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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

In-flight radiometric calibration of the airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS)

A reflectance-based method was used to provide an analysis of the in-flight radiometric performance of AVIRIS. Field spectral reflectance measurements of the surface and extinction measurements of the atmosphere using solar radiation were used as input to atmospheric radiative transfer calculations. Five separate codes were used in the analysis. Four include multiple scattering, and the computed radiances from these for flight conditions were in good agreement. Code-generated radiances were compared with AVIRIS-predicted radiances based on two laboratory calibrations for a uniform highly reflecting natural dry lake target. For one spectrometer, the pre- and post-season calibration factors were found to give identical results, and to be in agreement with the atmospheric models that include multiple scattering. Results for the other spectrometers were widely at variance with the models no matter which calibration factors were used. Potential causes of these discrepancies are discussed.

Conel, James E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Mapping alteration in the Goldfield Mining District, Nevada, with the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

Analysis of the data acquired by the Airborne Visible/IR Imaging Spectrometer over the Goldfield Mining District, Nevada, demonstrates the unique capabilities of high resolution imaging spectrometers for alteration mapping and identification of mineralogy. The study focuses on the 2-2.45 micron window, as alteration minerals of interest have their distinctive spectral reflectance features in this region. An attempt was made to map the spatial distribution of the individual minerals and produce a mixture maps showing their relative abundance on a pixel-by-pixel basis, focussing on selected subareas. Software and SNR performances limited success in detailed mapping.

Carrere, Veronique↗
NASA NTRS1990

Evolution of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) flight and ground data processing system

The modifications made to both the AVIRIS instrument and the data processing facility since the instrument made its initial flight in the summer of 1987 are described. Historical development of the data system is discussed and attention is given to enhancements to instrument stability and noise performance. AVIRIS data facility objectives include rapid and automated decommutation and archiving of data, the ability to assess the quality of the data and health of the instrument, and the provision of an automated procedure for applying radiometric corrections to the data and providing responsive processing of data requests from investigators. The modifications described have resulted in an overall radiometric stability of better than 10 percent, with stability of only a few percent during a single flight.

Porter, Wallace M.↗
NASA NTRS1990

In-flight validation and calibration of the spectral and radiometric characteristics of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

Through an in-flight calibration experiment at Rogers Dry Lake, California on September 20, 1989, the radiometric and spectral properties of AVIRIS were determined. In-flight spectral channel positions and the spectral response function in 10 regions of the AVIRIS spectral range, taking in all four spectrometers, are shown to agree closely with the corresponding parameters measured in the laboratory. The intraflight stability for the Rogers Dry Lake calibration site is better than 2 percent with the exception of the strong atmospheric water absorptions where the measured radiance is close to zero. This experiment has provided both direct generation of an in-flight spectral and radiometric calibration and validation of the laboratory calibration at the reported level accuracy.

Green, Robert O.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Accuracy of the spectral and radiometric laboratory calibration of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

The laboratory procedures, algorithms, measurements, and uncertainties associated with generation of the spectral and radiometric calibration of data acquired by AVIRIS are described. AVIRIS is an airborne sensor that obtains high-spatial-resolution image data of the earth in 224 spectral channels in four spectrometers covering the range from 400 to 2450 nm. The spectral calibration of AVIRIS agrees with the in-flight data to within two nanometers, and the absolute radiometric calibration is consistent with the in-flight verification to 10 percent over the spectral range. In-flight radiometric stability as measured by five consecutive passes over the surface calibration site is reported to be between three and five percent.

Chrien, Thomas G.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Determination of the in-flight spectral and radiometric characteristics of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

AVIRIS is a science research imaging spectrometer that measures radiance in 224 channels between 400 to 2450 nm in the electromagnetic spectrum. To determine the inflight spectral and radiometric characteristics of AVIRIS a validation and calibration experiment was performed. Five data sets were acquired over a calibration site on the homogeneous playa of Rogers Dry Lake, California, U.S. Surface reflectance, atmospheric optical depths, and atmospheric water vapor measurements were acquired concurrently with the overflights. These in situ measurements were used to constrain the LOWTRAN 7 radiative transfer code to predict the total spectral radiance incident at the AVIRIS aperture. These predicted radiances and the AVIRIS measured radiances were analyzed to validate the inflight characteristics. Inflight spectral channel positions and response functions over the AVIRIS spectral range were derived. Radiometric calibration coefficients were calculated for each channel as well as radiometric accuracy, intraflight stability, and noise equivalent delta radiance.

Green, Robert O.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Comparison of two atmospheric correction models for a vegetated Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) scene

Current atmospheric correction models applied to imaging spectroscopy data include such methods as residual (scene average) and flat field correction, regression method, and the LOWTRAN 7 method. Due to the limitations of using residual and flat field corrections on vegetated scenes, regression and LOWTRAN 7 are compared. Field measured targets taken at the time of the 13 April, 1989 AVIRIS overflight of Jasper Ridge, California (U.S.) were used to formulate the regression atmospheric correction. Assuming the regressed image represents ground truth, results show that the LOWTRAN 7 method with radiosonde data does not compensate as well for atmospheric water vapor as the regression method, but it may be easier to obtain a posteriori information to perform the LOWTRAN 7 atmospheric correction.

Vandenbosch, Jeannette Marie↗
NASA NTRS1991

Comparison of three atmospheric correction models for a vegetated airborne visible/infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS) scene

Current atmospheric correction models applied to imaging spectroscopy data include such methods as residual or scene average, flat field correction, regression method or empirical line algorithm, the continuum interpolated band ratio (CIBR) derivation and the LOWTRAN 7 method. Due to the limitations of using residual and flat field corrections on vegetated scenes, three methods will be compared: regression, CIBR derivation and LOWTRAN 7. Field-measured bright and dark targets taken at the time of the 13 April, 1989 AVIRIS overflight of Jasper Ridge, California were used to formulate the regression method atmospheric correction. Using this corrected scene as 'ground truth', the CIBR derivation and the LOWTRAN 7 method with both input models are compared on the vegetated Jasper Ridge scene. Although representing a qualitative approach, this is a first approximation and shows the need for more quantitative analysis.

Van Den Bosch, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Current instrument status of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

An upgraded version of AVIRIS, an airborne imaging spectrometer based on a whiskbroom-type scanner coupled via optical fibers to four dispersive spectrometers, that has been in operation since 1987 is described. Emphasis is placed on specific AVIRIS subsystems including foreoptics, fiber optics, and an in-flight reference source; spectrometers and detector dewars; a scan drive mechanism; a signal chain; digital electronics; a tape recorder; calibration systems; and ground support requirements.

Eastwood, Michael L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

AVIRIS is a facility consisting of a flight system, a ground data system, a calibration facility, and a full-time operations team. The facility was developed by JPL under funding from NASA. NASA also provides funding for operations and maintenance. The flight system is a whisk-broom imager that acquires data in 224 narrow, contiguous spectral bands covering the solar reflected portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. It is flown aboard the NASA high altitude ER-2 research aircraft. The ground data system is a facility dedicated to the processing and distribution of data acquired by AVIRIS. It operates year round at JPL. The calibration facility consists of a calibration laboratory at JPL and a suite of field instruments and procedures for performing inflight calibration of AVIRIS. A small team of engineers, technicians, and scientists supports a yearly operations schedule that includes 6 months of flight operations, 6 months of routine ground maintenance of the flight system, and year-round data processing and distribution. Details of the AVIRIS system, its performance history, and future plans are described.

Vane, Gregg↗
NASA NTRS1993

Recovery of atmospheric water vapor total column abundance from imaging spectrometer data around 940 nm - Sensitivity analysis and application to Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data

Two simple techniques (Continuum Interpolated Band Ratio, CIBR, and Narrow/Wide ratio, N/W) to retrieve path precipitable water from AVIRIS high spectral resolution radiance data using the 940 nm water absorption band are compared. A sensitivity analysis was performed using the radiative transfer code LOWTRAN 7 to determine which one of these two approaches will provide a better estimate over land and water areas. The CIBR proved to be the technique less sensitive to perturbing effects, except for errors in visibility estimate. Both techniques were applied to AVIRIS radiance data acquired over Salton Sea, California. Resulting images confirmed that the use of a constant gray reflectance in the model led to a higher overestimation of the amount of water retrieved for N/W over vegetated areas. Validation was performed through comparison between an independent estimate of water vapor from concurrent Reagan sunphotometer measurements and AVIRIS estimates. Amounts retrieved using the N/W approach match more closely in situ measurements, even after adjusting model parameters for background reflectance, viewing geometry, and type of aerosol at the site.

Carrere, Veronique↗
NASA NTRS1993

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS): Recent improvements to the sensor

AVIRIS is a NASA-sponsored Earth-looking imaging spectrometer designed, built and operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Spectral, radiometric and geometric characteristics of the data acquired by AVIRIS are given in Table 1. AVIRIS has been operational since 1989, however in each year since 1989 major improvements have been completed in most of the subsystems of the sensor. As a consequence of these efforts, the capabilities of AVIRIS to acquire and deliver calibrated imaging spectrometer data of high quality have improved significantly over those in 1989. Improvements to AVIRIS prior to 1992 have been described previously (Porter et al., 1990, Chrien et al., 1991, & Chrien et al., 1992). In the following sections of this paper we describe recent and planned improvements to AVIRIS in the sensor task.

Chrien, Thomas G.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The data facility of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS)

AVIRIS operations at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory include a significant data task. The AVIRIS data facility is responsible for data archiving, data calibration, quality monitoring and distribution. Since 1987, the data facility has archived over one terabyte of AVIRIS data and distributed these data to science investigators as requested. In this paper we describe recent improvements in the AVIRIS data facility.

Nielsen, Pia J.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) onboard calibration system

The AVIRIS instrument uses an onboard calibration system to provide auxiliary calibration data. The system consist of a tungsten halogen cycle lamp imaged onto a fiber bundle through an eight position filter wheel. The fiber bundle illuminates the back side of the foreoptics shutter during a pre-run and post-run calibration sequence. The filter wheel contains two neutral density filters, five spectral filters and one blocked position. This paper reviews the general workings of the onboard calibrator system and discusses recent modifications.

Chrien, Thomas G.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS): Sensor improvements for 1994 and 1995

AVIRIS is a NASA-sponsored Earth-remote-sensing imaging spectrometer designed, built and operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). While AVIRIS has been operational since 1989, major improvements have been completed in most of the sensor subsystems during the winter maintenance cycles. As a consequence of these efforts, the capabilities of AVIRIS to reliably acquire and deliver consistently high quality, calibrated imaging spectrometer data continue to improve annually, significantly over those in 1989. Improvements to AVIRIS prior to 1994 have been described previously. This paper details recent and planned improvements to AVIRIS in the sensor task.

Sarture, C. M.↗
NASA NTRS1996

Visible/Infrared Optical Depths of Cirrus as Seen by Satellite and Scanning Lidar

The High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and the Volume Imaging Lidar (VIL) were combined to produce a quantitative image of the visible optical depth of cirrus clouds. The HSRL was used to calibrate the VIL signal into backscatter cross sections of particulates. The backscatter cross sections were related to extinction by a constant backscatter phase function determined from the HSRL data. This produced a three dimensional image of visual extinction in the cirrus clouds over a one hour period. Two lidar images were constructed from one hour VIL cross section records.

Wylie, Donald↗
NASA NTRS1996

Calibration of the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer in the Laboratory

Imaging spectrometry data must be spectrally, radiometrically and geometrically calibrated in order to: 1) derive physical parameters from measured spectral radiance, 2) compare data acquired from different regions and at different times, 3) compare and analyze the imaging spectrometry data with data acquired from other calibrated sensors, and 4) compare and analyze data with results from computer models. The calibration of AVIRIS data is the process by which laboratory characterization data are applied to raw instrument data (digitized number versus spectral channels) to produce quantitative spectra (radiance versus wavelength) for each image pixel in units of spectral radiance. The AVIRIS sensor and calibration process are described by Vane and the application of the calibration data to the raw digital data is described by Green. This calibration process is validated for in-flight performance of the sensor using a rigorous ground-truth campaign. This workshop paper reviews the laboratory characterization data set that is used in the AVIRIS calibration process. The laboratory measurements used to acquire the calibration data are divided into three classes: 1) spectral calibration, 2) radiometric calibration, and 3) spatial calibration.

Green Robert O.↗