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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1976

Functional and anatomical characteristics of the nerve-brown adipose interaction in the rat

Experiments were conducted on 12 male rats to study the coupling of signals from the sympathetic nervous system to the brown adipose tissue. Analysis of electron photomicrographs revealed considerable morphological heterogeneity among the nerves entering and leaving the interscapular fat pad. In response to electrical simulation of the nerves, the temperature of the brown fat increased following a rapid but transient temperature drop. Such changes were observed only on the ipsilateral side, indicating that the innervation to the interscapular brown fat of the rat is functionally bilateral rather than diffuse. The finding that brown fat is capable of responding in a graded fashion correlates well with observations suggesting that clusters of brown adipocytes may be electrically coupled.

Flaim, K. E.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Process sharpens micrographic images

Photomicrographs produced by bright field illumination of surface coated with carbon deposited by ion glow discharge, are considerably sharper and reveal more detail than those made without coating or produced by scanning electron microscopy.

Eaton, A. F.↗
NASA NTRS1977

A fundamental approach to adhesion: Synthesis, surface analysis, thermodynamics and mechanics

The ability of SEM/EDAX to determine the physical and chemical composition of very small areas was used to study several diverse types of samples representative of NASA-LaRC technology. More systematic investigation was carried out on differences in the results of grit-blasting Ti 6-4 adherends and the presence of extraneous elements, primarily silicon, in some polymer/HT-S fiber composites. Initial results were obtained from a fractured (ILS) short-beam shear specimen, and from Ti 6-4 alloy, before and after a proprietary Boeing anodizing surface preparation for adhesive bonding. Photomicrographs and EDAX spectra were also obtained from new, fractured lap shear strength specimens that employed PPQ and LARC-13 adhesives.

Dwight, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Effect of processing parameters on autoclaved PMR polyimide composites

A study was conducted to determine the effect of processing parameters on the processability and properties of autoclaved fiber reinforced PMR polyimide composites. Composites were fabricated from commercially available graphite fabric and glass fabric PMR polyimide prepreg materials. Process parameters investigated included degree of resin advancement, heating rate, and cure pressure. Composites were inspected for porosity by ultrasonic C scan and photomicrographic examination. Processing characteristics for each set of process parameters and the effect of process parameters on composite mechanical properties at room temperature and 600 F are described.

Vannucci, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Fundamental studies of black chrome for solar collector use

The thicknesses of black chrome plated for various times have been measured from electron photomicrographs and correlated with the solar spectrum absorptance and infrared emittance as calculated from spectral reflectance measurements. The maximum absorptance is reached at an average thickness of 0.5 micrometer. The emittance increases only slightly up to 1.0 micrometer but increases rapidly at thickness above 1.0 micrometer.

Mcdonald, G.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Fracture surface characteristics of off-axis composites

The fracture surface characteristics of off-axis high-modulus graphite-fiber/epoxy composite specimens were studied, using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The specimens were subjected to tensile loading at various angles (0 deg - 90 deg) to the fiber direction. SEM photomicrographs of the fractured surfaces revealed three different load angle regions with distinct fracture characteristics. Based on these revelations, criteria were established which can be used to characterize fracture surfaces with respect to a predominant single stress fracture mode.

Sinclair, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Optical and electrical properties of ion beam textured Kapton and Teflon

An electron bombardment argon ion source was used to ion etch polyimide (Kapton) and fluorinated ethylene, FEP (Teflon). Samples of polyimide and FEP were exposed to (0.5-1.0) keV Ar ions at ion current densities of (1.0-1/8) mA/sq cm for various exposure times. Changes in the optical and electrical properties of the samples were used to characterize the exposure. Spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements were made between 0.33 and 2.16 micron m using an integrating sphere after each exposure. From these measurements, values of solar absorptance were obtained. Total emittance measurements were also recorded for some samples. Surface resistivity was used to determine changes in the electrical conductivity of the etched samples. A scanning electron microscope recorded surface structure after exposure. Spectral optical data, resistivity measurements, calculated absorptance and emittance measurements are presented along with photomicrographs of the surface structure for the various exposures to Ar ions.

Mirtich, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Research directed toward improved echelles for the ultraviolet

Research was undertaken to demonstrate that improved efficiencies for low frequency gratings are obtainable with the careful application of present technology. The motivation for the study was the desire to be assured that the grating-efficiency design goals for potential Space Telescope spectrographs can be achieved. The work was organized to compare gratings made with changes in the three specific parameters: the ruling tool profile, the coating material, and the lubricants used during the ruling process. A series of coatings and test gratings were fabricated and were examined for surface smoothness with a Nomarski Differential Interference Microscope and an electron microscope. Photomicrographs were obtained to show the difference in smoothness of the various coatings and rulings. Efficiency measurements were made for those test rulings that showed good groove characteristics: smoothness, proper ruling depth, and absence of defects. The intuitive feeling that higher grating efficiency should be correlated with the degree of smoothness of both the coating and the grating is supported by the results.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1977

Research directed toward improved echelles for the ultraviolet

Low frequency gratings obtainable with present technology, can meet the grating-efficiency design goals for potential space telescope spectrographs. Gratings made with changes in the three specific parameters: the ruling tool profile, the coating material, and the lubricants used during the ruling process were compared. A series of coatings and test gratings were fabricated and were examined for surface smoothness with a Nomarski differential interference microscope and an electron microsocope. Photomicrographs were obtained to show the difference in smoothness of the various coatings and rulings. Efficiency measurements were made for those test rulings that showed good groove characteristics: smoothness, proper ruling depth, and absence of defects (e.g., streaks, feathered edges and rough sides). Higher grating efficiency should be correlated with the degree of smoothness of both the coating and the grating groove.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS1978

Ion beam sputtering of fluoropolymers

Ion beam sputter processing rates as well as pertinent characteristics of etched targets and films are described. An argon ion beam source was used to sputter etch and deposit the fluoropolymers PTFE, FEP, and CTFE. Ion beam energy, current density, and target temperature were varied to examine effects on etch and deposition rates. The ion etched fluoropolymers yield cone or spire-like surface structures which vary depending upon the type of polymer, ion beam power density, etch time, and target temperature. Sputter target and film characteristics documented by spectral transmittance measurements, X-ray diffraction, ESCA, and SEM photomicrographs are included.

Sovey, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Effect of processing parameters on autoclaved PMR polyimide composites

A study was conducted to determine the effect of processing parameters on the processability and properties of autoclaved fiber reinforced PMR polyimide composites. Composites were fabricated from commercially available graphite fabric and glass fabric PMR polyimide prepreg materials. Process parameters investigated included degree of resin advancement, heating rate, and cure pressure. Composites were inspected for porosity by ultrasonic 'C' scan and photomicrographic examination. Processing characteristics for each set of process parameters and the effect of process parameters on composite mechanical properties at room temperature and 600 F are described.

Vannucci, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Fracture surface characteristics of off-axis composites

The fracture surface characteristics of off-axis high-modulus graphite-fiber/epoxy composite specimens were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The specimens were subjected to tensile loading at various angles (0-90 deg) to the fiber direction. SEM photomicrographs of the fractured surfaces revealed three different load angle regions with distinct fracture characteristics. Based on these revelations, criteria were established which can be used to characterize fracture surfaces with respect to a predominant 'single-stress' fracture mode.

Sinclair, J. H.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Wear of aluminum and hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys in boundary-lubricated pin-on disk sliding

The friction and wear of pure aluminum and a number of hypoeutectic aluminum-silicon alloys (with 3 to 12 wt %Si) were studied with a pin-on-disk apparatus. The contacts were lubricated with mineral oil and sliding was in the boundary-lubrication regime at 2.6 cm/sec. Surfaces were analyzed with photomicrographs, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray dispersive analysis, and diamond pyramid hardness measurements. There were two wear regimes for the alloys - high and low - whereas pure aluminum exhibited a high wear rate throughout the test period. Wear rate decreased and the transition stress from high to low wear increased with increasing hardness. There was no correlation between friction coefficient and hardness. A least squares curve fit indicated a wear-rate dependence greater than the inverse first power of hardness. The lower wear rates of the alloys may be due to the composites of silicon platelets in aluminum resulting in increased hardness and thus impairing the shear of the aluminum.

Ferrante, J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Ultrathin metallized PBI paper

A study to determine the feasibility of preparing ultrathin papers with a target weight of 3.5 g/m squared from polybenzimidazole (PBI) fibrids was undertaken. Small hand sheets of target weight were fabricated. They were light brown, low density materials with sufficient strength to be readily handleable. Characterization of these sheets included strength, fold endurance, thermal gravimetric analysis in air and nitrogen and photomicrographs. Two different batches of PBI fibrids were studied and differences in fabrication performance were noted. In neither case could target weight papers be prepared using conventional paper making techniques.

Chenevey, E. C.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Evaluation of miniature single-wire sheathed thermocouples for turbine blade temperature measurement

Chromel Alumel thermocouples were used, with sheath diameters of 0.15 and 0.25 mm. Tests were conducted at temperatures ranging from 750 to 1250 K. Both steady state and thermal cycling tests were performed for times up to 200 hours. Initial testing was performed in a low velocity gas stream for long time periods using a Meker-type burner. Additional testing was done in a high velocity gas stream for short time periods using a hot gas tunnel and also in a J75 jet engine. A total of eleven 0.15 mm diameter thermocouples and six 0.25 mm diameter thermocouples were tested. Drift rates up to 2.5% in 10 hours were observed. Photomicrographs show that this design is near the limit of miniaturization based on present manufacturing capabilities. Results indicate that the effects of miniaturization on reliability and accuracy must be considered when choosing thermocouples for a particular application.

Hollanda, R.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Ion beam sputtering of fluoropolymers

Etching and deposition of fluoropolymers are of considerable industrial interest for applications dealing with adhesion, chemical inertness, hydrophobicity, and dielectric properties. This paper describes ion beam sputter processing rates as well as pertinent characteristics of etched targets and films. An argon ion beam source was used to sputter etch and deposit the fluoropolymers PTFE, FEP, and CTFE. Ion beam energy, current density, and target temperature were varied to examine effects on etch and deposition rates. The ion etched fluoropolymers yield cone or spire-like surface structures which vary depending upon the type of polymer, ion beam power density, etch time, and target temperature. Also presented are sputter target and film characteristics which were documented by spectral transmittance measurements, X-ray diffraction, ESCA, and SEM photomicrographs.

Sovey, J. S.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Aging problems in graphite phenolic nozzle liners

Age related cracks in the graphite phenolic linear and/or ATJ insert in several nine year old Altair IIA solid rocket nozzles were investigated and determined to be limited to a single lot of nozzles. Test results and photomicrographs of fracture surfaces are presented which establish that in the discrepant nozzles the bond between the graphite fibers and the phenolic resin was tenacious, resulting in a nearly homogenous behavior. These materials are shown to have a relatively weak resin - fiber bond and behave more like a released fiber composite. Lot qualification fiber directional tensile strength and the chemical composition of the two materials were comparable, indicating that standard acceptance testing could not have differentiated between the desirable and undesirable material. Review of processing records failed to reveal any cause for the difference in the aging characteristics.

Mccorkle, G. S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Examples of realistic aerosol particles collected in a cascade impactor

In this paper some scanning electron microscope photomicrographs showing examples of a variety of particulate aerosol shapes are presented. Compositions of particles also are presented. These particles represent samples from a number of different sources and locations including: solid propellant rocket motor plumes, active volcano plumes, the lower stratosphere over Sondrestrom, Greenland, and the upper troposphere over northern Texas. The particles were collected from aboard an aircraft with a cascade impactor which classified them according to aerodynamic size into 10 size intervals ranging from submicron to greater than 25 micrometers in diameter. The cascade impactor also served to measure the mass concentration as a function of particle size. The variety of shapes and compositions found among these particles suggest difficulties in obtaining reliable size distribution data from light scattering measurements.

Woods, D. C.↗