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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Control Design of Passive Grid-Forming Inverters in Port-Hamiltonian Framework

This article presents a modified dispatchable virtual oscillator control approach for achieving the passivity of gridforming inverters (GFMs), without assuming constant voltage and constant frequency. The proposed control framework utilizes the Port-Hamiltonian (PH) based structure that mimics the behaviors of coupled harmonic oscillators, along with an energy ‘pumpingor-damping’ block and the Control by Interconnection (CbI) technique, to render the inverter passive. Once passivity is achieved, transient stability of the system will be guaranteed. The proposed control framework is composed of three loops: an outer power dispatching loop that generates the voltage and frequency references, a virtual oscillator loop that emulates the spontaneous synchronization of oscillators, and an inductor current loop that maintains lossless interconnection in PH systems. In conclusion, the study shows that the proposed control approach ensures the passivity of GFMs, facilitating the transient stability design of multi-inverter systems, as interconnections of passive systems remain passive and stable.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing of ocean current boundary layer

The author has identified the following significant results. A time series of the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico, covering an annual cycle of growth, spreading, and decay, has been obtained in synchronization with ERTS-1. Computer enhanced images, which are necessary to extract useful oceanic information, show that the current can be observed either by color or sea state effects associated with the cyclonic boundary. The color effect relates to the spectral variations in the optical properties of the water and its suspended particles, and is studied by radiative transfer theory. Significant oceanic parameters identified are: the probability of forward scattering, and the ratio of scattering to total attenuation. Several spectra of upwelling diffuse light are computed as a function of the concentration of particles and yellow substance. These calculations compare favorably with experimental measurements and show that the ratio of channels method gives ambiguous interpretative results. These results are used to discuss features in images where surface measurements were obtained and are extended to tentative explanation in others.

Maul, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1995

Kuiper Airborne Observatory's Telescope Stabilization System: Disturbance Sensitivity Reduction Via Velocity Loop Feedback

In July of 1994 the Kuiper Airborne Observatory's (KAO) Telescope Stabilization System (TSS) was upgraded to meet performance goals necessary to view the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet collision with Jupiter. The KAO is a modified C-141 Aircraft supporting a 36 inch Infrared telescope used to gather and analyze astronomical data. Before the upgrade, the TSS exhibited approximately a 10 arc-second resolution pointing accuracy. The majority of the inaccuracy was attributable to aircraft vibration and wind buffeting entering through the aircraft's telescope door opening; in other words, the TSS was overly sensitive to external disturbances. Because of power limitations and noise requirements, improving the pointing accuracy of the telescope required more sophistication than simply raising the bandwidth as some classical control strategies might suggest. Instead, relationships were developed between the disturbance sensitivity and closed loop transfer functions. These relationships suggested that employing velocity feedback along with an increase in current loop gain would dramatically improve the pointing resolution of the TSS by decreasing the control system's sensitivity to external disturbances. With the implementation of some classical control techniques and the above philosophy, the KAO's TSS's resolution was improved to approximately 2-3 arc-seconds.

Lawrence, David P.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Eddy Current Lift-Off Sensor Model

Eddy current sensors measure the lift-off or distance between the sensor head and a conducting surface. The sensor consists of a conducting coil carrying an alternating electrical current. By Faraday’s Law, a magnetic field is generated within the coil. This field induces electrical current loops within the conducting surface which in turn generate a magnetic field. This induced magnetic field opposes the coil magnetic field and thus, the current in the coil. This reduces the inductance of the coil while increasing its resistance. The strength of the induced magnetic field and consequently the coil inductance are proportional to the lift-off of the coil from the surface. Thus, a measurement of the coil inductance may yield a measure of the lift-off.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1990

Interactions between the Space Station and the environment: A preliminary assessment of EMI

A review of the interactions between proposed Space Station systems/payloads and the environment that contribute to electromagnetic interference was performed. Seven prime sources of interference have been identified. These are: The Space Station power system; active experiments such as beam injection; ASTROMAG; ram and wake density gradients; pick up ions produced by vented or offgassed clouds; waves produced by current loops that include the plasma and structure; arcing from high voltage solar arrays (or possible ESD in polar orbit). This review indicates that: minimizing leakage current from the 20 kHz power system to the structure; keeping the surfaces of the Space Station structure, arrays, and radiators nonconducting; minimizing venting of payloads or systems to non-operational periods; careful placement of payloads sensitive to magnetic field perturbations or wake noise; and designing an operational timeline compatible with experiment requirement are the most effective means of minimizing the effects of this interference. High degrees of uncertainty exist in the estimates of magnitudes of gas emission induced EMI, radiation of 20 kHz and harmonics, ASTROMAG induced interference, and arc threshold/frequency of the solar array. These processes demand further attention so that mitigation efforts are properly calibrated.

Murphy, G. B.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Remote sensing of ocean currents

The author has identified the following significant results. Monthly field experiments in support of the NOAA investigation of ocean color boundary determination using ERTS data have been conducted since June 1972. The color boundary between the Loop Current and coastal water has been detected by airborne cameras with ERTS type bandpass filters, at altitudes of 7300 meters. Ship and aircraft data hint that the boundary may be enhanced due to increased phytoplankton populations caused by convergence of the surface waters. The term edge effect has been coined to describe this phenomenon.

Maul, G. A.↗
DOE OSTI2021

DSP Implementation of a Novel Recurrent Neural Network Controller into a TI Solar Microinverter

Single-phase grid-tied inverters are widely used to integrate small-scale renewable energy sources and distributed generations to the utility grid. A novel Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) current controller is introduced to solve the resonant problem associated with LCL based inverters. The well-trained RNN controller was validated through a Texas Instruments (TI) LCL filter based solar microinverter kit that contains a C2000 TI microcontroller. The inverter closed current loop test without the grid connection was conducted in a laboratory setup to verify the RNN contoller functionality. The laboratory waveform results verified that the RNN current controller produced the strong tracking of the measured inverter AC current to its reference value even at a low sampling frequency of 5KHz. The proposed RNN current controller also proved to perform better than the built-in three-pole-three-zero (3P3Z) current controller provided by TI and produce lower values of Total Harmonic Distortion (THD).

digital signal processor↗
NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing of ocean currents

The author has identified the following significant results. Monthly field experiments in support of the NOAA investigation of ocean color boundary determination using ERTS-1 data have been conducted since June 1972. The boundary between coastal waters and the Loop Current has been detected by ERTS-1 as a result of sea state changes as well as color differences. Ocean information is contained in all 24 channels of the Bendix MSS flown on the C-130 in June 1972; this includes UV, visible, reflected IR, and emitted IR. Computer enhancement of MSS data is revealing many features not shown in the NDPF product.

Maul, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Remote sensing of ocean currents

The author has identified the following significant results. Fourteen field experiments in support of the NOAA investigation of ocean color boundary determination using ERTS-1 data have been conducted since June 1972. The boundary between coastal waters and the Loop Current has been detected by ERTS-1 as a result of sea state changes as well as color differences. Computer enchancement of MSS data are revealing many features not shown in the NDPF product. Analysis of the 24 channel MSS data shows that a thermal IR channel is required on an ERTS MSS to distinguish between atmospheric and sea state effects. Cloud cover analysis suggests the need for daily coverage of this type sensor for routinely useful oceanographic applications.

Maul, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Phase lock acquisition for sampled data PLLs using the sweep technique

Simulation results of the swept-acquisition performance of residual carrier phase-locked loops (PLLs) are reported. The loops investigated are sampled data counterparts of the continuous time type II and III loops currently in use in Deep Space Network receivers. It was found that sweep rates of 0.2 B(sub L)(2) to 0.4 B(sub L)(2) Hz/s can be used, depending on the loop parameters and loop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), where B(sub L) is the one-sided loop noise bandwidth. Type III loops are shown to be not as reliable as type II loops for acquisition using this technique, especially at low SNRs.

Aguirre, S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Device Voltage Stress from Ground Leakage Current in Medium-Voltage Solid-State Transformer

Grounding related issues are critical for safe and reliable operation of solid-state transformer (SST) in medium-voltage (MV) applications, e.g., solar photovoltaic and energy storage integration, date center, electric vehicle fast charging, etc. This article presents for the first time the issue of additional device voltage stress due to grounding-loop current in current-source SST, using the soft-switching solid-state transformer (S4T) as an example. The S4T features single-stage isolated AC-AC, AC-DC, or DC-DC conversion with full-range ZVS, derived from flyback converter or current-source converter (CSC). However, the flyback operation for CSC-based SST means that magnetizing current flows through the reverse-blocking devices on only one side of the medium-frequency transformer (MFT) at a time. Then, the voltages across the devices, especially those on the other side of the MFT, can be influenced by parasitic current. A parasitic model of a modular S4T (M-S4T) prototype is developed from direct measurements and datasheets. Using the developed parasitic model and equivalent circuits, the causes of the voltage stress are analyzed. A voltage-stress mitigation scheme of connecting additional grounding capacitors is proposed. Damping resistors are also installed to damp out the grounding-loop resonance. A robust parameter design of the proposed scheme is given. The existence of the voltage stress issue and the effectiveness of the proposed scheme are verified experimentally on an MV SiC M-S4T prototype with inherent parameter variations among the five modules in the prototype. Here, both single-module and stacked-module operation are demonstrated during steady state and dynamic conditions up to 4 kV peak.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS1993

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain using four connecting wires

This paper describes a new signal-conditioning technique for measuring strain and temperature which uses fewer connecting wires than conventional techniques. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain has been achieved by using thermocouple wire to connect strain gages to signal conditioning. This signal conditioning uses a new method for demultiplexing sampled analog signals and the Anderson current loop circuit. Theory is presented along with data to confirm that strain gage resistance change is sensed without appreciable error because of thermoelectric effects. Furthermore, temperature is sensed without appreciable error because of voltage drops caused by strain gage excitation current flowing through the gage resistance.

Parker, Allen R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Magnetic field line reconnection experiments. V - Current disruptions and double layers

An investigation is conducted of the stability of a large laboratory plasma current sheet, which has been generated in the process of magnetic field line reconnection, with respect to local current increases. Magnetic flux variations in regions remote from the current sheet generate an inductive voltage in the current loop that drops off inside the plasma in the form of a potential double layer, leading to particle acceleration with velocities much larger than those expected from the steady state electric fields in the plasma. A model for the mechanism of the current disruptions is formulated in which the potential structure leads to ion expulsion, creating a localized density drop. The associated current drop in an inductive circuit drives the potential structure, providing feedback for the disruptive instability. Similarities to, and differences from, magnetospheric substorm phenomena are noted.

Stenzel, R. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

System for improving measurement accuracy of transducer by measuring transducer temperature and resistance change using thermoelectric voltages

A constant current loop measuring system measures a property including the temperature of a sensor responsive to an external condition being measured. The measuring system includes thermocouple conductors connected to the sensor, sensing first and second induced voltages responsive to the external condition. In addition, the measuring system includes a current generator and reverser generating a constant current, and supplying the constant current to the thermocouple conductors in forward and reverse directions generating first and second measured voltages, and a determining unit receiving the first and second measured voltages from the current generator and reverser, and determining the temperature of the sensor responsive to the first and second measured voltages.

Anderson, Karl F.↗
DOE OSTI2025

A 3D helical filament surrogate model for 3D tokamak equilibria

A novel approach for efficient representation of three-dimensional (3D) tokamak equilibria is investigated, where a set of helical current filaments occupying the plasma region are employed to resolve deviations from the two-dimensional (2D) axi-symmetric state. A discrete set of 3D filaments, located at rational surfaces for a given toroidal mode number n and following the 2D equilibrium field lines (thus forming closed current loops), are found to provide a surrogate model of 3D equilibria with reasonable accuracy. Specifically, application of the filament model to 3D perturbed equilibria, due to the resonant magnetic perturbation (RMP) in DIII-D and MAST-U discharges, reveals that (1) a single helical filament per rational surface is sufficient; (2) 21 such helical filaments are capable of representing the n = 2 3D response field in MAST-U with less than 10% relative error as compared to that computed by a full magnetohydrodynamic code; (3) optimizing currents (both amplitude and phase) flowing in 3D filaments with fixed geometry, the highest accuracy fitting is found to depend on the characteristics of the 3D equilibria such as the coil current phasing of the RMP coils in our case studies. Here, whis filament approach is also applicable for generating surrogate models of other type of 3D tokamak equilibria, including those during the initial phase of the plasma disruption.

MARS-F↗
NASA NTRS2015

High Performance Mars Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment Project

EVA space suit mobility in micro-gravity is enough of a challenge and in the gravity of Mars, improvements in mobility will enable the suited crew member to efficiently complete EVA objectives. The idea proposed is to improve thermal efficiencies of the liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) in the torso area in order to free up the arms and legs by removing the liquid tubes currently used in the ISS EVA suit in the limbs. By using shaped water tubes that greatly increase the contact area with the skin in the torso region of the body, the heat transfer efficiency can be increased to provide the entire liquid cooling requirement and increase mobility by freeing up the arms and legs. Additional potential benefits of this approach include reduced LCVG mass, enhanced evaporation cooling, increased comfort during Mars EVA tasks, and easing of the overly dry condition in the helmet associated with the Advanced Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) ventilation loop currently under development.

Terrier, Douglas↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ampere field fluctuation from acoustic phonons as a possible source of spin decoherence

Here, we present a simple theory for estimating spin decoherence due to spin–phonon coupling in a lattice, and apply the theory to the Ampere field fluctuation from acoustic phonons. The Ampere field is generated by charge current loops around each lattice site due to acoustic phonon motion of the ions. The spin decoherence time due to the Ampere field fluctuation is estimated for NV centers and Mo impurities in SiC, and quantum dot qubits in Ge, GaAs, InAs, and InSb for temperature range 2 to 300 K. For most materials the estimated decoherence time is orders of magnitude longer than reported experimental values at the same temperature. The only exception is Mo impurity in SiC, for which the experimental decoherence time at 2 K is close to that due to Ampere field fluctuation.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Spin density wave and van Hove singularity in the kagome metal CeTi 3 Bi 4

Kagome metals with van Hove singularities near the Fermi level can host intriguing quantum phenomena such as chiral loop currents, electronic nematicity, and unconventional superconductivity. However, to our best knowledge, unconventional magnetic states driven by van Hove singularities–like spin-density waves–have not been observed experimentally in kagome metals. Here, we report the magnetic and electronic structure of the layered kagome metal CeTi 3 Bi 4 , where Ti kagome electronic structure interacts with a magnetic sublattice of Ce 3+ J eff = 1/2 moments. Neutron diffraction reveals an incommensurate spin-density wave ground state of the Ce 3+ moments, coexisting with commensurate antiferromagnetic order across most of the temperature-field phase diagram. The commensurate component is preferentially suppressed by thermal fluctuations and magnetic field, yielding a rich phase diagram involving an intermediate single-Q spin-density wave phase. First-principles calculations and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy identify van Hove singularities near the Fermi level, with the observed magnetic propagation vectors connecting their high density of states, strongly suggesting a van Hove singularity-assisted spin-density wave. These findings establish kagome metals LnTi 3 Bi 4 as a model platform where the characteristic electronic structure of the kagome lattice plays a pivotal role in magnetic order.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗