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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

A customized MOF-polymer composite for rapid gold extraction from water matrices

With the fast-growing accumulation of electronic waste and rising demand for rare metals, it is compelling to develop technologies that can promotionally recover targeted metals, like gold, from waste, a process referred to as urban mining. Thus, there is increasing interest in the design of materials to achieve rapid, selective gold capture while maintaining high adsorption capacity, especially in complex aqueous-based matrices. Here, a highly porous metal-organic framework (MOF)–polymer composite, BUT-33–poly(para-phenylenediamine) (PpPD), is assessed for gold extraction from several matrices including river water, seawater, and leaching solutions from CPUs. BUT-33–PpPD exhibits a record-breaking extraction rate, with high Au3+ removal efficiency (>99%) within seconds (less than 45 s), a competitive capacity (1600 mg/g), high selectivity, long-term stability, and recycling ability. Furthermore, the high porosity and redox adsorption mechanism were shown to be underlying reasons for the material’s excellent performance. Given the accumulation of recovered metallic gold nanoparticles inside, the material was also efficiently applied as a catalyst.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2019

Study of Extracted Beam Characteristics of the Photoneutron Source at the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences

The characteristics of the extracted beam of thermal neutrons at the IN-LUE photoneutron source are investigated. A collimator with a cross-section diameter of 30 mm, located at an angle of 67° relative to the electron beam direction, was used to extract neutrons from the source. The neutron flux density as a function of the distance from the source center and the distribution of flux density over the distance from the collimator axis (beam profile) are obtained.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Direct comparison of using a Z -transformation instead of the traditional $Q^2$ for extraction of the proton radius from $e-p$ scattering data

A discrepancy in the determination of the proton’s charge radius, r p , between muonic hydrogen spectroscopy versus classic atomic spectroscopy and electron scattering data has become known as the proton radius puzzle. Extractions of r p from electron scattering data require determination of the slope of the proton’s charge form factor, $G$$^{p}_{E}$, in the limit of Q 2 → 0 through fitting and extrapolation. Some works have presented the Z-transformation fitting technique as the best choice for this type of extraction due to the true functional form of $G$$^{p}_{E}$ being mathematically guaranteed to exist within the parameter-space of the fit function. In this work, we test this claim by examining the mathematical bias and variances introduced by this technique as compared to the more traditional Q 2 fits using statistically sampled $G$$^{p}_{E}$ parameterizations with known input radii. Furthermore, our tests conclude that the quality of the Z-transformation technique depends on the range of data used. In the case of new experiments, the fit function and technique should be selected in advance by generating realistic pseudodata and assessing the power of different techniques.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Model-independent extraction of the proton charge radius from PRad data

The proton radius puzzle has motivated several new experiments that aim to extract the proton charge radius and resolve the puzzle. Recently, PRad, a new electron–proton scattering experiment at Jefferson Lab, reported a proton charge radius of [Formula: see text]. The value was obtained by using a rational function model for the proton electric form factor. We perform a model-independent extraction using [Formula: see text]-expansion of the proton charge radius from PRad data. We find that the model-independent statistical error is more than 50% larger compared to the statistical error reported by PRad.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2024

Extracting and Interpreting Electrochemical Impedance Spectra (EIS) from Physics-Based Models of Lithium-Ion Batteries

This paper implements a highly efficient algorithm to extract electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) from physics-based battery models (e.g., a P2D model). The mathematical approach is different from how EIS is practiced experimentally. Experimentally, the voltage (current) is harmonically perturbed over a wide range of frequencies and the amplitude and phase shift of the corresponding current (voltage) is measured. The experimental approach can be implemented in simulation software, but is computationally expensive. The approach here is to determine locally linear state-space models from the full physical model. The four Jacobian matrices that are the basis of the state-space models can be derived by numerical differentiation of the physical model. The EIS is then extracted from the state-space model using computationally efficient matrix-manipulation techniques. The algorithm can evaluate the full EIS at an instant in time during a transient, independent of whether the battery is in a stationary state. The approach is also able to separate the full-cell impedance to evaluate partial EIS, such as for a battery anode alone. Although such partial EIS is difficult to measure experimentally, the partial EIS provides valuable insights in interpreting the full-cell EIS.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Resource Extraction Tool (rex)

The Resource Extraction Tool (rex) includes tools developed for reV and reVX related to the efficient access of, extraction from, and computation on NREL's renewable resource datasets (NSRDB and WTK).

Rossol, Michael↗
DOE OSTI2025

Third-order photon correlations extract single-nanocrystal multiexciton properties in solution

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are considered promising materials for high-flux optical applications, including lasing, light-emitting diodes, biological imaging, and quantum optics. In high-flux applications, multiexcitons can significantly contribute to emission, influencing its brightness, spectral purity, and kinetics. As a result, understanding and controlling multiexciton emission in colloidal nanocrystal materials is of the utmost importance. In the past, single-nanocrystal photon correlation methods have been applied to understand biexciton and triexciton efficiencies, lifetimes, and spectra. While powerful, such methods suffer from user selection bias and require stable emission from single nanocrystals. To compensate for this shortcoming, second-order correlation methods were developed to extract sample-averaged biexciton properties from a solution of nanocrystals. Until now, however, the analogous third-order solution photon correlation methods remained unexplored. In this work, we present a pair of third-order photon correlation techniques to obtain the sample-averaged single-nanocrystal triexciton quantum yield and lifetime in a solution-phase experiment. These techniques derive from the relationship between the Poisson probability of nanocrystal photon absorption and the intrinsic probability of nanocrystal photon emission. We validate the theoretical background of these techniques by creating a numerical model to simulate the diffusion and emission of many nanocrystals in solution. Our simulations confirm that the average triexciton quantum yield and triexciton lifetime can be extracted from a solution of nanocrystals. These techniques will enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the fundamental multiexciton properties of colloidal nanocrystals.

Horowitz, Jonah R. [Massachusetts Institute of Tec↗
DOE OSTI2024

Extraction of the electron excess temperature in terahertz quantum cascade lasers from laser characteristics

Abstract We propose a method to extract the upper laser level’s (ULL’s) excess electronic temperature from the analysis of the maximum light output power ( P max ) and current dynamic range Δ J d = ( J max − J th ) of terahertz quantum cascade lasers (THz QCLs). We validated this method, both through simulation and experiment, by applying it on THz QCLs supporting a clean three-level system. Detailed knowledge of electronic excess temperatures is of utmost importance in order to achieve high temperature performance of THz QCLs. Our method is simple and can be easily implemented, meaning an extraction of the excess electron temperature can be achieved without intensive experimental effort. This knowledge should pave the way toward improvement of the temperature performance of THz QCLs beyond the state-of-the-art.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Slow Extraction Beam Commissioning for the Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab

Following the successful completion of the Muon g-2 experiment run at Fermilab, the Muon Campus facility has been reconfigured from delivering 3 GeV muon beams to the g-2 storage ring to providing slow-extracted 8 GeV proton beam spills for the Mu2e experiment. The first full-scale commissioning run with slow extraction was conducted during the 2025 run, followed by the second run in early 2026. We present the results and current status of this commissioning campaign.

Nagaslaev, V. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extraction and Injection in the Electron Injector for the Electron-Ion Collider

The electron injector for the Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) consists of a linear accelerator, a beam accumulation ring, and the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) before the electrons are injected into the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) and collided. Extraction out of the RCS is complicated by limited space and the nominal beam pipe aperture, while injection into the ESR is complicated due to the limitation of kicker strength, so that the kickers will not impact the proton beam in the adjacent Hadron Storage Ring (HSR); additionally, the ESR kickers must also provide enough kick to the stored bunch for the swap-out scheme. This paper covers the injection into and extraction out of the RCS, as well as injection into the ESR, detailing layout, optics, and anticipated parameters of the septa and different kickers.

Deitrick, K. [Thomas Jefferson National Accelerato↗
DOE OSTI2026

Mu2e resonant extraction regulation system simulation in delivery ring

Mu2e is an upcoming experiment at Fermilab that relies on the slowly extracted 8 GeV proton beam from the Delivery Ring. The experiment imposes strong requirements on the spill uniformity. To address these requirements, the fast spill regulations system is being developed and commissioned. To inform this development and optimize the system performance we are carrying out the detailed simulations of the regulation process. The simulation includes the effect of six harmonic sextupoles that excite the third-integer resonance and three fast ramping quadrupoles that drive the horizontal tune to 29/3. The components of spill regulation system are designed to mitigate long-term drifts in the beam, ensuring stable operation over extended timescales, as well as addresses rapid variations within single spill. In this study, we review the regulation system design, simulation of the slow regulation, and the fast regulation PID regulation to curtail random variations in the extraction rate that could occur within a single spill.

Narayanan, Aakaash [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Extraction and Analysis of Time Series Data from Building Automation Systems Using Large Language Models

Semantic schemas like Haystack 4, Brick and ASHRAE standard 223 enable the structured, standardized, and machine-readable representation of building data, facilitating interoperability, data integration, and advanced analytics. However, extracting information from these models requires specialized expertise in SPARQL and other programming languages, skills that are not commonly found among building professionals. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, enable the construction of queries using natural language, making it easier for individuals to interact with these systems in a manner that resembles everyday speech. However, these methods have not yet been tested on building semantic ontologies. This paper introduces a novel workflow and tool for enabling users to ask questions about a specific building's data, using natural language and receive answers automatically generated by GPT-4o. Our approach integrates semantic ontologies with advanced LLM capabilities to automate three critical steps: (1) generating SPARQL queries to retrieve time series references from ontological models, (2) extracting the corresponding time series data from the Building Automation System, and (3) performing computations and visualizations tailored to the user's query. The proposed method simplifies access to BAS data, allowing both domain experts and non-specialists to conduct sophisticated analyses without needing extensive technical knowledge of semantic web technologies. By demonstrating this pipeline, we facilitate more accessible and scalable data-driven decision-making in building operations and management.

Mulayim, Ozan Baris↗
DOE OSTI2021

RivGraph: Automatic extraction and analysis of river and delta channel network topology

River networks sustain life and landscapes by carrying and distributing water, sediment, and nutrients throughout ecosystems and communities. At the largest scale, river networks drain continents through tree-like tributary networks. At typically smaller scales, river deltas and braided rivers form loopy, complex distributary river networks via avulsions and bifurcations.In order to model flows through these networks or analyze network structure, the topology, or connectivity, of the network must be resolved. Additionally, morphologic properties of each river channel as well as the direction of flow through the channel inform how fluxes travel through the network’s channels. Riv Graphis a Python package that automates the extraction and characterization of river channel networks from a user-provided binary image, or mask, of a channel network (Fig. 1). Masks may be derived from (typically remotely-sensed) imagery, simulations, or even hand-drawn. RivGraph will create explicit representations of the channel network by resolving river centerlines as links, and junctions as nodes. Flow directions are solved for each link of the network without using auxiliary data, e.g., a digital elevation model (DEM). Morphologic properties are computed as well, including link lengths, widths, sinuosities, branching angles,and braiding indices. If provided,RivGraph will preserve georeferencing information of the mask and will export results as ESRI shapefiles, GeoJSONs, and GeoTIFFs for easy import into GIS software.RivGraph can also return extracted networks as networkx objects for convenient interfacing with the full-featured networkx package (Hagberg et al., 2008). Finally, RivGraph offers a suite of topologic metrics that were specifically designed for river channel network analysis (Tejedor et al., 2015b).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Current Understanding of the Use of Alkaline Extractions of Soils to Investigate Soil Organic Matter and Environmental Processes

A novel understanding of soil organic matter (SOM) biogeochemisty and associated biogeochemical reactions and processes in soils is critical to meeting the environmental challenges that we face currently with the changing climate. Humic substances obtained from alkaline extractions of soils have played a predominant role in developing our knowledge of soil organic matter chemistry and behavior during the 20th century. Recently, there has been new important developments, and research efforts conducted to inspect and interrogate soil organic matter using molecular, nano and micron-scale state-of-the-art techniques have produced evidence that, according to some researchers, may be used to argue against the existence of the humic subtances in soils, as they are presently defined. A debate on the definition and continued use of the term “humic substances” has been taking place at conferences and in the scientific literature. However, because a consensus has not been reached on this important topic, the use of the term “humic substances” in this special issue is conform to the current existing definition of this term. This special issue of the Journal of Environmental Quality includes ten papers on the subject of ‘Alkaline Extraction of Soils and Natural Waters to Understand Environmental Processes’, and contributes to the on-going assessment of the role of humic substances in current and future environmental and ecological studies. The contributed papers are grouped into three broad subject headings: (i) chemistry of humic substances, (ii) humic substances in environmental processes, and (iii) case studies and reviews of humic substances. Continued progress in understanding soil organic matter and C biogeochemistry is essential to achieve long-term ecological, environmental, and agriculture sustainability.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sivers extraction with Neural Network

Pseudo-data with simulated experimental errors can be generated to train an ensemble of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) implemented on a regression to extract Transverse Momentum-dependent Distributions (TMDs). A preliminary analysis is presented on the reliability in extraction of the Sivers function imposed in the pseudo-data given the bounds on the experimental errors, data sparsity, and complexity of phase-space.

Fernando, Ishara↗
DOE OSTI2018

Evaluation of Perched Water Post-Extraction Remedy Technologies: Interim Status Report

In the 200-DV-1 Operable Unit at Hanford, a perched water zone is located in a fine-grained unit a few meters above the water table within the B, BX, and BY Tank Farms area. The perched water contains elevated concentrations of uranium (U), technetium-99 ( 99 Tc), and nitrate (NO 3 ), and serves as a future flux of contaminated water into the groundwater. Currently, a pumping system is used for removal of contaminant mass from the perched water zone to decrease the total contaminant mass transported into the groundwater. As the perched water zone is desaturated through pumping, removal of the contaminated perched water will become more difficult over time. Water extraction cannot remove all of the contaminant mass from this zone, nor can it stop the recharge-driven flux of remaining contaminants toward the groundwater because the flux will continue under unsaturated conditions. Thus, contamination that will remain after pumping needs to be addressed with post-extraction mitigation approaches along with appropriate monitoring and selection of a suitable remediation endpoint.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Resonant Extraction for Mu2e

Charged Lepton Flavor Violations (CLFVs) are probed in an attempt to search Beyond Standard Model (BSM) Physics. The sensitive channel available for experiments around the world is to probe through muons. No conclusive evidence of CLFV is found so far but $\mutoe$ experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) aims to improve the current experimental sensitivity by searching for $\mu^{-}N \longrightarrow e^{-}N$ transition. To provide the high intensity beam that can be handled to achieve desired sensitivity, slow spill using resonant extraction is used at the accelerator complex. Understanding the motivations behind the experiment and simulating the crucial stage in the beam delivery system is the main focus of this thesis. Work presented here will have a qualitative analysis and simulation of resonant extraction at the Delivery Ring (Fermilab), using the beam parameters of $\mutoe$ to study various factors that contribute to the successful beam transport tow ards the Target and Detector System, including meeting intensity requirements while keeping the beam losses to a minimum.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Extraction and Parametrization of Isobaric Trinucleon Elastic Cross Sections and Form Factors

By mining data from Jefferson Lab Hall A experiment E08-014 a new 3 He elastic cross section was extracted from a large quasielastic background. This measurement was taken with an initial beam energy of 3.356 GeV and an angle of 20.51°. The cross section was found to be 1.345 × 10 -6 µb/sr ± 0.086 × 10 -6 µb/sr at Q 2 = 34.19 fm -2 . This new data point falls approximately halfway between the first and second diffractive minima of the 3 He form factors. When combined with recent high Q 2 3 He elastic cross section measurements from Jefferson Lab and MIT-Bates this new data point improves our knowledge of the cross section and form factors at large momentum transfers. The new high Q 2 data motivate a reanalysis of the 3 He elastic cross section world data and provide an improved understanding of the magnetic form factor in particular. For this analysis the elastic cross section world data for 3 He, and its mirror nuclei 3 H, were collected. The world data spans a time frame from 1965 to 2016. The dataset contains electron energy ranges from tens of MeV to above 12 GeV for measurements performed at many different facilities. The world data were then fit using a sum of Gaussians parametrization which allowed for the extraction of both targets’ magnetic and electric form factors which were then used to calculate charge densities and radii. The new charge and magnetic form factors for 3 H and the charge form factor for 3 He are in good agreement with the 1994 fits from Amroun et al . However, the addition of the new high Q 2 data has caused the 3 He magnetic form factor’s first diffractive minimum to shift up in Q 2 by 1-3 fm -2 while also decreasing the magnitude of the magnetic form factor above Q2 ≈ 20 fm -2 . The first diffractive minima for 3H are located at Q2 ≈ 13 fm -2 and Q 2 ≈ 23-24 fm -2 for the charge and magnetic form factors respectively. The first diffractive minima for 3 He are located at Q 2 ≈ 11 fm -2 and Q 2 ≈ 17-20 fm -2 for the charge and magnetic form factors respectively. The charge radius for 3 He was found to be 1.90 fm ± 0.00144 fm in reasonable agreement with past measurements, and the charge radius for 3 H was found to be 2.02 fm ± 0.0133 fm which is much larger than past measurements. However, each of these charge radii has an additional uncertainty that must be applied to them due to allowing all parameters to float freely during the sum of Gaussians fitting procedure. This additional uncertainty should be small for 3 He, but it is likely quite significant for 3 H and would help bring this charge radius closer to agreement with past measurements that made different fitting choices. Unfortunately, this analysis was unable to quantify this additional uncertainty. The new form factor fits were compared to modern theoretical predictions from the 2016 paper of Marcucci et al . The ‘conventional’ theoretical approach applied in this paper modelled two and three-body nucleon interactions with relativistic corrections and was reasonably successful at predicting the charge form factors of 3 H and 3 He. χEFT predictions were also often successful. However, while the ‘conventional’ approach still performed best, theory failed to accurately predict the magnetic form factors of either 3 H or 3 He. The first diffractive minimum of the new 3 He magnetic form factor fits actually moved further away from theory. This disagreement between theory and experiment provides motivation for new asymmetry measurements using polarized 3 He and a polarized electron beam. When the beam is scanned in Q 2 on the target the sign of the asymmetry will flip at the form factor minima pinning down their true location.

Barcus, Scott↗