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DOE OSTI2020

An outbreak of Septoria canker caused by Sphaerulina musiva on Populus trichocarpa in eastern Oregon

Branch and stem cankers were observed in a Populus trichocarpa L. plantation in late summer of 2018 near Boardman, Oregon USA. Stem cankers were flat faced with swollen margins and the bark in the center of the cankers was black and depressed (Figure 1). 254 out of 1054 trees (25%) observed had cankers. Symptomatic stems and branches from several trees were brought to Oregon State University for identification. Cankers were surface-disinfested in a 5% NaOCl for 2 min and rinsed twice in deionized H 2 O for 2 min. Bark was removed from cankers and pieces of wood at the margin between healthy and necrotic tissue were plated on KV8 medium amended with streptomycin sulfate at 100 mg liter–1 and chloramphenicol (Amresco) at 240 mg liter–1 (Dunnell and LeBoldus 2017). Eight sporulating colonies typical of Sphaerulina musiva (Peck) Quaedvlieg, Verkley, and Crous (Syn. = Septoria musiva Peck) developed within 7 days of plating. S. musiva was identified by morphological characteristics (conidium size = 28–54 × 3.5–4 µm) and confirmed by comparing the sequence of the ITS region (accession numbers: MN275180-MN275187) to JX901814 with 99% identity. We tested 13 additional cankers collected from the plantation using S. musiva specific primers (Abraham et al. 2018). Eight of the 13 samples were positive for S. musiva DNA. Dormant cuttings from three genotypes of P. trichocarpa (BESC-184; BESC-259; BESC-388) were collected in a field planting near Oregon State University (OSU). These were planted in cone-tainers in the greenhouse at OSU and grown to approximately 30 cm in height. Four replicates of each of the three genotypes were inoculated in the greenhouse with one Oregon isolate using a suspension of 1x10 6 conidia ml-1. The entire tree was sprayed until runoff using a spray bottle (LeBoldus et al. 2010). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with four replicates of each genotype. Sterile deionized H 2 O was sprayed on one control tree of each genotype. The mean number of resulting cankers were BESC-184 = 11, BESC-259 = 1, and BESC-388 = 13.75. The controls did not develop any cankers. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from one canker from each genotype. Sphaerulina musiva can cause severely damaging leaf spot and stem canker diseases in the eastern and central USA and Canada (Bier 1939; Herath et al. 2016). Susceptible Populus species and hybrids develop cankers which can girdle and weaken stems, leading to breakage or tree death (Bier 1939). A previous survey of the region did not detect S. musiva (Newcombe et al. 1995). This outbreak of Septoria canker underscores the potential threat of this pathogen to P. trichocarpa in the Pacific Northwest where it is a keystone species in riparian ecosystems.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1994

A comparison of eastern North American seismic strain-rates to glacial rebound strain-rates

Glacial rebound strain-rates computed using a simple Laurentide glacial loading model are of the order of 10(exp -9) per year within the region of glaciation and extending several hundred kilometers beyond. The horizontal strain-rates receive approximately equal contributions from horizontal and vertical velocities, a consequence of the spherical geometry adopted for the Earth model. In the eastern United States and southeastern Canada the computed strain-rates are 1-3 orders of magnitude greater than an estimate of the average seismic strain-rate (Anderson, 1986) and approximately 1 order of magnitude greater than predicted erosional strain-rates. The predicted glacial rebound strain-rates are not, in general, oriented in such a way as to augment the observed state of deviatoric stress, possibly explaining why the seismic strain-rates are much smaller than the glacial rebound strain-rates. An exception to this may be seismically active regions in the St. Lawrence valley.

James, Thomas S.↗

NASA NTRS2021

A Comparison of Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction and MOD09 Daily Surface Reflectance Products from MODIS

This study presents the first systematic comparison of MAIAC Collection 6 MCD19A1 daily surface reflectance (SR) product with standard MODIS SR (MOD/MYD09). The study was limited to four tiles located in mid-Atlantic United States (H11V05), Canada (H12V03),central Amazon (H11V09), and North-Eastern China (H27V05) and used over 5000 MODIS granules in 2018. Overall, there is a remarkable agreement between the best quality pixels of the two products, in particular in the Red and NIR bands. Over selected tiles, the evaluation found that MAIAC provides from 4 to 25% more high-quality retrievals thanMOD09 annually, with the largest difference in tropical regions, confirming results of the previous studies. The comparison of spectral characteristics showed a systematic MAIAC-MOD09 difference increasing from NIR to Blue, typical of biases of a Lambertian assumption in MOD09 algorithm. Over the North-Eastern China, MCD19A1 SR is found more stable at wide range of aerosol optical depth (AOD) variations, whereasMOD09 SR shows a consistent positive bias increasing with AOD and at shorter wavelengths. The observed SR differences can be attributed to differences in cloud detection, aerosol retrieval and in atmospheric correction which is performed using an accurate BRDF-coupled radiative transfer model in MAIAC and a Lambertian surface model in MOD09. While this study is not representative of the global performance because of its limited geographical coverage, it should help the land community to better understand the differences between the two products.

MAIAC↗

DOE OSTI2023

AmeriFlux CA-DSM Delta Salt Marsh

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-DSM Delta Salt Marsh. Site Description - This site is a tidal salt marsh on the eastern side of the Boundary Bay Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Delta, British Columbia, Canada. This area is located on the southern front of the Fraser River. The total area of the Boundary Bay WMA is 11,470 ha, and the eastern part surrounding the flux tower accounts for 39 ha. This area is surrounded by farms and dikes. The Provincial Government purchased this area in 1974 limiting public access and designated it as WMA in 1995. This area has a mixed semidiurnal tidal cycle. The dominant species is Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) with a canopy height of ~40 cm. The tower is in a high marsh system and was installed to analyze energy, H2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes on September 3, 2021.

Knox, Sara↗

DOE OSTI2025

AmeriFlux FLUXNET-1F CA-DSM Delta Salt Marsh

This is the AmeriFlux Management Project (AMP) created FLUXNET-1F version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-DSM Delta Salt Marsh. This is the FLUXNET version of the carbon flux data for the site CA-DSM Delta Salt Marsh produced by applying the standard ONEFlux (1F) software. Site Description - This site is a tidal salt marsh on the eastern side of the Boundary Bay Wildlife Management Area (WMA) in Delta, British Columbia, Canada. This area is located on the southern front of the Fraser River. The total area of the Boundary Bay WMA is 11,470 ha, and the eastern part surrounding the flux tower accounts for 39 ha. This area is surrounded by farms and dikes. The Provincial Government purchased this area in 1974 limiting public access and designated it as WMA in 1995. This area has a mixed semidiurnal tidal cycle. The dominant species is Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) with a canopy height of ~40 cm. The tower is in a high marsh system and was installed to analyze energy, H2O, CO2, and CH4 fluxes on September 3, 2021.

Knox, Sara [The University of British Columbia]↗

NASA NTRS1989

Analysis of the boreal forest-tundra ecotone: A test of AVIRIS capabilities in the Eastern Canadian subarctic

A comparison was conducted between ground reflectance spectra collected in Schefferville, Canada and imaging spectrometer observations acquired by the AVIRIS sensor in a flight of the ER-2 Aircraft over the same region. The high spectral contrasts present in the Canadian Subarctic appeared to provide an effective test of the operational readiness of the AVIRIS sensor. Previous studies show that in this location various land cover materials possess a wide variety of visible/near infrared reflectance properties. Thus, this landscape served as an excellent test for the sensing variabilities of the newly developed AVIRIS sensor. An underlying hypothesis was that the unique visible/near infrared spectral reflectance patterns of Subarctic lichens could be detected from high altitudes by this advanced imaging spectrometer. The relation between lichen occurrence and boreal forest-tundra ecotone dynamics was investigated.

Goward, Samuel N.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Online access to international aerospace science and technology

The NASA Aerospace Database contains over 625,000 foreign R&D documents from 1962 to the present from over 60 countries worldwide. In 1991 over 26,000 new non-U.S. entries were added from a variety of innovative exchange programs. An active international acquisitions effort by the NASA STI Program seeks to increase the percentage of foreign data in the coming years, focusing on Japan, the Commonwealth of Independent States, Western Europe, Australia, and Canada. It also has plans to target China, India, Brazil, and Eastern Europe in the future. The authors detail the resources the NASA Aerospace Database offers in the international arena, the methods used to gather this information, and the STI Program's initiatives for maintaining and expanding the percentage of international information in this database.

Lahr, Thomas F.↗

NASA NTRS2010

Effects of Lightning and Other Meteorological Factors on Fire Activity in the North American Boreal Forest: Implications for Fire Weather Forecasting

The effects of lightning and other meteorological factors on wildfire activity in the North American boreal forest are statistically analyzed during the fire seasons of 2000-2006 through an integration of the following data sets: the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) level 2 fire products, the 3-hourly 32-kin gridded meteorological data from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), and the lightning data collected by the Canadian Lightning Detection Network (CLDN) and the Alaska Lightning Detection Network (ALDN). Positive anomalies of the 500 hPa geopotential height field, convective available potential energy (CAPE), number of cloud-to-ground lightning strikes, and the number of consecutive dry days are found to be statistically important to the seasonal variation of MODIS fire counts in a large portion of Canada and the entirety of Alaska. Analysis of fire occurrence patterns in the eastern and western boreal forest regions shows that dry (in the absence of precipitation) lightning strikes account for only 20% of the total lightning strikes, but are associated with (and likely cause) 40% of the MODIS observed fire counts in these regions. The chance for ignition increases when a threshold of at least 10 dry strikes per NARR grid box and at least 10 consecutive dry days is reached. Due to the orientation of the large-scale pattern, complex differences in fire and lightning occurrence and variability were also found between the eastern and western sub-regions. Locations with a high percentage of dry strikes commonly experience an increased number of fire counts, but the mean number of fire counts per dry strike is more than 50% higher in western boreal forest sub-region, suggesting a geographic and possible topographic influence. While wet lightning events are found to occur with a large range of CAPE values, a high probability for dry lightning occurs only when 500 hPa geopotential heights are above 5700m and CAPE values are near the maximum observed level, underscoring the importance of low-level instability to boreal fire weather forecasts-

Peterson, D.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Developing a Power Plant Suitability Model for the Energy Zones Mapping Tool

This report provides an example of designing, developing, and running a power plant suitability model in the Energy Zones Mapping Tool (EZMT), a public, web-based mapping tool with a large spatial database focused on energy infrastructure, energy resources, and related siting factors. The example focuses on natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants, which have several unique and interesting characteristics. NGCC plants typically provide peaking power to the electrical grid. Such plants can be started or stopped relatively quickly and are often used to supplement base load plants (such as nuclear or coal) during times of peak electrical consumption or to counterbalance lulls in variable power generation (such as wind or solar). Due to these and other factors, NGCC plants have been projected to increase in number under energy planning studies such as Hadley et al. The scope of the Hadley et. al. study is the Eastern Interconnection (EI), the electrical transmission grid serving much of the United States and Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. Results in the study are organized according to 22 Multi-region National—North American Electricity and Environment Model (NEEM) regions within the EI. NGCC plants usually have lower water requirements than other thermoelectric power plants they may replace; therefore, they are expected to have an interesting role in reducing the overall water requirements of energy generation.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗

NASA NTRS1988

Accretionary origin for the late Archean Ashuanipi Complex of Canada

The Ashuanipi complex is one of the largest massif granulite terrains of the Canadian Shield. It makes up the eastern end of the 2000 km long, lower-grade, east-west belts of the Archean Superior Province, permitting lithological, age and tectonic correlation. Numerous lithological, geochemical and metamorphic similarities to south Indian granulites suggest common processes and invite comparison of tectonic evolution. The Ashuanipi granulite terrain of the Cannadian Superior Province was studied in detail, and an origin through self-melting of a 55 km thick accretionary wedge seems possible.

Percival, J. A.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Evidence for 18.6 year Mn signal in temperature and drought conditions in North America since AD 1800

It is found that, since 1800, the mean discrepancy in epoch between maxima in temperature and maxima in the Drought Area Index (DAI) for the western United States with respect to maxima in the lunar modal tide is 0.9 and 0.1 year, respectively. It is suggested, in light of the fact that a cluster of nine stations in western Canada yields the 18.6-year lunar nodal term out of phase with 30 stations in eastern North America, that (1) enhanced drought conditions in the western United States are neither recurrent nor rhythmic on a time scale of 20 years, but rather periodic with a period of 18.6 years, and (2) the Rocky Mountain system is an influence for atmospheric tidal phenomena at epochs of maximum in the lunar nodal tide as well as for maxima in the temperature records of the DAI.

Currie, R. G.↗

DOE OSTI2021

The North American Renewable Integration Study (NARIS): A U.S. Perspective

The North American electric power system is undergoing significant change, with renewable resources now contributing more generation than ever before. This transformation is poised to continue given decreasing technology costs and ambitious decarbonization goals at the federal, state, local, corporate, and consumer levels. The North American Renewable Integration Study (NARIS) aims to inform grid planners, utilities, industry, policymakers, and other stakeholders about challenges and opportunities for continental system integration of large amounts of wind, solar, and hydropower to support a low-carbon future grid. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducted a detailed, continent-wide analysis with planning scenarios of transmission, generation, and demand to reach 80%–92% carbon reductions (from 2005) for the Canadian electric power system, and up to 80% reductions continent-wide. We used a suite of models to study future scenarios and gain insights, including potential impacts on costs, emissions, resource adequacy, and the specific technologies that help enable the transition to a low-carbon grid. Our analysis had a particular focus on the potential role of cooperation among the three North American countries and between regions within each country, and how transmission can support sharing of supply and demand diversity. The NARIS project began in 2016. This report describes a U.S. perspective in coordination with the U.S. Department of Energy, and a companion report describes a Canadian perspective in coordination with the Natural Resources Canada. NARIS was an extension of a previous body of work, including the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study, the Eastern Renewable Generation Integration Study, Interconnections Seam Study, and the Pan Canadian Wind Integration Study. NARIS analyzed the entire continent in detail while studying higher renewable generation than previous studies. The scenarios in NARIS were informed by the goals in the Mid-Century Strategies for the Paris Agreement in each country.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

WHONDRS Surface Water Chemistry and Organic Matter Characterization along the St. Lawrence River's Inland to Coastal Gradient, Eastern North America (v2)

This dataset supports a broader study examining the inland (Lake Ontario) to coastal (North Atlantic Ocean) geochemistry gradient along the St. Lawrence River in Canada and the United States. The St. Lawrence River is unique in that it contains the convergence of multiple water masses with distinct water signatures that mix only slightly as the river flows downstream. The dataset provides dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and organic matter characterization data generated from surface water. Samples were collected by researchers on board the Lampsilis research vessel (l’Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières) and small boats (St. Lawrence River Institute of Environmental Sciences, Cornwall) at 94 locations across and along the St. Lawrence River to capture longitudinal and transverse variation. Related data were collected and will be published separately in collaboration with the MicrEAU Laboratory (François Guillemette; l’Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières) and the Exploration of Coastal Hydrobiogeochemistry Across a Network of Gradients and Experiments (EXCHANGE) program. This dataset is comprised of one main data folder containing (1) file-level metadata; (2) data dictionary; (3) field metadata; (4) dissolved organic carbon (DOC, measured as non-purgeable organic carbon, NPOC) data (5) surface water sampling protocol; (6) readme; (7) methods codes; (8) international geo-sample number (IGSN) mapping file; and (9) folder of high resolution characterization of organic matter via 12 Tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) through the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL; https://www.pnnl.gov/environmental-molecular-sciences-laboratory). The FTICR folder contains two subfolders, one containing the .xml data files and the other containing instructions for using Formularity (https://omics.pnl.gov/software/formularity) and an R script to process the data based on the user's specific needs. All files are .csv, .pdf, .R, .ref, or .xml. The data package was originally published in November 202. It was updated in April 2025 (v2; modified files). See the change history section in the readme for details.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Efficient Detection of Emission-line Galaxies in the Cl0016+1609 and MACSJ1621.4+3810 Supercluster Filaments Using SITELLE

We observe a system of filaments and clusters around Cl0016+1609 and MACSJ1621.4+3810 using the SITELLE Fourier transform spectrograph at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. For Cl0016+1609 (z = 0.546), the observations span an 11.8 Mpc × 4.3 Mpc region along an eastern filament that covers the main cluster core, as well as two 4.3 Mpc × 4.3 Mpc regions that each cover southern subclumps. For MACSJ1621.4+3810 (z = 0.465), 3.9 Mpc × 3.9 Mpc around the main cluster core is covered. We present the frequency and location of the emission-line galaxies and their emission-line images, and calculate the star formation rates, specific star formation rates, and merger statistics. In Cl0016+1609, we find 13 [O ii] 3727 Å emitting galaxies with star formation rates between 0.2 and 14.0 M {sub ⊙} yr{sup −1}. Of these, 91{sub −10}{sup +3}% are found in regions with moderate local galaxy density, avoiding the dense cluster cores. These galaxies follow the main filament of the superstructure and are mostly blue and disky, with several showing close companions and merging morphologies. In MACSJ1621.4+3810, we find 10 emission-line sources. All are blue (100{sub −15}{sup +0}%), with 40{sub −12}{sup +16}% classified as disky and 60{sub −16}{sup +12}% as merging systems. Eight avoid the cluster core (80{sub −17}{sup +7}%), but two (20{sub −7}{sup +17}%) are found near high-density regions, including the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG). These observations push the spectroscopic study of galaxies in filaments beyond z ∼ 0.3 to z ∼ 0.5. Their efficient confirmation is paramount to their usefulness as more galaxy surveys come online.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS2016

The Vegetation Greenness Trend in Canada and US Alaska from 1984-2012 Landsat Data

To assess the North American high-latitude vegetation response to the rising temperature, we derived NDVI end for 91.2% of the non-water, non-snow land area of Canada and Alaska using the peak-summer Landsat surface reflectance data of 19842012. Our analysis indicated that 29.4% and 2.9 of the land area of Canada and Alaska showed statistically significant positive (greening) and negative (browning) trends respectively, at significance level p b 0.01, after burned forest areas were masked out. The area with greening trend dominated over that with browning trend for all land cover types. The greening occurred primarily in the tundra of western Alaska, along the north coast of Canada and in northeastern Canada; the most intensive and extensive greening occurred in Quebec and Labrador. The browning occurred mostly in the boreal forests of eastern Alaska. The Landsat-based greenness trend is broadly similar to the 8-km GIMMS AVHRR-based trend for all vegetation zones. However, for tundra, the Landsat data indicated much less extensive greening in Alaska North Slope and much more extensive greening in Quebec and Labrador, and substantially less extensive browning trend in the boreal forests that were free of fire disturbances. These differences call for further validation of the Landsat reflectance and the AVHRR NDVI datasets. Correlation study with local environmental factors, such as topography, glacial history and soil condition, will be needed to understand the heterogeneous greenness change at the Landsat scale.

Ju, Junchang↗

NASA NTRS1995

Alaska Crustal Deformation: Finite Element Modeling Constrained by Geologic and Very Long Baseline Interferometry Data

We compute crustal motions in Alaska by calculating the finite element solution for an elastic spherical shell problem. The method we use allows the finite element mesh to include faults and very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) baseline rates of change. Boundary conditions include Pacific-North American (PA-NA) plate motions. The solution is constrained by the oblique orientation of the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte strike-slip faults relative to the PA-NA relative motion direction and the oblique orientation from normal convergence of the eastern Aleutian trench fault systems, as well as strike-shp motion along the Denali and Totschunda fault systems. We explore the effects that a range of fault slip constraints and weighting of VLBI rates of change has on the solution. This allows us to test the motion on faults, such as the Denali fault, where there are conflicting reports on its present-day slip rate. We find a pattern of displacements which produce fault motions generally consistent with geologic observations. The motion of the continuum has the general pattern of radial movement of crust to the NE away from the Fairweather-Queen Charlotte fault systems in SE Alaska and Canada. This pattern of crustal motion is absorbed across the Mackenzie Mountains in NW Canada, with strike-slip motion constrained along the Denali and Tintina fault systems. In south central Alaska and the Alaska forearc oblique convergence at the eastern Aleutian trench and the strike-shp motion of the Denali fault system produce a counterclockwise pattern of motion which is partially absorbed along the Contact and related fault systems in southern Alaska and is partially extruded into the Bering Sea and into the forearc parallel the Aleutian trench from the Alaska Peninsula westward. Rates of motion and fault slip are small in western and northern Alaska, but the motions we compute are consistent with the senses of strike-slip motion inferred geologically along the Kaltag, Kobuk Trench, and Thompson Creek faults and with the normal faulting observed in NW Alaska near Nome. The nonrigid behavior of our finite element solution produces patterns of motion that would not have been expected from rigid block models: strike-slip faults can exist in a continuum that has motion mostly perpendicular to their strikes, and faults can exhibit along-strike differences in magnitudes and directions.

Lundgren, Paul↗

NASA NTRS1973

Identification of geostructures of continental crust, particularly as they relate to mineral resource evaluation

The author has identified the following significant results. The southeastward continuation of a fault that has been mapped in the vicinity of Dan Creek, Alaska, shows up as a lineament on ERTS-1 image 1043-20163 that can be traced for more than 50 miles southeastward to beyond the Alaska-Canada boundary. The lineament probably reflects a major fault that is significant in understanding the complicated tectonics of the Wrangell Mountains-Saint Elias Mountains complex. From a study of the ERTS-1 image, low level vertical photography, and limited field work in the largely unmapped region, E.M. Mackevett, Jr., speculates that the eastern part of the fault may mark the southern boundary of a mild-Paleozoic metamorphic terrane that constitutes the westernmost known extent of the Alexander terrane of Berg, Jones, and Richter (1972) and correlates with the Kaskawulsh Group in Canada. This terrane, which consists dominantly of marble, was recognized during 1972 reconnaissance mapping in the eastcentral part of the McCarthy quadrangle by MacKevett, D.L. Jones, and D.H. Richter and contrasts strongly with the dominantly volcanic and volcanoclastic terrane of Pennsylvanian and Permian age that forms the basement in most of the McCarthy quadrangle.

Gryc, G.↗

NASA NTRS1996

New Constraints on the Slate Islands Impact Structure, Ontario, Canada

The Slate Islands in northern Lake Superior represent the eroded remains of a complex impact crater, originally approximately 32 km in diameter. New field studies there reveal allogenic crater fill deposits along the eastern and northern portions of the islands indicating that this 500-800 Ma impact structure is not as heavily eroded as previously thought. Near the crater center, on the western side or Patterson Island, massive blocks of target rocks, enclosed within a matrix of fine-grained polymict breccia, record the extensive deformation associated with the central uplift. Shatter cones are a common structural feature on the islands and range from less than 3 cm to over 10 m in length. Although shatter cones are powerful tools for recognizing and analyzing eroded impact craters, their origin remains poorly constrained.

Sharpton, Virgil L.↗