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At least 775 records · Page 43

Ocelot: An Interactive, Efficient Distributed Compression-As-a-Service Platform With Optimized Data Compression Techniques

Large volumes of data generated by scientific simulations, genome sequencing, and other applications need to be moved among clusters for data collection/analysis. Data compression techniques have effectively reduced data storage and transfer costs. However, users' requirements on interactively controlling both data quality and compression ratios are non-trivial to fulfill. Here, we propose a novel Compression-as-a-Service (CaaS) platform called Ocelot with four important contributions: (1) It offers real-time visualization, interactive compression, and transfer of scientific datasets. (2) It incorporates new strategies for compressing diverse types of datasets more effectively than traditional methods. (3) It provides an effective method for estimating the compression ratio and execution time of compression tasks. (4) Experiments on multiple real-world datasets on geographically distributed computers show that Ocelot can significantly improve data transfer efficiency with a performance gain of more than 10x in computing clusters with relatively slow networks.

compression as a service (CaaS)↗

Oxidation performance and limitations of additively manufactured SiC/Si-O-C composites at elevated temperatures

Here, SiC preforms were infiltrated with polycarbosiloxane preceramic polymer to create low-cost SiC—Si x O y C z matrix composites for possible high temperature application. The effect of specimen annealing conditions on the steam and air oxidation resistance was analyzed. Air exposures from 900–1500°C showed stability of the Si x O y C z matrix phase with moderate oxidation resistance. After 900°C exposures, oxidation of the composite is primarily limited to the matrix phase, and only at 1200 and 1500°C was SiC consumption visualized. Steam cycle exposures at 1200°C resulted in rapid linear oxidation of the composites with induced specimen swelling from volume expansion associated with internal oxidation. Specimens annealed in argon were found to be the most oxidation resistant due to increased matrix crystallinity and carbon retention. The results of this work were used to develop clear strategies for improving the high-temperature properties of SiC—Si x O y C z composites.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Depth-Dependent Understanding of Cathode Electrolyte Interphase (CEI) on the Layered Li-Ion Cathodes Operated at Extreme High Temperature

The high-temperature operation of Li-ion batteries is highly dependent on the stability of the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) formed during lithiation-delithiation reactions. However, knowledge on the nature of the CEI is limited and its stability under extreme temperatures is not well understood. Therefore, herein, we investigate a proof-of-concept study on stabilizing CEI on model LiNi 0.33 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 (NMC333) at extreme operation condition of 100 oC using thermally stable pyrrolidinium based ionic liquid electrolyte. The electrochemical lithiation-delithiation reactions at 100 oC and the CEI evolution upon different cycling conditions are investigated. Further, the depth-dependent CEI chemistry was investigated using energy tunable synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES). Overall, the results reveal that the high temperature operation accelerated the CEI formation compared to room temperature, and the surface of the interphase layer is rich in boron-based inorganic moieties than the deeper surface. Further, bulk sensitive X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the transition metal redox contributors during high temperature electrochemical reactions, similar to room temperature, the Ni2+/4+redox couple is the only charge compensating redox couple during high temperature operation. Finally, the physical nature of the conformal CEI on the cathode particles was visualized with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, which confirms that the significant degradation of cathode particles without conformal CEI is due to the transformation of layer to spinel formation at extreme temperature. In this study, understanding this high temperature interfacial chemistry of NMC cathodes through advanced spectroscopy and microscopy will shed light on transforming ambient temperature Li-ion chemistry to high temperature applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Control of formation of viscoelastic droplets and distribution of nano-inclusions in functional deposition for lithium–sulfur batteries

The electrospray process produces micro/nanodroplets for various applications such as thin and uniform coatings, drug carriers and mass spectrometry. In this paper, we study the spray processes of viscoelastic jets using simulations and experiments. In discretized modeling, the jet is perturbed with axisymmetric instability and the growth of this instability causes the jet to break into droplets. For the experiments, a solution of polyvinyl alcohol in water is sprayed and is visualized using a high-speed camera. The droplet size distribution is studied from simulations with experiments for three spray cases: electrospray, air spray, and air-controlled electrospray. Our simulations and experiments reveal that the electric field is effective in reducing the droplet size, while air flow offers more jet break-ups and thus a larger number of droplets. As a result, air-controlled electrospray where these two driving forces are synergistically combined leads to a larger number of smaller droplets than electrospray or air spray. As a result, we applied three spray processes to obtain a deposition of sulfur/mesoporous carbon/graphene/polymer binder composites as a lithium sulfur battery cathode and demonstrated that air-controlled electrospray leads to a higher capacity and rate capability than other processes, exhibiting 800 mA h g –1 at 0.5C and 600 mA h g –1 at 2C.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Evaluating HPC Scheduling Strategies for Urgent Workloads

Scientific computing centers increasingly face workloads with diverse urgency requirements, driven by applications that demand rapid or even immediate execution. Appropriately configured scheduling policies can significantly improve both user satisfaction and overall cluster utilization. In this work, we present a systematic analysis of scheduler configurations under scenarios where a fraction of jobs have urgent computing needs. We evaluate multiple job scheduling simulators, develop a lightweight job-submission emulation framework, and create tools to analyze and visualize the resulting scheduling data. Our study identifies key trade-offs between responsiveness, fairness, and efficiency, and offers a set of practical scheduling configurations (particularly for Slurm) that can be tailored to HPC environments supporting mixed-urgency workloads.

Maheshwari, Ketan [ORNL] (ORCID:000000033800662X)↗

Pulsed Infrared Thermography Nondestructive Imaging of SiC-SiC f Composite Cladding Architectures; Understanding the Performance of SiC-SiC f Composite Cladding Architectures with Cr Coating in Normal Operating and Accident Conditions in LWRs and Advanced Reactors

SiC-SiC f composites, consisting of silicon carbide fibers embedded in a silicon carbide matrix, are advanced materials with high thermal conductivity, temperature stability, and resistance to radiation damage. Traditional methods for quality control of fabricated SiC-SiC f composites involve nondestructive evaluation (NDE) with X-ray computed tomography (XCT). However, XCT imaging of typical SiC-SiC f structures for cladding applications can involve several hours. In this project, we investigate an alternative approach to NDE of SiC-SiC f composites that involves rapid (on the order of seconds) imaging with Pulsed infrared thermography (PIT). PIT images of a planar SiC-SiC f specimen show the structure of the surface monolith layer and internal SiC f structures. The capability of PIT imaging in visualizing SiC f structures is qualitatively confirmed by observing similarity in the PIT and X-ray transmission images of the same specimen. Computer vision analysis of defects in the PIT image of the monolith was performed with thresholding followed by topological structural analysis that computed geometric descriptors, including major/minor axes of fitted ellipses, area, perimeter, Feret diameter, circularity, roundness, and solidity.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

Progress on the MARVEL Cybersecurity by Design Model-Based Systems Engineering Project

Formal model-based systems engineering (MBSE) combines a model, systems thinking, and systems engineering to visually depict the boundaries, context, and behavior of interconnected systems, facilitating effective design, development, and utilization of engineered systems throughout the systems engineering lifecycle. Although nuclear reactor vendors employ these tools to integrate functionality, performance, and safety, they are not yet addressing digital risk concerns introduced by use of operational technology, such as digital instrumentation and control systems. To accomplish this objective, the Microreactor Applications Research Validation and EvaLuation (MARVEL) microreactor was used as an MBSE case study. This real-world application provides a first-of-a-kind opportunity to demonstrate the benefits of integrating digital risk and cybersecurity into the MBSE design process of a nuclear reactor. This paper provides an update of the ongoing MARVEL Cyber MBSE project as it specifically relates to the integration of digital risk management and cybersecurity by design.

22 - GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗

The Analysis Description Language Ecosystem: Latest developments and physics applications

We present latest developments in Analysis Description Language (ADL), a declarative domain-specific language describing the physics algorithm of a HEP data analysis decoupled from software frameworks. Analyses written in ADL can be integrated into any framework for various tasks. ADL is a multipurpose construct with uses ranging from analysis design to preservation, reinterpretation, queries, visualisation, combination, etc. The most advanced infrastructure to execute ADL on events is the CutLang runtime interpreter. Recent technical developments include an automated interface with different data types, generation of the abstract syntax tree, a visualization tool that that auto-converts analysis flows to graphs, incorporation of trained machine learning models and a Jupyter-based plotting tool. We also report physics implications including a large scale LHC analysis implementation and validation effort for beyond the standard model reinterpretation purposes and studies with ATLAS and CMS open data.

Sekmen, Sezen [Kyungpook National Univ., Daegu (Ko↗

Solid-State Ionic Rectification in Perovskite Nanowire Heterostructures

Halide perovskites have attracted increasing research attention with regard to their potential for optoelectronic applications. Because of its low activation energy, ion migration is implicated in the long-term stability and many unusual transport behaviors of halide perovskite devices. However, direct observation and precise control of the ionic transport in halide perovskite crystals remain challenging. Here, we have designed an axial CsPbBr 3 -CsPbCl 3 nanowire heterostructure, in which electric-field-induced halide ion migration was clearly visualized and quantified. We demonstrated that halide ion migration is dependent on the applied electric field and exhibits ionic rectification in this solid-state system, which is due to the nonuniform distribution of the ionic vacancies in the nanowire that results from a competition between electrical screening and their creation/destruction at the electrodes' interfaces. Furthermore, the asymmetric heterostructure characteristics add an additional knob to control the ion movement in the design of advanced ionic circuits with halide perovskites as building blocks.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Data processing methods and data acquisition for samples larger than the field of view in parallel-beam tomography

Parallel-beam tomography systems at synchrotron facilities have limited field of view (FOV) determined by the available beam size and detector system coverage. Scanning the full size of samples bigger than the FOV requires various data acquisition schemes such as grid scan, 360-degree scan with offset center-of-rotation (COR), helical scan, or combinations of these schemes. Though straightforward to implement, these scanning techniques have not often been used due to the lack of software and methods to process such types of data in an easy and automated fashion. The ease of use and automation is critical at synchrotron facilities where using visual inspection in data processing steps such as image stitching, COR determination, or helical data conversion is impractical due to the large size of datasets. Here, we provide methods and their implementations in a Python package, named Algotom, for not only processing such data types but also with the highest quality possible. The efficiency and ease of use of these tools can help to extend applications of parallel-beam tomography systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

SIR Glass Test Vehicle Designed to Characterize Process Materials

The exposure to harsh environments can result in reliability issues on highly dense electronic packages and circuit assemblies. One area of concern is electrochemical failure mechanisms caused by electrolytic corrosion, electrochemical migration (dendrites), and leakage currents under humid conditions. These no-fault and no-trouble found failure points are challenging to detect and to perform process control during the assembly process. The focus of this research centers on metallizing glass surface insulation resistance test vehicles to characterize materials on electronic packages and components that exhibit the highest risk of failure due to material interactions and process residues. Glass test vehicles provide a visual representation of materials when they are exposed to moisture content in the air. Harsh environments can cause material interactions resulting in morphology changes, opening, and release of active components. A transparent test vehicle is highly functional for environmental stress testing under temperature, humidity, and bias. The designed experiment will evaluate the effects of material and process residues that can undergo changes in behavior during application, which leads to local failures.

Capen, Bill↗

In-situ Detection of Glovebox Glove Degradation Prior to Glove Failure; Effects on Safety, Waste, and Operational Costs - 20402

Glovebox glove pressure decay leak testing and analysis of the data can greatly improve glovebox safety, minimize Transuranic (TRU) glove waste, and minimize operational cost. It is well known, the weakest point of containment on a glovebox is the glove. Mitigating unplanned openings in gloves is critical to minimizing operational and safety costs in glovebox operations. Mitigating unplanned glove openings due to glove failures will be discussed in this paper. The lack of an engineered solution to determine a gloves operational life in nuclear operations, has lead to use of theoretical and manual subjective methods to determine the life and safety of a glovebox glove. Whether the glove is inspected visually prior to use, or gloves are changed regularly to theoretically avoid failure, both the operators PPE and the room are being exposed to contamination, or un-necessary amounts of TRU glove waste are being generated. Millions of dollars yearly in operational costs are spent on glove failures due to loss of production, incident analysis, regulatory audits, clean up, and paperwork. In a nuclear application, a glove failure could contaminate an operator and laboratory, shut down the operation for weeks, potentially create a regulatory audit, and potentially create a media frenzy; the damages to the organization can be astronomical. Elimination of glove failures is possible by tracking glove material degradation and setting limits to allow glove change when it becomes necessary, prior to glove failure. Analytical pressure decay leak testing allows the detection of material degradation, and in turn the ability to limit operational glove failures. A German based company called MK Versuchsanlagen, e.K., has developed an advanced Glove Integrity Testing System. The system, with its use of proprietary RFID and special software technology, is unique in its capabilities. The system is capable to perform highly accurate regular glove testing on any size glovebox line in minimal time. The system records and can analyze a tremendous amount of system data that in turn can determine, for example, a safe glove change time prior to a glove material failure. This paper will show how an advanced Glove Integrity Testing System can detect glove material degradation and help determine a safe change point prior to glove failure. Pressure decay curves of new gloves and recorded effects of accelerated aging on the glove over time will be shown. The use of this technology in nuclear facilities can greatly improve glovebox operational safety, minimize glovebox glove TRU waste, and save organizations tremendous costs in downtime, clean up, documentation, and potential regulatory review. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

The application of cinematic rendering to CT evaluation of upper tract urothelial tumors: principles and practice

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively uncommon but aggressive genitourinary malignancy for which multi-phase contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) plays an important role in evaluation and staging. 3D imaging with maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume-rendered (VR) images has been described as a useful means of evaluating UTUC. In this study, we describe the technique of a novel 3D methodology known as cinematic rendering (CR) and provide clinical examples of UTUC visualized with CR. CR utilizes a complex universal lighting model in order to create photorealistic images with improved detail and depth in comparison to MIP or VR images. In the case of UTUC, CR can be used in different contrast phases to show abnormally thickened and enhancing urothelium or filling defects in the renal collecting system or ureters in the excretory phase. CR images can also be manipulated in order to generate translucent views of the upper urinary tract in order to add conspicuity to intraluminal findings.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

Exploring strongly correlated quantum spin systems with quantum computers

At inception, quantum annealing leveraged quantum mechanics for classical optimization tasks. However, as machine coherence increases, the realization of quantum spin systems has emerged as an even more fruitful application of this computational model. Alternatives to the standard gate model deserve exploration, to achieve useful quantum advantage via analog quantum computing. The recent demonstration of so-called coherent quantum annealing with 1,000s of qubits, further expands the potential for this hardware to explore quantum system dynamics where the effects of quantum fluctuations can be carefully controlled and observed directly. Implementing existing celebrated spin models—or in fact new and dedicated ones—into quantum annealers will lead to observation and detection of quantum phenomena not yet observed, or not visualized directly, in experimental physics laboratories. Rather than computing or simulating quantum systems, these quantum computers allow one to simply build quantum systems, and experiment on them in an uniquely controlled way, with characterization down to the constitutive degree of freedom. This provides an unprecedented opportunity for understanding the physics of quantum spin systems. Keywords: Theoretical physics currently abounds of interesting theoretical spin models to explore frustration, strongly correlated spins, spin liquids, fractionalized excitations, and topological matter. However enticing, such models are generally only weak proxies for the properties of actual materials. In quantum annealers these models could be realized and experimented upon. Moreover, many more realistic models of such materials could be realized in quantum annealers. Employed in this way, quantum annealers provide an extraordinary versatile platform to explore quantum effects that are hard to find, detect, and characterize in natural materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Ultrabroadband Spacetime Nanoscopy of Terahertz Polaritons in a van der Waals Cavity

Guiding, storing, and processing light at the nanoscale hinges on understanding how polaritons — hybrid quasiparticles of light and matter — propagate and interfere in both space and time. This work introduces a synchrotron-based technique, SYnchrotron SpaceTimE Mapping (SYSTEM), which captures real-time evolution of polariton wave packets with ∼10 nm spatial and sub-100 fs temporal resolution across an ultrabroadband 5–50 THz range. Here, SYSTEM directly visualizes the creation, interference, and decay of multiple high-quality Fabry-Pérot phonon polariton cavity modes in an α-MoO 3 microcavity. These real-space, real-time observations reveal wave-packet dynamics and cavity resonances with record-high quality factors (Q ≈ 100) in the single-digit terahertz regime near 9 THz. SYSTEM thus offers a powerful and broadly applicable platform for probing and engineering ultraslow, deeply subwavelength polaritons, opening new avenues for tailoring light–matter interactions and advancing next-generation THz nanophotonic technologies.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Sub-tesla On-Chip Nanomagnetic Metamaterial Platform for Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy

Magnetically controlled states in quantum materials are central to their unique electronic and magnetic properties. However, direct momentum-resolved visualization of these states via angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has been hindered by the disruptive effect of magnetic fields on photoelectron trajectories. Here, we introduce an in situ method that is, in principle, capable of applying magnetic fields up to 1 T. This method uses substrates composed of nanomagnetic metamaterial arrays with alternating polarity. Such substrates can generate strong, homogeneous, and spatially confined fields applicable to samples with thicknesses up to the micron scale, enabling ARPES measurements under magnetic fields with minimal photoelectron trajectory distortion. Here, we demonstrate this minimal distortion with ARPES data taken on monolayer graphene. Our method paves the way for probing magnetic field-dependent electronic structures and studying field-tunable quantum phases with state-of-the-art energy-momentum resolutions.

Magnetic properties↗

Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Imaging of Plasticity in Hydrogenated Perovskite Nickelate Multilevel Neuromorphic Devices

Ion drift in nanoscale electronically inhomogeneous semiconductors is among the most important mechanisms being studied for designing neuromorphic computing hardware. However, nondestructive imaging of the ion drift in operando devices directly responsible for multiresistance states and synaptic memory represents a formidable challenge. Here, we present Kelvin probe force microscopy imaging of hydrogen-doped perovskite nickelate device channels subject to high-speed electric field pulses to directly visualize proton distribution by monitoring surface potential changes spatially, which is also supported with finite element-based electric field distribution studies. First-principles calculations provide mechanistic insights into the origin of surface potential changes as a function of hydrogen donor doping that serves as the contrast mechanism. We demonstrate 128 (7-bit) nonvolatile conductance levels in such devices relevant to in-memory computing applications. The synaptic plasticity measurements are implemented in spiking neural networks and show promising results for classification (SciKit Learn’s Iris and Wine data sets) and control (OpenAI’s CartPole-v1 and BipedalWalker-v3) simulation tasks.

Kelvin probe force microscopy↗

3D Morphology of Bimodal Porous Copper with Nano-Sized and Micron-Sized Pores to Enhance Transport Properties for Functional Applications

Multiscale porous metals with multiscale porosity from nanometer to micrometer have a high specific surface area and high effective diffusivity for ion transport, thereby enhancing functionalities and extending the applications of porous metals. Herein, the Cu–Fe–Al ternary system was selected as the precursor alloy to construct multiscale, bimodal porous copper by the chemical dealloying method. The effect of the phase composition and initial microstructure of precursor alloys (Al x Fe 75– x Cu 25 , x = 10–60) on the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of multiscale porous metals was systematically investigated, with a goal to precisely control the multiscale porous structure. The four crystal structure phases (body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), CsCl type (B2), and monoclinic) in precursor alloys were analyzed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction refinement. The 3D morphology, feature size distribution, and tortuosity of four representative porous Cu after dealloying Al x Fe 75– x Cu 25 ( x = 10, 30, 50, and 60) precursor alloys were directly visualized and quantified via advanced synchrotron X-ray nanotomography. The relationship between the phases/crystal structures of precursor alloys and their corresponding porous morphology was established: the micron-sized pores in bimodal porous Cu are formed by dissolving the CuFeAl phase with BCC and monoclinic crystal structures, and the nano-sized pores are formed by dealloying the CuFeAl phase with FCC and B2 crystal structures. The size of the nanoporous structure depends on the ratio between the more noble and more active components in the precursor alloy, while the size of the microporous structure depends on the corresponding phase size in the precursor alloy. The tortuosity results showed that the multiscale porous structure with both nanoporosity and microporosity exhibits lower tortuosity, which will enhance transport properties for functional applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗