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NASA NTRS1972

Experimental investigation of a throttlable 15 cm hollow cathode ion thruster

The use of dished high perveance grids on a 15 cm modified SERT 2 thruster is shown to facilitate throttled operation over a beam current range from 60 to 600 mA. Effects of increasing the radial component of the magnetic field in the main discharge chamber and decreasing the dimensions of the cathode discharge region are examined and found to degrade performance to the extent that primary electrons are forced in toward the center-line of the thruster. Studies of the baffle aperture region of two thrusters indicate that the electric potential gradient vector is perpendicular to the local magnetic field lines when the thruster is operating properly. The correlation between the shape of the ion beam current density and that of the ion density at the screen grid within the thruster is shown to be 94%. Additional experimental studies on maximum propellant utilization, plasma ion production cost, neutral density in the cathode discharge region, double ion production in hollow cathode thrusters and thermal flow meter performance are discussed.

Wilbur, P. J.↗

DOE OSTI2018

It’s all right(-handed neutrinos): a new W ' model for the R D ( ∗ ) anomaly

The measured B-meson semi-leptonic branching ratios R D and R D ∗ have long-standing deviations between theory and experiment. We introduce a model which explains both anomalies through a single interaction by introducing a right-handed neutrino as the missing energy particle. This interaction is mediated by a heavy charged vector boson (W ') which couples only to right-handed quarks and leptons of the Standard Model through the mixing of these particles with new vector-like fermions. Previous W ' models for the R D ( ∗ ) anomaly were strongly constrained from flavor changing neutral currents and direct collider searches for Z' → τ τ resonances. We show that relying on right-handed fermion mixing enables us to avoid these constraints, as well as other severe bounds from electroweak precision tests and neutrino mixing.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2018

The axial anomaly in chiral tilted Weyl semimetals

The axial anomaly is investigated based on Fujikawa’s method for chiral tilted Weyl semimetals, in which the Weyl cones with different chiralities tilt to opposite directions. When the electric field (EF) is parallel to the magnetic field (MF), the axial anomaly contributed by electromagnetic fields along tilt direction is reduced less than that along other directions. This results in that the associated effects, such as anomalous Hall effect, chiral magnetic effect and negative magnetoresistivity, are suppressed anisotropically. More interestingly, when the EF is perpendicular to MF, the axial anomaly has a new contribution from the mixed product of tilt vector, EF and MF, which is asymmetry under reversing tilt direction (electron–hole asymmetry) and leads to a current between Dirac cones with different tilt directions and novel magnetoresistivity (MR). Specifically, this contribution can change the properties of MR in some experimental establishments and makes trivial components of MR in un-tilted Weyl semimetal develop non-trivial properties. These changes are consistent with the MR phenomena observed in experiments, such as gate-tunable negative longitudinal MR, Hall MR, extremely large and non-saturating MR.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2022

A detailed analysis of the dynamics of fast neutrino flavor conversions with scattering effects

We calculate the dynamics of fast neutrino flavor conversions with Boltzmann collisions of neutrino scatterings in a homogeneous system. We find the enhancement or suppression of the flavor conversions in various setups of the collision terms. We analyze the mechanism of fast flavor conversions based on the motion of polarization vectors in the cylindrical coordinate analogous to a pendulum motion. The phases of the all the polarization vectors synchronize in the linear evolution phase, and the phase deviation from the Hamiltonian governs the neutrino flavor conversions. In a non-linear regime of flavor conversions, the collision terms induce a spiral motion of the polarization vector and gradually make the phase space smaller. The collision terms align all of the polarization vectors, and the flavor conversions eventually settle into equilibrium when the distributions of neutrinos become isotropic. Though our current analysis does not fully clarify the non-linear phenomena of fast flavor conversions, the framework of the pendulum motion gives a new insight into this complicated phenomenon that will be helpful in further studies.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Improving missing transverse momentum estimation with a deep neural network

At hadron colliders, the net transverse momentum of particles that do not interact with the detector (missing transverse momentum, $^→_𝑝$$^{miss}_{T}$) is a crucial observable in many analyses. In the standard model, $^→_𝑝$$^{miss}_{T}$ originates from neutrinos. Many beyond-the-standard-model particles, such as dark matter candidates, are also expected to leave the experimental apparatus undetected. This paper presents a novel deep neural network based $^→_𝑝$$^{miss}_{T}$ estimator, DeepMET, developed by the CMS Collaboration at the LHC. The DeepMET algorithm produces a weight for each reconstructed particle based on its properties. The estimator is based on the negative vector sum of the weighted transverse momenta of all reconstructed particles in an event. Compared with other estimators currently employed by CMS, DeepMET improves the $^→_𝑝$$^{miss}_{T}$ resolution by 10%–30%, shows improvement for a wide range of final states, is easier to train, and is more resilient against the effects of additional proton-proton interactions accompanying the collision of interest.

artificial neural networks↗

DOE OSTI2024

Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting GaSb-Based Type-I Quantum Well Diode Lasers

The GaSb-based epitaxially regrown monolithic diode PCSELs operating near 2 μm at room temperature in continuous wave regime and generating 30 mW of output power from 200 μm diameter aperture have been designed and fabricated. Here, the devices demonstrated CW threshold current density of about 500 A/cm 2 . The laser output power was enhanced thanks to increased buried void area fill-factor in the photonic crystal layer with multiple voids per unit cell. The PCSEL generated ultra-low divergence donut shape beams at the currents near threshold. At higher injection currents, the device brightness was limited by excitation of the higher order lateral modes. Generation of the vector-vortex beams of different types by different band edge states of the buried photonic crystal was observed.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

Drug-Inducible Gene Therapy Effectively Reduces Spontaneous Seizures in Kindled Rats but Creates Off-Target Side Effects in Inhibitory Neurons

Over a third of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are not effectively treated with current anti-seizure drugs, spurring the development of gene therapies. The injection of adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) into the brain has been shown to be a safe and viable approach. However, to date, AAV expression of therapeutic genes has not been regulated. Moreover, a common property of antiepileptic drugs is a narrow therapeutic window between seizure control and side effects. Therefore, a long-term goal is to develop drug-inducible gene therapies that can be regulated by clinically relevant drugs. In this study, a first-generation doxycycline-regulated gene therapy that delivered an engineered version of the leak potassium channel Kcnk2 (TREK-M) was injected into the hippocampus of male rats. Rats were electrically stimulated until kindled. EEG was monitored 24/7. Electrical kindling revealed an important side effect, as even low expression of TREK M in the absence of doxycycline was sufficient to cause rats to develop spontaneous recurring seizures. Treating the epileptic rats with doxycycline successfully reduced spontaneous seizures. Localization studies of infected neurons suggest seizures were caused by expression in GABAergic inhibitory neurons. In contrast, doxycycline increased the expression of TREK-M in excitatory neurons, thereby reducing seizures through net inhibition of firing. These studies demonstrate that drug-inducible gene therapies are effective in reducing spontaneous seizures and highlight the importance of testing for side effects with pro-epileptic stressors such as electrical kindling. These studies also show the importance of evaluating the location and spread of AAV-based gene therapies in preclinical studies.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1991

Electric fields in the solar atmosphere - A review

A review is presented of remote sensing techniques which measure the electric field component transverse to the line of sight and achieve a sensitivity range of 5-10 V/cm. Three models are shown to predict quasistatic, macroscopic values of E(parallel), the electric field component parallel to the magnetic vector, beyond the sensitivity range considered. These processes are: the discharge model of flares; the models of return currents related to flare particle beams; and the models of neutral sheets related to two-ribbon flares and postflare loops. Time dependent electric fields related to MHD and plasma waves, and to plasma disturbance, may allow the detection of both E components (parallel and perpendicular). The uncertainty relating to the emission measures, time scales, volumes, and plasma conditions of these flares and electrified plasma volumes is emphasized. It is pointed out, however, that important information can be obtained by observing electric fields at existing sensitivity levels. By measuring these E-fields, the understanding of flares and related dynamic events can be improved.

Foukal, P.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Analytical models of the magnetic field of disk-shaped current sheets

Disk-shaped current distributions are useful tools in modeling the magnetospheres of Earth and other planets and have also been adapted for modeling the geotail. Such models usually start with an axisymmetric vector potential but may be modified to account for observed asymmetries, variable thickness, and warping in response to an inclined orientation of the planetary dipole axis. Models of this type until now either have lacked the ability to simulate a sharp inner edge of the current and to control accurately its falloff with distance or did not allow a simple analytical representation. Here existing methods will be reviewed, after which a new class of models which overcomes the above deficiencies and also allows the modeling of current disks of finite thickness flanked by current-free regions will be presented.

Tsyganenko, N. A.↗

DOE OSTI2013

DOUBLE POWER-LAW DISTRIBUTION OF MAGNETIC ENERGY IN THE SOLAR CORONA OVER AN ACTIVE REGION

In this paper, we study the magnetic energy (ME) structure contained in the solar corona over the active region NOAA 11158. The time period is chosen as from 0:00 to 06:00 UT on 2011 February 15, during which an X-class flare occurred. The nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) and the potential field extrapolation are carried out to model the coronal magnetic field over this active region, using high-quality photospheric vector magnetograms observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory as boundary conditions. We find that the volume distribution for the density of the ME (B {sup 2}/8{pi}) and the ohmic dissipation power (ODP, j {sup 2}/{sigma}), in which j is the electric current density (c/4{pi}{nabla} Multiplication-Sign B) and {sigma} is the conductivity in the corona, can be readily fitted by a broken-down double-power law. The turn-over density for the spectrum of the ME and ODP is found to be fixed at {approx}1.0 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 4} erg cm{sup -3} and {approx}2.0 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -15} W cm{sup -3} (assuming {sigma} = 10{sup 5} {Omega}{sup -1} m{sup -1}), respectively. Compared with their first power-law spectra (fitted below the corresponding turn-over value) which remain unchanged, the second power-law spectra (fitted above the corresponding turn-over value) for the NLFFF's ME and ODP show flare-associated changes. The potential field remains steady. These results indicate that a magnetic field with energy density larger than the turn-over energy density plays a dominant role in powering the flare.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Bacteria-mediated dsRNA delivery for mosquito-borne virus control

Mosquito-borne viruses represent an increasing global public health threat, exacerbated by urbanisation and climate change, thus making effective mosquito control essential. RNA interference (RNAi), a sequence-specific gene regulation mechanism, can be a flexible vector control tool. RNAi effectors, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), can target mosquito genes or the viruses they carry, disrupting development or suppressing infection. However, current RNAi delivery methods are ineffective. Engineered bacterial symbionts offer a promising alternative for delivery, as they can produce dsRNA directly within mosquitoes. However, bacterial RNAi delivery in mosquitoes remains underexplored. We review emerging genetic tools, insights from RNAi and bacteria–mosquito interactions to outline priorities for realising bacterial RNAi as an efficient and sustainable vector control strategy.

Biological and medical sciences↗

NASA NTRS2018

Advantages of Measuring the Q Stokes Parameter in Addition to the Total Radiance I in the Detection of Absorbing Aerosols: a Proof of Concept Using Vector Radiative Transfer, Neural Networks, and Optimal Estimation

A simple but novel study was conducted to investigate whether an imager-type spectroradiometer instrument like MODIS, currently flying on board the Aqua and Terra satellites, or MERIS, which flew on board Envisat, could detect absorbing aerosols if they could measure the Q Stokes parameter in addition to the total radiance I, that is if they could also measure the linear polarization of the light. Accurate radiative transfer calculations were used to train a fast neural network forward model, which together with a simple statistical optimal estimation scheme was used to retrieve three aerosol parameters: aerosol optical depth, fraction of absorbing aerosols, and aerosol location. The aerosols were assumed to be located either between 0 and 2 km or between 2 and 4 km in the Earth’s atmosphere. From simulated data it was found that by itself the total radiance I was generally insufficient to retrieve all three aerosol parameters, but that together with the Q Stokes component it was possible to reliably retrieve values of aerosol optical depth, fraction, and location.

Stamnes, Snorre↗

DOE OSTI2016

Green functions of currents in the odd-intrinsic parity sector of QCD

The independent operator basis of the most important resonances in the odd-intrinsic parity sector of QCD allows us to construct Lagrangians for corresponding Feynman diagrams of several types of interaction channels of the mesons and resonances. Here, we will discuss all three-point current correlators non-trivial for this sector. We briefly summarize their basic properties and high energy behaviour via the operator product expansion (OPE) framework. We also show that the vector field formalism is not compatible with the OPE, and for this reason the antisymmetric field formalism is a more suitable choice. We also briefly introduce some fundamental phenomological aspects that could be useful in the next studies.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2025

Inverse Segmented Motor Drive Using Dual ANPC Inverters for Common-Mode Voltage and Neutral-Point Current Cancellation

This article proposes an inverse segmented motor drive (SgMD) utilizing dual active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverters. In the proposed configuration, the neutral point current and common-mode (CM) voltage is topologically canceled, achieving zero total neutral point current and CM voltage under ideal conditions. Also, the zero total neutral point current minimizes the neutral point voltage imbalance in ANPC inverters. The mechanisms behind neutral point current and CM voltage cancellation in the proposed inverse SgMD are first introduced. The modifications to the motor windings for implementing the inverse SgMD are explained, showing that a standard motor can be readily adapted for the proposed configuration. A space vector modulation (SVM) scheme tailored for the proposed topology is presented, along with a carrier-based implementation. Simulation results validate that the proposed topology can achieve zero total CM voltage and neutral point current. It is also shown that the proposed inverse SgMD can reduce neutral point voltage fluctuation by about 90% and RMS current stress in the dc-link capacitors by about 43% compared to the conventional SgMD.

Lee, Sangwhee [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000335490057)↗

NASA NTRS1997

Development of Plant Gene Vectors for Tissue-Specific Expression Using GFP as a Reporter Gene

Reporter genes are widely employed in plant molecular biology research to analyze gene expression and to identify promoters. Gus (UidA) is currently the most popular reporter gene but its detection requires a destructive assay. The use of jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene from Aequorea Victoria holds promise for noninvasive detection of in vivo gene expression. To study how various plant promoters are expressed in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), we are transcriptionally fusing the intron-modified (mGFP) or synthetic (modified for codon-usage) GFP coding regions to these promoters: double cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) with AMV translational enhancer, ubiquitin7-intron-ubiquitin coding region (ubi7-intron-UQ) and sporaminA. A few of these vectors have been constructed and introduced into E. coli DH5a and Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105. Transient expression studies are underway using protoplast-electroporation and particle bombardment of leaf tissues.

Jackson, Jacquelyn↗

DOE OSTI2013

Perpendicular currents and electric fields in fully and partially ionized magnetized plasma

Perpendicular currents and self-consistent electric fields in fully and partially ionized plasma in strong magnetic field are analyzed. In fully ionized plasma, the analyses are concentrated on closing of viscosity driven currents. For partially ionized plasma, it is demonstrated that the perpendicular currents could be expressed through the total pressure gradient (including the pressure gradient of neutral particles) and viscosity of neutrals. The self-consistent electric fields and corresponding E(vector sign)×B(vector sign) could be quite large, which is important for various applications, in particular, for the divertor plasma of a tokamak in the detached regime.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2023

A Six-Phase Space Vector PWM Technique for Wide Bandgap Device-Based Three-Level Inverters

This article presents a space vector pulsewidth modulation (SVPWM) technique for wide bandgap (WBG) device-based three-level (3L) six-phase inverters. Implementation of the SVPWM techniques for any six-phase inverter is complex for its high number of possible voltage vectors. Different six-phase load configurations are also possible depending on the angle between two consecutive phases and neutral point connections. The implementation techniques change depending on the load configuration. Moreover, a common neutral point for all six phases leads to circulating currents. Capacitor voltage balancing is also needed for 3L inverters. Capacitor voltage balancing and addressing the circulating current problem further increases the implementation complexity. In this article, a generalized SVPWM technique is proposed for the six-phase 3L inverters that is implementable using two three-phase 3L SVPWM blocks. The SVPWM technique also ensures dc bus capacitor voltage balancing and minimizes circulating current. Here, the SVPWM technique is experimentally verified using a GaN-based 3L six-phase active neutral point clamped (ANPC) inverter prototype, and the results are presented in this article.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2015

Theoretical & Experimental Research in Weak, Electromagnetic & Strong Interactions

The conducted research spans a wide range of topics in the theoretical, experimental and phenomenological aspects of elementary particle interactions. Theory projects involve topics in both the energy frontier and the intensity frontier. The experimental research involves energy frontier with the ATLAS Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). In theoretical research, novel ideas going beyond the Standard Model with strong theoretical motivations were proposed, and their experimental tests at the LHC and forthcoming neutrino facilities were outlined. These efforts fall into the following broad categories: (i) TeV scale new physics models for LHC Run 2, including left-right symmetry and trinification symmetry, (ii) unification of elementary particles and forces, including the unification of gauge and Yukawa interactions, (iii) supersummetry and mechanisms of supersymmetry breaking, (iv) superworld without supersymmetry, (v) general models of extra dimensions, (vi) comparing signals of extra dimensions with those of supersymmetry, (vii) models with mirror quarks and mirror leptons at the TeV scale, (viii) models with singlet quarks and singlet Higgs and their implications for Higgs physics at the LHC, (ix) new models for the dark matter of the universe, (x) lepton flavor violation in Higgs decays, (xi) leptogenesis in radiative models of neutrino masses, (xii) light mediator models of non-standard neutrino interactions, (xiii) anomalous muon decay and short baseline neutrino anomalies, (xiv) baryogenesis linked to nucleon decay, and (xv) a new model for recently observed diboson resonance at the LHC and its other phenomenological implications. The experimental High Energy Physics group has been, and continues to be, a successful and productive contributor to the ATLAS experiment at the LHC. Members of the group performed search for gluinos decaying to stop and top quarks, new heavy gauge bosons decaying to top and bottom quarks, and vector-like quarks produced in pairs and decaying to light quarks. Members of the OSU group played a leading role in the detailed optimization studies for the future ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk), which will be installed during the Phase-II upgrade, replacing the current tracking system. The proposed studies aim to enhance the ATLAS discovery potential in the high-luminosity LHC era. The group members have contributed to the calibration of algorithms for identifying boosted vector bosons and b-jets, which will help expand the ATLAS reach in many searches for new physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗