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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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DOE OSTI2026

Accelerating Next-Generation Cybersecurity R&D Using AI Workflows: BADGER Project Development

The Broadband Automation for Distributed Grid Efficiency and Resilience (BADGER) project aligns with national strategic priorities for integrating emerging wireless technologies and advancing AI-driven security. As critical infrastructure modernizes toward increasingly software-defined and interconnected systems, the ability to leverage 5G/NextG networks and AI-enabled control becomes essential. This report outlines work at the National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR) to develop a NextG-native security architecture powered by AI-RAN concepts and evaluate workflows that enable efficient and reliable architectures. Together, these efforts position the laboratory to accelerate innovation while directly supporting national security and resilience objectives.

5G/6G↗

NASA NTRS1981

SRB dewatering set

The system components and operation of the space shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) dewatering set are described. The SRB dewatering set consists of a nozzle plug, control console, remote control unit, power distribution unit, umbilical cable, interconnect cables, and various handling and storage items. The nozzle plug (NP) is a remotely controlled, tethered underwater vehicle that is launched from the retrieval vessel (RV) by a crane, descends down the side of the SRB, and is positioned below the SRB nozzle. A TV camera mounted at the top of the NP central core is used by the control console operator to visually guide the NP during descent and docking. The NP is then driven up and locked into the nozzle. Compressed air is passed through the umbilical from the RV, through the NP and into the SRB motor. The water inside the SRB is expelled causing the SRB to rotate to a near horizontal attitude on the surface of the water.

Wickham, R. E.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Solving Critical Problems of the Muon Collider Higgs Factory: Optics, Magnets and their Protection, Detector Backgrounds

A low-energy medium-luminosity Muon Collider (MC) is being studied as a possible Higgs Factory (HF). Electrons from muon decays will deposit more than 300 kW in superconducting magnets of the HF collider ring. This imposes significant challenges to superconducting (SC) magnets used in the MC storage ring (SR) and interaction regions (IR). Magnet designs are proposed which provide high operating gradient and magnetic field in a large aperture to accommodate the large size of muon beams (due to low beta*), as well as a cooling system to intercept the large heat deposition from the showers induced by decay electrons. The distribution of heat deposition in the MC SR lattice elements requires large-aperture magnets in order to accommodate thick high-Z absorbers to protect the SC coils. Based on the developed MARS15 model and intensive simulations, a sophisticated radiation protection system was designed for the collider SR and IR to bring the peak power density in the superconducting coils below the quench limit and reduce the dynamic heat deposition in the cold mass by a factor of 100. The system consists of tight tungsten masks in the magnet interconnect regions and elliptical tungsten liners in the magnet aperture optimized individually for each magnet. These also reduce the background particle fluxes in the collider detector.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Advanced Distributed Wind Turbine Controls Series: Part 3-Wind Energy in Grid-Connected Deployments – Microgrids, Infrastructure Resilience, and Advanced Controls Launchpad (MIRACL)

In recent years the technical ability and requirement for distributed wind turbines to provide grid support services beyond maximum energy production has increased. Ancillary services leveraged through advance controls of a wind turbine support grid reliability and resilience. One ancillary service that is significant to a grid-connected wind turbine deployment is fault ride through (FRT) in response to the voltage and frequency events in the power system. As part of the Microgrids, Infrastructure Resilience, and Advanced Controls Launchpad (MIRACL) this paper demonstrates, through desktop simulations, the wind turbine's FRT capabilities to support stable grid operation. We establish that the wind turbine models exceed FRT performance requirements stipulated in IEEE 1547-2018, regarding interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources. Utilizing a standalone CART2 (600 kW) wind turbine connected to the NREL's Flatirons Campus grid, we study voltage and frequency FRT utilizing various test cases. One of the test cases under study is a Category III voltage fault defined in IEEE 1547-2018 and derived from CA Rule 21. Some distributed wind turbines were unable to connect to the grid following the Rule 21 enforcement in California. Even if this is not a general requirement elsewhere, the grid codes might evolve in this direction. This study illustrates how a distributed wind turbine can provide some of these FRT services and enable a pathway toward a higher contribution of renewable energy in a distribution grid.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2018

CERF – A Geospatial Model for Assessing Future Energy Production Technology Expansion Feasibility

Electricity system expansion planning faces significant challenges not only because of commonly modeled uncertainties such as future demand growth, fuel prices, and technology cost and performance, but also because of challenges such as climate change and carbon policies that can affect supply and demand. Changes in energy technology, natural resource availability, and population migration and growth will affect the feasibility of power plant siting, potentially hindering the achievement of policy goals. New modeling approaches are needed that couple future projections of energy system expansion with “on the ground” feasibility modeling—where both are informed by a consistent set of assumptions about future climate trends, resource availability, climate policy, socioeconomics, and environmental regulations. This research describes the development and evaluation of the Capacity Expansion Regional Feasibility (CERF) model, a geospatial tool for scenario analysis of electricity system expansions.

grid expansion, water-energy nexus, power plant si↗

DOE OSTI2018

Compliant and stretchable thermoelectric coils for energy harvesting in miniature flexible devices

With accelerating trends in miniaturization of semiconductor devices, techniques for energy harvesting become increasingly important, especially in wearable technologies and sensors for the internet of things. Although thermoelectric systems have many attractive attributes in this context, maintaining large temperature differences across the device terminals and achieving low–thermal impedance interfaces to the surrounding environment become increasingly difficult to achieve as the characteristic dimensions decrease. Here, we propose and demonstrate an architectural solution to this problem, where thin-film active materials integrate into compliant, open three-dimensional (3D) forms. This approach not only enables efficient thermal impedance matching but also multiplies the heat flow through the harvester, thereby increasing the efficiencies for power conversion. Interconnected arrays of 3D thermoelectric coils built using microscale ribbons of monocrystalline silicon as the active material demonstrate these concepts. Quantitative measurements and simulations establish the basic operating principles and the key design features. The results suggest a scalable strategy for deploying hard thermoelectric thin-film materials in harvesters that can integrate effectively with soft materials systems, including those of the human body.

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2016

Using microgrids to enhance energy security and resilience

Although microgrids are now widely studied, challenges still exist. A reliable control architecture needs to be developed to coordinate different devices. Advanced forecasting and demand response management approaches should be implemented to cope with the intermittence of renewable generation. Furthermore, interconnection issues should be further studied to eliminate the influence of microgrid integration and achieve coordinated operation throughout the system.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2020

Maximising the investment returns of a grid‐connected battery considering degradation cost

Energy storage systems (ESSs) are being deployed widely due to numerous benefits including operational flexibility, high ramping capability, and decreasing costs. This study investigates the economic benefits provided by battery ESSs when they are deployed for market‐related applications, considering the battery degradation cost. A comprehensive investment planning framework is presented, which estimates the maximum revenue that the ESS can generate over its lifetime and provides the necessary tools to investors for aiding the decision making process regarding an ESS project. The applications chosen for this study are energy arbitrage and frequency regulation. Lithium‐ion batteries are considered due to their wide popularity arising from high efficiency, high energy density, and declining costs. A new degradation cost model based on energy throughput and cycle count is developed for Lithium‐ion batteries participating in electricity markets. The lifetime revenue of ESS is calculated considering battery degradation and a cost–benefit analysis is performed to provide investors with an estimate of the net present value, return on investment and payback period. The effect of considering the degradation cost on the estimated revenue is also studied. The proposed approach is demonstrated on the IEEE Reliability Test System and historical data from PJM Interconnection.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2015

Jamaica National Net-Billing Pilot Program Evaluation

This technical report discusses the effectiveness of the Jamaica Public Service Company Limited Net-Billing Pilot Program. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) collected and analyzed data from a wide range of stakeholders, conducted in-country research, and compared program elements to common interconnection practices to form programmatic recommendations for the Jamaica context. NREL finds that the net-billing pilot program has successfully contributed to the support of the emerging solar market in Jamaica with the interconnection of 80 systems under the program for a total of 1.38 megawatts (MW) at the time of original analysis.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2022

Self-Sensing, Stretchable, Active Circuit Arrays: Liquid Metal Paste as a Combination Interconnect and Strain Sensor

Stretchable electrical interconnects and substrate materials are increasingly used to create flexible and con-formable electronic systems for soft robotics, smart textiles, and wearable devices. Wires fabricated using composite or liquid conductive inks encapsulated in silicone enable high strain and are mechanically robust. The resistance of these inter-connects increases with strain, which can present challenges for power delivery and signaling among electronic components. However, this effect can be used directly to estimate strain within a stretchable circuit without the need for additional sensor components. In this work, we present an approach for fabricating fully-stretchable, multi-layer active circuit arrays in silicone using liquid metal paste interconnects, in which power and data wires are re-purposed as strain sensors to estimate substrate deformation. As a proof-of-principle, we demonstrate a 3×3 active circuit array that self-senses relative voltage supply at each node to estimate deformation and consumes less than 10 mA per node. Each node is digitally addressable and performs both analog measurement and digital conversion. All interconnects are fabricated using liquid metal paste, and power, data, and sensing are performed over a shared, four-wire interface in this multi-layer stretchable printed circuit board.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Fast timing with induced current detectors

Vertically integrated (3D) combinations of sensors and electronics offer the ability to fabricate small, fine pitch pixels with very small total capacitance monolithically integrated with complex circuitry. The small capacitance, enabled by the fine pixel pitch and low interconnect capacitance available in 3D hybrid bonding, provides excellent signal/noise with moderate power. This combination enables fabrication of integrated sensors and electronics with both excellent position and time resolution. We describe the capabilities of such a system and the limitations imposed by geometry and power. Furthermore, we illustrate how a similar geometry can be used to provide very fast timing of x-ray arrival in a thick sensor by utilizing the transient induced current in a field of pixels.

3D integration↗

DOE OSTI2016

Modeling a Million-Node Slim Fly Network Using Parallel Discrete-Event Simulation

As supercomputers close in on exascale performance, the increased number of processors and processing power translates to an increased demand on the underlying network interconnect. The Slim Fly network topology, a new lowdiameter and low-latency interconnection network, is gaining interest as one possible solution for next-generation supercomputing interconnect systems. In this paper, we present a high-fidelity Slim Fly it-level model leveraging the Rensselaer Optimistic Simulation System (ROSS) and Co-Design of Exascale Storage (CODES) frameworks. We validate our Slim Fly model with the Kathareios et al. Slim Fly model results provided at moderately sized network scales. We further scale the model size up to n unprecedented 1 million compute nodes; and through visualization of network simulation metrics such as link bandwidth, packet latency, and port occupancy, we get an insight into the network behavior at the million-node scale. We also show linear strong scaling of the Slim Fly model on an Intel cluster achieving a peak event rate of 36 million events per second using 128 MPI tasks to process 7 billion events. Detailed analysis of the underlying discrete-event simulation performance shows that a million-node Slim Fly model simulation can execute in 198 seconds on the Intel cluster.

interconnection networks↗

DOE OSTI2018

Final Report for KOTO Trigger and DAQ Upgrade

Our proposal was a comprehensive upgrade to the Data Acquisition System and Level 2 Trigger of the KOTO experiment which included: an increase in the number of channels processed due to the construction of a new inner main barrel; an increase in the interconnectivity and computing power of the Level 2 Trigger to allow for real time clustering and veto timing; and an improvement in the processing power and temporary storage capability of the Level 3 Trigger and online reconstruction.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS1975

Open coil structure for bubble-memory-device packaging

Concept has several important advantages over close-wound system: memory and coil chips are separate and interchangeable; interconnections in coil level are eliminated by packing memory chip and electronics in single structure; and coil size can be adjusted to optimum value in terms of power dissipation and field uniformity.

Chen, T. T.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Thermoelectric power conversion in space

A radiatively-heated multicouple for use in the next generation of radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) will employ 20 individual couples within a single cell, so that 40 n- and p-semiconductor legs will be interconnected in series. At the hot end of the RTG, the legs will be electrically interconnected using silicon molybdenum; on the cold side, the legs are interconnected by tungsten. The entire cell is then mechanically attached to a radiator, which conducts heat away and radiates it into space. Deep-space applications will use RTGs developed for vacuum operation; thermoelectric converter power systems using a unicouple configuration have flown on such missions as Pioneers 10 and 11, which used lead telluride thermoelectric converters, and Voyagers I and II, which used silicon germanium-based thermoelectrics.

Awaya, Henry I.↗

DOE OSTI2011

Diagnosing Anomalous Network Performance with Confidence

Variability in network performance is a major obstacle in effectively analyzing the throughput of modern high performance computer systems. High performance interconnection networks offer excellent best-case network latencies; however, highly parallel applications running on parallel machines typically require consistently high levels of performance to adequately leverage the massive amounts of available computing power. Performance analysts have usually quantified network performance using traditional summary statistics that assume the observational data is sampled from a normal distribution. In our examinations of network performance, we have found this method of analysis often provides too little data to understand anomalous network performance. In particular, we examine a multi-modal performance scenario encountered with an Infiniband interconnection network and we explore the performance repeatability on the custom Cray SeaStar2 interconnection network after a set of software and driver updates.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2011

Examining Anomalous Network Performance with Confidence

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

DOE OSTI2012

Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2: Preprint

The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) investigates the impacts of high penetrations of wind and solar power into the Western Interconnection of the United States. WWSIS2 builds on the Phase 1 study but with far greater refinement in the level of data inputs and production simulation. It considers the differences between wind and solar power on systems operations. It considersmitigation options to accommodate wind and solar when full costs of wear-and-tear and full impacts of emissions rates are taken into account. It determines wear-and-tear costs and emissions impacts. New data sets were created for WWSIS2, and WWSIS1 data sets were refined to improve realism of plant output and forecasts. Four scenarios were defined for WWSIS2 that examine the differences betweenwind and solar and penetration level. Transmission was built out to bring resources to load. Statistical analysis was conducted to investigate wind and solar impacts at timescales ranging from seasonal down to 5 minutes.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗