct conversion of coal is the so called chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling (CLOU) technique. In the CLOU process, a metal oxide that decomposes at the looping temperature, and releases oxygen to the gas phase is used as the OC. The overarching objective of this project was to discover the fundamental principles for rational design and optimization of oxygen carriers (OC) in coal chemical looping combustion (CLC) processes. It directly addresses Topic Area B of the funding opportunity announcement (FOA) in terms of “predictive description of the phase behavior and mechanical properties” of “mixed metal oxide” based OCs and rational development of new OC materials with superior functionality. This was achieved through studies exploring i) iron-containing mixed-oxide composites as oxygen carriers for CLOU, ii) Ca1-xAxMnO3-δ (A = Sr and Ba) as oxygen carriers for CLOU, iii) CaMn1-xBxO3-δ (B=Al, V, Fe, Co, and Ni) as oxygen carrier for CLOU and iv) vacancy creation energy in Mn-containing perovskites as an indicator chemical looping with oxygen uncoupling.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigation of electrode passivation during oxidation of a nitroxide radical relevant for flow battery applications

Nitroxide-radicals such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and their derivatives have gained interest as redox-active organic molecules for applications in grid-scale energy storage. In particular, the higher solubility of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO in aqueous media greatly improves its energy density, but unusual kinetics associated with its surface-mediated electrooxidation have limited further development. Here, the apparent passivation behavior of species formed during 4-hydroxy-TEMPO electrooxidation in concentrated electrolytes is investigated. A combination of surface microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and quartz-crystal gravimetry confirms the formation of a polymeric-type layer over the electrode surface composed of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO-like subunits, which is otherwise not observed with TEMPO. This study indicates that the design of high energy density and stable TEMPO-based redox molecules must also consider the reactivity that may occur due to the molecular characteristics of solubility-enhancing moieties. It is found that the extent of passivation is dependent on the voltage scan rate and 4-hydroxy-TEMPO concentration, underscoring the importance of studying materials at conditions relevant for their proposed applications. Evidence of incomplete passivation and an electrode self-cleaning process is presented, suggesting a materials design strategy to mitigate surface passivation from side reactions that may occur in redox active materials for energy storage applications.

Buchanan, Cailin [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL↗
DOE OSTI2019

Elucidating Reversible Electrochemical Redox of Li 6 PS 5 Cl Solid Electrolyte

Sulfide-based solid electrolytes are promising candidates for all solid-state batteries (ASSBs) due to their high ionic conductivity and ease of processability. However, their narrow electrochemical stability window causes undesirable electrolyte decomposition. Existing literature on Li-ion ASSBs report an irreversible nature of such decompositions, while Li–S ASSBs show evidence of some reversibility. Here, we explain these observations by investigating the redox mechanism of argyrodite Li 6 PS 5 Cl at various chemical potentials. We found that Li–In | Li 6 PS 5 Cl | Li 6 PS 5 Cl–C half-cells can be cycled reversibly, delivering capacities of 965 mAh g –1 for the electrolyte itself. During charging, Li 6 PS 5 Cl forms oxidized products of sulfur (S) and phosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 ), while during discharge, these products are first reduced to a Li 3 PS 4 intermediate before forming lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) and lithium phosphide (Li 3 P). Lastly, we quantified the relative contributions of the products toward cell impedance and proposed a strategy to reduce electrolyte decomposition and increase cell Coulombic efficiency.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Redox Chemistry of Penta- and Hexavalent Americium

The recent development of facile methods to oxidize trivalent americium to its higher valence states holds promise for the discovery of new chemistries and critical insight into the behavior of the 5f electrons. However, progress in understanding high valent americium chemistry has been hampered by americium’s inherent ionizing radiation field, and its concomitant effects on americium redox chemistry. Any attempt to understand high valent americium reduction and/or disproportionation must account for the effects of these radiolytic processes. Fortunately, the effects of ionizing radiation on water and aqueous nitric acid solutions are well known. Values for the yields of the major radiolytically produced reactive species that could conceivably react with americium, and their rate coefficients, are available for use in radiation chemical modeling. Therefore, we present a complete, quantitative, mechanistic description of the radiation-induced redox chemistry of the americyl oxidation states in aerated, aqueous nitric acid, as a function of radiation quality (type and energy) and solution composition using multi-scale modeling calculations supported by experiment. The reduction of Am(VI) to Am(V) was found to be most sensitive to the effects of ionizing radiation, undergoing rapid reductions with the steady-state products of aqueous HNO 3 radiolysis, i.e., HNO 2 , H 2 O 2 , and HO 2 •, which dictated its practical lifetime under acidic conditions. In contrast Am(V) is only susceptible to radiolytic oxidation, mainly through its reactions with NO 3 •, and is notably radiation resistant with respect to direct one-electron reduction to produce Am(IV). Our multiscale modeling calculations predict that the lifetime of Am(V) is dictated by its rate of disproportionation, 2AmO 2 + + 4 Haq + → AmO 2 2+ + Am 4+ + 2H 2 O, with a fourth-order dependence on [H aq + ] in agreement with previous experimental findings, giving an optimized rate coefficient of $k$ = 2.27 × 10 -6 M -5 s -1 . This disproportionation initially produces Am(IV) and Am(VI) species, but the lack of any spectroscopic evidence in our study for Am(IV) suggests that solvent reduction of this cation occurs rapidly. The ultimate product of all the Am(VI)/Am(V) irradiations is Am(III), which shows great stability in an irradiation field.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Unexpected Role of Se VI Species in Epoxidations with Benzeneseleninic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract Benzeneperoxyseleninic acid has been proposed as the key intermediate in the widely used epoxidation of alkenes with benzeneseleninic acid and hydrogen peroxide. However, it reacts sluggishly with cyclooctene and instead rapidly decomposes in solution to a mixed selenonium–selenonate salt that was identified by X‐ray absorption and 77 Se NMR spectroscopy, as well as by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. This process includes a selenoxide elimination of the peroxyseleninic acid with liberation of oxygen and additional redox steps. The salt is relatively stable in the solid state, but generates the corresponding selenonic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The selenonic acid is inert towards cyclooctene on its own; however, rapid epoxidation occurs when hydrogen peroxide is added. This shows that the selenonic acid must first be activated through further oxidation, presumably to the heretofore unknown benzeneperoxyselenonic acid. The latter is the principal oxidant in this epoxidation.

Sands, Kai N.↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Unexpected Role of Se VI Species in Epoxidations with Benzeneseleninic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract Benzeneperoxyseleninic acid has been proposed as the key intermediate in the widely used epoxidation of alkenes with benzeneseleninic acid and hydrogen peroxide. However, it reacts sluggishly with cyclooctene and instead rapidly decomposes in solution to a mixed selenonium–selenonate salt that was identified by X‐ray absorption and 77 Se NMR spectroscopy, as well as by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. This process includes a selenoxide elimination of the peroxyseleninic acid with liberation of oxygen and additional redox steps. The salt is relatively stable in the solid state, but generates the corresponding selenonic acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The selenonic acid is inert towards cyclooctene on its own; however, rapid epoxidation occurs when hydrogen peroxide is added. This shows that the selenonic acid must first be activated through further oxidation, presumably to the heretofore unknown benzeneperoxyselenonic acid. The latter is the principal oxidant in this epoxidation.

Sands, Kai N.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Electrochemically Determined O–H Bond Dissociation Free Energies of NiO Electrodes Predict Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactivity

Redox reactions at metal oxide (MOx) surfaces are implicated in many catalytic and energy conversion processes. However, the fundamental thermodynamics dictating such interfacial reactivity remain ill-defined, in part because of the frequent involvement of proton as well as electron transfers. Herein, we describe an approach connecting the pH-dependent electrochemical response of MOx thin films with the bond dissociation free energies (BDFEs) of their electroactive surface O-H bonds. Using NiO as a case study, we show that these BDFEs can predict much of the observed proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactivity at the MOx surface. Analyzing the PCET reactivity of MOx materials in terms of BDFEs could enable new approaches for designing more active and efficient catalysts and electrocatalysts for important PCET reactions.

Wise, Catherine F.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Adsorption Processes during Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition of Gold

Electrochemical atomic layer deposition (e-ALD) technique offers a simple and effective "wet chemistry" approach enabling high-precision monolayer-by-monolayer deposition of metal films. The process of e-ALD of Au involves lead underpotential deposition (PbUPD) followed by its redox replacement by a Au monolayer. The time evolution of the deposit mass during "one-pot" Au e-ALD is known to exhibit a unique three-stage response that is presently not well understood. In this work, we probe this response using voltammetry, electrochemical quartz crystal microgravimetry (e-QCM), and chronoamperometry to unravel the underlying mechanistic events during Au e-ALD. Furthermore, the presence of adsorbed Au +3 -ligand complex(es) (Au-L) on the Au surface is established. In stage I of e-ALD, this Au-L adsorbed layer is reduced to Au while a Pb UPD adlayer is formed. In stage II, the Pb UPD adlayer undergoes spontaneous surface-limited redox replacement by nobler Au under open-circuit conditions. Finally, in stage III, re-adsorption of the Au-L occurs on the newly deposited Au. Quantitative analysis of the deposit mass transients obtained under a variety of conditions provides an estimate of the Au-L mass and its molecular weight.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Human Lung Cellular Response to HCoV-229E Infection, Post-Translational Modification Proteomics Time Course (ACS-TZ-DP6)

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the human lung cellular response to wild type human coronavirus strain 229E (HCoV-229E) infection. Sample data was obtained for mock-infected and HCoV-229E infected immortalized human lung epithelial cells (A549) (MOI 3) and immortalized human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) (MOI 3). Whole cell lysates were collected at 8, 16, and 24 hours post infection and were processed for post translational modification (PTM) proteomics analysis to determine the HCoV-229E phosphoproteome, redox proteome, and acetylation proteome.

Sims, Amy C [Pacific Northwest National Laboratory↗
NASA NTRS1982

Metamorphic reactions in mesosiderites - Origin of abundant phosphate and silica

In light of a study of the Emery mesosiderite, it is determined that the high modal abundances of merrillite and tridymite in most mesosiderites are attributable to redox reactions between silicates and P-bearing Fe-Ni metal within a limited T-fO2 range at low pressure. The recalculated amounts of dissolved P and S in the metallic portion of Emery reduce the metal liquidus temperature to less than 1350 C, and the solidus to less than 800 C, so that the mixing of liquid metal with cold silicates would have resulted in silicate metamorphism rather than melting. This redox reaction and redistribution of components between metal and silicates illuminates the complexities of mesosiderite processing, with a view to the recalculation of their original components.

Harlow, G. E.↗
NASA NTRS2019

Oxidation of the Mantle Wedge by H+ in Aqueous Fluids: A New Interdisciplinary Approach

The observation that arc magmas are the most oxidized on Earth have led petrologists to question whether the subduction process might cause oxidation of the sub-arc mantle source. A strong correlation between the input of slab-derived aqueous fluid and Fe3(+)/ΣFe in arc magmas has led to the hypothesis that slab fluids may facilitiate the transfer of redox potential from oxidized slab material to mantle wedge and subsequently to primary arc melts. Despite this intuitive link, identifying an efficient and ubiquitous chemical process to transfer oxidation state in slab fluids has been challenging. Pure H2O alone is an inefficient oxidizer in the mantle, necessitating another oxidant within the fluid. Commonly invoked components include S or C, which are likely heterogeneously distributed within subducting slabs, and direct transfer of Fe3(+), which is only possible in very solute-rich fluids. Here we present a new mechanism to explain the oxidation of the sub-arc mantle by slab-derived aqueous fluid, wherein dissolved H(+)(aq) is reduced to H2(aq). Redox equilibrium is satisfied by electron transfer from Fe2(+)(s), which is oxidized in the rock to Fe3(+)(s) in the reaction: 2Fe2(+)(s) + 2H(+)(aq) = 2Fe3(+)(s) + H2(aq). This simple reaction was previously overlooked due to the assumption that all H must be bound by H2O molecules (i.e., no dissolved H), applicable to a pure H2O fluid, but not one with a solute load as addressed here. The application of thermodynamic modeling tools from aqueous geochemistry (DEW, EQ3/6) to mantle petrology predicts this reaction between mantle rock and slab fluid with our own experimentally constrained chemistry and fO2 (QFM+2). Mass transfer model results show an increase in Fe3(+)/ΣFe in mantle rock from MORB- like (0.15) to arc-like (0.2–0.3) values at reasonable fluid fluxes, co-incident with increasing H2 activity in the fluid. This can explain the stark correlation between slab fluid input into the mantle wedge and the observed fO2 of arc magmas. Moreover, it does not require diffusion of hydrogen out of the system. Instead, H2 remains dissolved in fluid in equilibrium with oxidized mantle rock.

Iacovino, Kayla↗
DOE OSTI2017

Understanding the nanoscale redox-behavior of iron-anodes for rechargeable iron-air batteries

Iron-air cells provide a promising and resource-efficient alternative battery concept with superior area specific power density characteristics compared to state-of-the-art Li-air batteries and potentially superior energy density characteristics compared to present Li-ion batteries. Understanding charge-transfer reactions at the anode-electrolyte interface is the key to develop high-performance cells. By employing in-situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (in-situ EC-AFM), in-depth insight into the electrochemically induced surface reaction processes on iron in concentrated alkaline electrolyte is obtained. The results highlight the formation and growth of the redox-layer on iron over the course of several oxidation/reduction cycles. By this means, a direct correlation between topography changes and the corresponding electrochemical reactions at the nanoscale could unambiguously be established. Here in this paper, the twofold character of the nanoparticulate redox-layer in terms of its passivating character and its contribution to the electrochemical reactions is elucidated. Furthermore, the evolution of single nanoparticles on the iron electrode surface is evaluated in unprecedented and artifact-free detail. Based on the dedicated topography analysis, a detailed structural model for the evolution of the redox-layer which is likewise elementary for corrosion science and battery research is derived.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Elucidation of Design Criteria for V‐based Redox Mediators: Structure‐Function Relationships that Dictate Rates of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer

Redox mediators are attractive solutions for addressing the stringent kinetic stipulations required for efficient energy conversion processes. In this work, we compare the electrochemical properties of four vanadium complexes, namely [V(acac) 3 ], [V 6 O 7 (OMe) 12 ], [ n Bu 4 N] 3 [V 6 O 13 (TRIS NO2 ) 2 ], and [ n Bu 4 N] 5 [V 18 O 46 (NO 3 )] in non-aqueous solutions on glassy carbon electrodes. The goal of this study is to investigate the electron transfer kinetics and diffusivity of these compounds under identical experimental conditions to develop an understanding of structure-function relationships that dictate the physicochemical properties of vanadium oxide assemblies. Complex selection was dictated by two criteria – (1) nuclearity of the transition metal complexes (2) distribution of electron density in the native electronic configuration. In conclusion, our analyses establish that electronic communication between metal centers significantly impacts charge transfer kinetics of these vanadium-based compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nb 2 O 5 Protection Layers for Hydrogen Evolution by p-InP Photocathodes in Acidic Electrolytes

Coatings of HfO 2 , Ta 2 O 5 , TiO 2 , and Nb 2 O 5 were evaluated as protection layers for p-InP photocathodes in aqueous acidic electrolytes. Each candidate protection layer was characterized based on interfacial conduction of photogenerated electrons, the thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the overlayer over the relevant potential and pH range for cathodic fuel-forming half-reactions, and inhibition of the primary anodic and/or chemical dissolution processes that limit electrode stability. The conduction of photogenerated electrons and inhibition of anodic oxidation was evaluated using V 3+ / 2+ in 5.0 M HCl(aq) as a one-electron redox couple with a potential close to that of hydrogen evolution in acidic media. Failure modes due to cathodic plating of metal, as well as anodic dissolution and chemical dissolution processes, were evaluated for photocathodes made from etched p-InP, platinized p-InP, and p-InP photoelectrodes that had been coated with the various oxide films and then platinized for use in photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution in acidic aqueous electrolytes. Nb 2 O 5 best met all of the criteria, contrasting with TiO 2 , which is thermodynamically and kinetically unstable in acid over the potential range relevant for the hydrogen evolution and/or CO 2 reduction electrochemical half-reactions. Furthermore, these protocols should be useful for other materials and semiconductors to determine the effectiveness of protection layers for photocathodes.

Electrodes↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transient Radiation-Induced Berkelium(III) and Californium(III) Redox Chemistry in Aqueous Solution

Despite the significant impact of radiation-induced redox reactions on the accessibility and lifetimes of actinide oxidation states, fundamental knowledge of aqueous actinide metal ion radiation chemistry is limited, especially for the late actinides. A quantitative understanding of these intrinsic radiation-induced processes is essential for investigating the fundamental properties of these actinides. We present here a picosecond electron pulse reaction kinetics study into the radiation-induced redox chemistry of trivalent berkelium (Bk(III)) and californium (Cf(III)) ions in acidic aqueous solutions at ambient temperature. New, and first of a kind, second-order rate coefficients are reported for the transient radical-induced reduction of Bk(III) and Cf(III) by the hydrated electron (eaq−) and hydrogen atom (H•), demonstrating significant reactivity (up to 1011M-1s-1) indicative of a preference of these metals to adopt divalent states. Additionally, we reportthe first-ever second-order rate coefficients for the transient radical-induced oxidation of these elements by reaction with hydroxyl (•OH) and nitrate (NO3•) radicals, which also exhibited fast reactivity (ca. 108 M-1s-1). Transient Cf(II), Cf(IV), and Bk(IV) absorption spectra are also reported. Overall, the presented data highlight the existence of rich, complex, intrinsic late actinide radiation-induced redox chemistry that has the potential to influence the findings of other areas of actinide science.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Exploring the Origin of Anionic Redox Activity in Super Li-Rich Iron Oxide-Based High-Energy-Density Cathode Materials

Super alkali-rich materials (alkali:transition metal ratio of ≥2:1), such as Li 5 FeO 4 , exhibit the potential to realize anionic redox upon deep delithiation. Li 5 FeO 4 was shown to undergo reversible cycling between Li 4 FeO 3.5 and Li 3 FeO 3.5 with combined cation/anion redox, a remarkable capacity of 189 mAh/g, and no O 2 release. However, the impact of phase transformations on the reaction thermodynamics and the correlation between the structural changes and reaction reversibility remain unclear. In this study, we use first-principles calculations to examine the delithiation and (re)lithiation reactions of Li 5 FeO 4 . We show that the experimentally observed charge and discharge processes go through non-equilibrium pathways. Upon delithiation, the compound undergoes a phase transformation from Li 5 FeO 4 , with tetrahedrally coordinated (T d ) Fe ions, to a delithiated disordered rocksalt structure, with octahedral (O h ) Fe ions. Fe-ion migration has an asymmetric kinetic barrier that makes T d → O h migration facile, whereas the reverse process has a much larger barrier, explaining the difficulties in reaction reversibility. We further elucidate the transition metal and O redox sequences during the charge cycle and identify the complex electrochemistry associated with the dual participation of cationic redox (Fe 3+ /Fe 4+ ) and anionic redox (O 2– /O – /O o ). Armed with this knowledge, we conduct high-throughput screening of known alkali-rich transition metal oxides by evaluating their potential to enable reversible anionic redox, with multiple candidates proposed for further experimental trials. Furthermore, our work provides a useful guide for the further development of super alkali-rich anionic-redox-active electrodes for high-energy-density batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Probing time-resolved plasma-driven solution electrochemistry in a falling liquid film plasma reactor: Identification of HO$^−_2$ as a plasma-derived reducing agent

Many applications involving plasma–liquid interactions depend on the reactive processes occurring at the plasma–liquid interface. In this article, we report on a falling liquid film plasma reactor allowing for in situ optical absorption measurements of the time-dependence of the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox reactivity, complemented with ex situ measurement of the decomposition of formate. We found excellent agreement between the measured decomposition percentages and the diffusion-limited decomposition of formate by interfacial plasma-enabled reactions, except at high pH in thin liquid films, indicating the involvement of previously unexplored plasma-induced liquid phase chemistry enabled by long-lived reactive species. We also determined that high pH facilitates a reduction-favoring environment in ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox solutions. In situ conversion measurements of a 1:1 ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox mixture exceed the measured ex situ conversion and show that conversion of a 1:1 ferricyanide/ferrocyanide mixture is strongly dependent on film thickness. We identified three dominant processes: reduction faster than ms time scales for film thicknesses >100 µm, •OH-driven oxidation on time scales of <10 ms, and reduction on 15 ms time scales for film thickness <100 µm. We attribute the slow reduction and larger formate decomposition at high pH to HO$^−_2$ formed from plasma-produced H 2 O 2 enabled by the high pH at the plasma–liquid interface as confirmed experimentally and by computed reaction rates of HO$^−_2$ with ferricyanide. Overall, this work demonstrates the utility of liquid film reactors in enabling the discovery of new plasma-interfacial chemistry and the utility of atmospheric plasmas for electrodeless electrochemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structure and Potential–Dependent Selectivity in Redox–Metallopolymers: Electrochemically Mediated Multicomponent Metal Separations

Electro-responsive functional materials can play a critical role in selective metal recovery and recycling due to the need for molecular differentiation between transition metals in complex mixtures. Redox-active metallopolymers are a promising platform for electrochemical separations, offering versatile structural tuning and fast electron transfer. First, through a judicious selection of polymer structure between a main-chain metallopolymer (polyferrocenylsilane) and a pendant-group metallopolymer (polyvinylferrocene), charge-transfer interactions and binding strength toward competing metal ions are tuned, which as a result, dictate selectivity. For example, almost an order of magnitude increase in separation factor between chromate and meta-vanadate can be achieved, depending on polymer structure. Second, these metallopolymer electrodes exhibit potential-dependent selectivity that can even flip ion preference, based solely on electrical means—indicating a control parameter that is orthogonal to structural modifications. Finally, this work presents a framework for evaluating electrochemical separations in multicomponent ion mixtures and elucidates the underlying charge-transfer mechanisms resulting in molecular selectivity through a combination of spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the applicability of redox-metallopolymers in tailored electrochemical separations for environmental remediation, value-added metal recovery, waste recycling, and even mining processing.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗