Electromagnetic form factor of the neutrino.
Electromagnetic form factors of electron and muon neutrinos evaluated, using intermediate vector- boson theory, noting renormalization induced by electromagnetic interactions
PARTICLE THEORY↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Electromagnetic Basis of Metabolism and Heredity
Living organisms control their cellular biological clocks to maintain functional oscillation of the redox cycle, also called the "metabolic cycle" or "respiratory cycle". Organization of cellular processes requires parallel processing on a synchronized time-base. These clocks coordinate the timing of all biochemical processes in the cell, including energy production, DNA replication, and RNA transcription. When this universal time keeping function is perturbed by exogenous induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the rate of metabolism changes. This causes oxidative stress, aging and mutations. Therefore, good temporal coordination of the redox cycle not only actively prevents chemical conflict between the reductive and oxidative partial reactions; it also maintains genome integrity and lifespan. Moreover, this universal biochemical rhythm can be disrupted by ROS induction in vivo. This in turn can be achieved by blocking the electron transport chain either endogenously or exogenously by various metabolites, e.g. hydrogen sulfide (H2S), highly diffusible drugs, and carbon monoxide (CO). Alternatively, the electron transport in vivo can be attenuated via a coherent or interfering transfer of energy from exogenous ultralow frequency (ULF) and extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic (EM) fields, suggesting that-on Earth-such ambient fields are an omnipresent (and probably crucially important) factor for the time-setting basis of universal biochemical reactions in living cells. Our work demonstrated previously un-described evidence for quantum effects in biology by electromagnetic coupling below thermal noise at the universal electron transport chain (ETC) in vivo.
Electromagnetic↗
Application of Energy-efficient Electromagnetic Melt-Processing for the Upcycling of Recycled Polyphenylene Sulfide into Multifunctional Segregated Nanocomposites
Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is widely used in structural and functional composites because of its thermal stability, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength. As circular manufacturing becomes increasingly important, extending the service life of recycled PPS (rPPS) is essential. However, conventional high-temperature reprocessing accelerates thermo-oxidative degradation, reducing recycled composite performance. This study proposes a rapid and potentially energy-saving upcycling strategy for rPPS using electromagnetic (EM) melt-processing to form segregated carbon nanotube (CNT) networks and produce EM-responsive nanocomposites. The aim was to determine whether CNT-assisted EM heating could reduce polymer degradation while improving multifunctional properties at ultralow filler loadings. rPPS micropellets were coated with CNTs by ball milling to create conductive shells, then compacted into green bodies (GBs) and selectively melted by rapid EM irradiation. Structural, electrical, mechanical, rheological, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties were evaluated. Electrical percolation occurred at an ultralow CNT loading of 0.08 wt%, with conductivity reaching (1.24 ± 0.74) × 10 -5 S⋅m -1 at 0.1 wt%. At this concentration, tensile strength and modulus increased by 72% and 99%, respectively. At ~ 0.7 mm thickness, X-band EMI shielding effectiveness reached 6 dB for GBs and 3 dB after EM processing. This shows that EM melt-processing upcycles rPPS into high-performance multifunctional nanocomposites with minimum thermal degradation.
recycled↗
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL AND HIGHER-ORDER MODES FOR 7-CELL CAVITY OF PETRA-II
The booster synchrotron for NSLS-II will include a 7-cell PETRA cavity, which was manufactured for the PETRA-II project at DESY. The cavity fundamental frequency operates at 500 MHz. In order to verify the impedances of the fundamental and higher-order modes (HOM), which were calculated by computer code, we measured the magnitude of the electromagnetic field of the fundamental acceleration mode and HOM using the bead-pull method. To keep the cavity body temperature constant, we used a chiller system to supply cooling water at 20 degrees C. The bead-pull measurement was automated with a computer. We encountered some issues during the measurement process due to the difficulty in measuring the electromagnetic field magnitude in a multi-cell cavity. We describe the method and apparatus for the field measurement, and the obtained results.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Electromagnet Move Down William Floyd Parkway, 6/24/13
At midnight on Monday, June 24, 2013, a 50-foot-wide, circular electromagnet began the second leg of a 3,200-mile land and sea voyage from Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York to a new home at Fermilab in Illinois. There, scientists will use it to study the properties of muons, subatomic particles that live only 2.2 millionths of a second, and the results could open the door to new realms of particle physics. During this leg, Emmert International transported the electromagnet 10 miles down William Floyd Parkway to the Smith Point Marina, where it was loaded on a barge later in the day.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Giant Electromagnet Move at Brookhaven Lab, June 22, 2013
On Saturday, June 22, 2013, a 50-foot-wide, circular electromagnet began its 3,200-mile land and sea voyage from Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York to a new home at Fermilab in Illinois. There, scientists will use it to study the properties of muons, subatomic particles that live only 2.2 millionths of a second, and the results could open the door to new realms of particle physics. In the first part of the move, Emmert International and a team of Fermilab and Brookhaven Lab scientists and engineers transported the electromagnet across the Brookhaven Lab site to a staging area by its main gate.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Simulation and Experimental Validation of Electromagnetic Signatures for Monitoring of Nuclear Material Storage Containers
Previous research at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has demonstrated that the low frequency electromagnetic (EM) response of a sealed metallic container interrogated with an encircling coil is a strong function of its contents and can be used to form a distinct signature which can confirm the presence of specific components without revealing hidden geometry or classified design information. Finite element simulations have recently been performed to further investigate this response for a variety of configurations composed of an encircling coil and a typical nuclear material storage container. Excellent agreement was obtained between simulated and measured impedance signatures of electrically conducting spheres placed inside an AT-400R nuclear container. Simulations were used to determine the effects of excitation frequency and the geometry of the encircling coil, nuclear container, and internal contents. The results show that it is possible to use electromagnetic models to evaluate the application of the EM signature technique to proposed versions of nuclear weapons containers which can accommodate restrictions imposed by international arms control and treaty verification legislation.
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
Electromagnetic Signature Technique as a Promising Tool to Verify Nuclear Weapons Storage and Dismantlement under a Nuclear Arms Control Regime
The 2010 ratification of the New START Treaty has been widely regarded as a noteworthy national security achievement for both the Obama administration and the Medvedev-Putin regime, but deeper cuts are envisioned under future arms control regimes. Future verification needs will include monitoring the storage of warhead components and fissile materials and verifying dismantlement of warheads, pits, secondaries, and other materials. From both the diplomatic and technical perspectives, verification under future arms control regimes will pose new challenges. Since acceptable verification technology must protect sensitive design information and attributes, non-nuclear non-sensitive signatures may provide a significant verification tool without the use of additional information barriers. The use of electromagnetic signatures to monitor nuclear material storage containers is a promising technology with the potential to fulfill these challenging requirements. Research performed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has demonstrated that low frequency electromagnetic signatures of sealed metallic containers can be used to confirm the presence of specific components on a “yes/no” basis without revealing classified information. Arms control inspectors might use this technique to verify the presence or absence of monitored items, including both nuclear and non-nuclear materials. Although additional research is needed to study signature aspects such as uniqueness and investigate container-specific scenarios, the technique potentially offers a rapid and cost-effective tool to verify reduction and dismantlement of U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons.
low frequency electromagnetics, nuclear materials ↗
Final Technical Report: Electromagnetic Pump Insulation Materials Development and Testing (PLM-DOC-0005-2465) Report # DOEGEHB00613
Final Technical Report: Electromagnetic Pump Insulation Materials Development and Testing (Report # DOEGEHB00613) summarizes the information gathered from the analysis of the 160 m3/min EM Pump insulation that was tested in 2000-2002 and additional evaluations of new resilient, engineered insulation system evaluated and tested at both GRC and ANL. This report provides information on Tasks 1 and 2 of the entire project. This report also provides information in three broad areas: Historical and current data; Conclusions based on test data; and Insulation specifications for use in EM Pumps. The research for Task 2 builds upon Task 1: Update EM Pump Databank, which is summarized within this report. Where research for Task 3 and 4 Next-Generation EM Pump Analysis Tools identified parameters or analysis model that benefits Task 2 research, those items are noted within this report. The important design variables for the manufacture and operation of an EM Pump that the insulation research can evaluate are: space constraints; voltage capability of insulation system; maximum flux density through iron; flow rate and outlet pressure; efficiency and manufacturability. The development summary of the Electromagnetic Pump Insulation Materials Development and Testing was completed to include: Historical and current data; Conclusions based on test data; and Insulation specifications for use in EM Pumps.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Electromagnetics Simulations with Vector-valued Finite Elements in MOOSE
Vector-valued finite elements have become an essential part of modern electromagnetic (EM) numerical simulation. This talk will describe the development and initial validation of a MOOSE-based EM solver application, ELK (Electromagnetics Library for Kinetics and fluids), that utilizes the recently added vector-valued finite element system. The primary motivation for the development of ELK was to study EM wave propagation in radio-frequency (rf) driven systems, such as those encountered in the study of antenna structures, waveguides, and plasma physics. In simulating these scenarios with traditional scalar-valued finite elements, boundary conditions on tangential field components can sometimes be difficult to define, and field discontinuities encountered with certain geometric or structural features (e.g., abrupt corners and inhomogeneous materials) can often lead to non-physical results. Vector-valued elements can largely mitigate and even eliminate these difficulties. ELK verification and validation efforts thus far have focused on standard wave propagation benchmarks for antennas and waveguides, and the impact of vector-valued elements on the implementation and results of these simulations will be described. Progress using ELK for plasma physics simulation, where inhomogeneous simulation domains are commonplace, will also be discussed.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Growth and nonlinear saturation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in multi-ion species magnetospheric plasma
Here, the growth and saturation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is essential to the magnetospheric dynamics. Determining and isolating the effects of multiple ion parameters such as temperatures, anisotropies, and relative abundances is important for quantifying these processes in the magnetospheric plasma. In order to study these process, we utilize a 2.5–D hybrid model (where ions are modeled with the particle–in–cell (PIC) method, and electrons are modeled as background neutralizing fluid) to study the nonlinear electromagnetic wave–particle interactions of hot H + , cold H + , cold He + , and cold or hot O + ions for a broad range of typical magnetospheric parameters. The excitation of EMIC waves is driven by the temperature anisotropy of hot H + in our model. As a result, we quantify the parametric dependence of the linear growth, the nonlinear saturation level of perpendicular magnetic fluctuations, and the temporal evolution of the ion temperature anisotropies. We establish the relation between key plasma parameters and the saturated EMIC wave power, using either power law fits or a nonlinear regression method. We construct the dispersion relation of the waves using the results of the model and investigate the energy content in the various branches of the dispersion ( k ∥ –ω space), showing that the different modes can generate wave power in different regions of k space. We find that large O + concentration reduces the growth and saturated amplitude of the waves; but the waves are less sensitive to the temperature of the O + in the temperature range relevant to the magnetosphere.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Gigahertz Electromagnetic Structures via Direct Ink Writing for Radio-Frequency Oscillator and Transmitter Applications
Radio–frequency (RF) electronics, which combine passive electromagnetic devices and active transistors to generate and process gigahertz (GHz) signals, provide a critical basis of ever–pervasive wireless networks. While transistors are best realized by top–down fabrication, relatively larger electromagnetic passives are within the reach of printing techniques. Here, direct writing of viscoelastic silver–nanoparticle inks is used to produce a broad array of RF passives operating up to 45 GHz. These include lumped devices such as inductors and capacitors, and wave–based devices such as transmission lines, their resonant networks, and antennas. Moreover, to demonstrate the utility of these printed RF passive structures in active RF electronic circuits, they are combined with discrete transistors to fabricate GHz self–sustained oscillators and synchronized oscillator arrays that provide RF references, and wireless transmitters clocked by the oscillators. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the synergy of direct ink writing and RF electronics for wireless applications.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Elucidating the sole contribution from electromagnetic near-fields in plasmon-enhanced Cu 2 O photocathodes
Despite many promising reports of plasmon-enhanced photocatalysis, the inability to identify the individual contributions from multiple enhancement mechanisms has delayed the development of general design rules for engineering efficient plasmonic photocatalysts. Herein, we construct a plasmonic photocathode comprised of Au@SiO 2 (core@shell) nanoparticles embedded within a Cu 2 O nanowire network to exclusively examine the contribution from one such mechanism: electromagnetic near-field enhancement. The influence of the local electromagnetic field intensity is correlated with the overall light-harvesting efficiency of the device through variation of the SiO 2 shell thickness (5—22 nm) to systematically tailor the distance between the plasmonic Au nanoparticles and the Cu 2 O nanowires. A three-fold increase in device photocurrent is achieved upon integrating the Au@SiO 2 nanoparticles into the Cu 2 O nanowire network, further enabling a ~40% reduction in semiconductor film thickness while maintaining photocathode performance. Photoelectrochemical results are further correlated with photoluminescence studies and optical simulations to confirm that the near-field enhancement is the sole mechanism responsible for increased light absorption in the plasmonic photocathode.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Development of an implicit electromagnetic capability for a hybrid gyrokinetic ion-fluid electron model
Here we report on the development and implementation of a hybrid kinetic ion–fluid electron model for electromagnetic COGENT simulations of edge plasmas. COGENT is a finite-volume gyrokinetic code that employs a locally field-aligned coordinate system combined with a mapped multi-block grid technology to handle strongly anisotropic edge plasma turbulence. The simulation model involves the long-wavelength limit of the ion gyrokinetic equation coupled to the vorticity and Ohm's law equations for the electromagnetic field perturbations. In order to handle the fast Alfvén wave time scales, an implicit-explicit time integration approach with a physics-based preconditioner is used. The model is successfully applied to the simulations of ion-scale resistive-drift ballooning turbulence in a toroidal annulus geometry. Substantial speed-up over a fully explicit time integration approach is observed.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Electromagnetic duality and the electric memory effect
We study large gauge transformations for soft photons in quantum electrodynamics which, together with the helicity operator, form an ISO(2) algebra. We show that the two non-compact generators of the ISO(2) algebra correspond respectively to the residual gauge symmetry and its electromagnetic dual gauge symmetry that emerge at null infinity. The former is helicity universal (electric in nature) while the latter is helicity distinguishing (magnetic in nature). Thus, the conventional large gauge transformation is electric in nature, and is naturally associated with a scalar potential. We suggest that the electric Aharonov-Bohm effect is a direct measure for the electromagnetic memory arising from large gauge transformations.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Electromagnetic duality and D3-brane scattering amplitudes beyond leading order
We use on-shell methods to study the non-supersymmetric and supersymmetric low-energy S-matrix on a probe D3-brane, including both the 1-loop contributions of massless states as well as the effects of higher-derivative operators. Our results include: (1) A derivation of the duality invariance of Born-Infeld electrodynamics as the dimensional oxidation of the group of spatial rotations transverse to a probe M2-brane; this is done using a novel implementation of subtracted on-shell recursion. (2) The first explicit loop-level BCJ double-copy in a non-gravitational model, namely the calculation of the 4-point self-dual amplitude of non-supersymmetric Born-Infeld. (3) From previous results for n-point self-dual 1-loop BI amplitudes and the conjectured dimension-shifting relations in Yang-Mills, we obtain an explicit all-multiplicity, at all orders in E, expression for the 1-loop integrand of the MHV sector of N = 4 DBI. (4) For all n > 4, the explicitly integrated duality-violating 1-loop amplitudes (self-dual and next-to-self-dual in pure BI as well as MHV in N = 4 DBI) are shown to be removable at O(ε 0 ) by adding finite local counterterms; we propose that this may be true more generally at 1-loop order. (5) We find that in non-supersymmetric Born-Infeld, not all finite local counterterms needed to restore electromagnetic duality can be constructed using the double-copy with higher-derivative corrections, suggesting a fundamental tension between electromagnetic duality and color-kinematics duality at loop-level. Finally we comment on oxidation of duality symmetries in supergravity and the parallels it has to the M2-brane to D3-brane oxidation demonstrated in this paper.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Measurement of the phase between strong and electromagnetic amplitudes in the decay J/ψ → ϕη
The first direct measurement of the relative phase between the strong and electromagnetic amplitudes for a J/ψ decaying into a vector-pseudoscalar final state is performed using 26 energy points of e + e − annihilation data between 3.00 GeV and 3.12 GeV. The data sets were collected by the BESIII detector with a total integrated luminosity of 452 pb −1 . By investigating the interference pattern in the cross section lineshape of e + e − → ϕη, the relative phase between the strong and electromagnetic amplitudes of J/ψ decay is determined to be within [133°, 228°] at 68% confidence level.
QCD↗
Valence quark contributions for the gamma N -> P11(1440) transition
A covariant spectator quark model is applied to estimate the valence quark contributions to the$ F1*(Q2) and F2*(Q2) transition form factors for the gamma N -> P11(1440) reaction. The Roper resonance, P11(1440), is assumed to be the first radial excitation of the nucleon. The model requires no extra parameters except for those already fixed by the previous studies for the nucleon. The results are consistent with the experimental data in the high Q2 region, and those from the lattice QCD. Finally the model is also applied to estimate the meson cloud contributions from the CLAS and MAID analysis.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗