Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “EVAPORATION MODEL”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 793 records · Page 44
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Numerical case study of the aerosol–cloud interactions in warm boundary layer clouds over the eastern North Atlantic with an interactive chemistry module

The presence of warm boundary layer stratiform clouds over the eastern North Atlantic (ENA) region is commonly influenced by the Azores High, especially during the summer season. To investigate comprehensive aerosol–cloud interactions, this study employs the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with a chemistry component (WRF-Chem), incorporating aerosol chemical components that are relevant to the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and accounting for aerosol spatiotemporal variation. This study focuses on aerosol indirect effects, particularly the long-range transport of aerosols, in the ENA region under three different weather regimes: a ridge with a surface high-pressure system, a post-trough with a surface high-pressure system, and a weak trough. The WRF-Chem simulations conducted at a near-large-eddy scale offer valuable insights into the model's performance, especially in terms of its ability to use high spatial resolution to capture mesoscale cloud features across various weather regimes. Our result shows that introducing 5 times more aerosols to either non-precipitating or precipitating clouds significantly increases ambient CCN numbers, resulting in, to varying degrees, higher liquid water path (LWP) values. The substantial aerosol–cloud interaction especially occurs in the precipitating clouds and demonstrates the susceptibility of the LWP to changes in CCN under different regimes. Conversely, thin, non-rain clouds at the edges of a cloud system are prone to evaporation, exhibiting an aerosol drying effect. The aerosols released during this process transition back to the accumulation mode, facilitating future activation. This dynamic behavior is not adequately represented in prescribed-aerosol simulations.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

Observing the formation of flare-driven coronal rain

Flare-driven coronal rain can manifest from rapidly cooled plasma condensations near coronal loop tops in thermally unstable postflare arcades. We detect five phases that characterize the postflare decay: heating, evaporation, conductive cooling dominance for ∼120 s, radiative/enthalpy cooling dominance for ∼4700 s, and finally catastrophic cooling occurring within 35–124 s, leading to rain strands with a periodicity of 55–70 s. We find an excellent agreement between the observations and model predictions of the dominant cooling timescales and the onset of catastrophic cooling. At the rain-formation site, we detect comoving, multithermal rain clumps that undergo catastrophic cooling from ∼1 MK to ∼22,000 K. During catastrophic cooling, the plasma cools at a maximum rate of 22,700 K s{sup −1} in multiple loop-top sources. We calculated the density of the extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) plasma from the differential emission measure of the multithermal source employing regularized inversion. Assuming a pressure balance, we estimate the density of the chromospheric component of rain to be 9.21 × 10{sup 11} ± 1.76 × 10{sup 11} cm{sup −3}, which is comparable with quiescent coronal rain densities. With up to eight parallel strands in the EUV loop cross section, we calculate the mass loss rate from the postflare arcade to be as much as 1.98 × 10{sup 12} ± 4.95 × 10{sup 11} g s{sup −1}. Finally, we reveal a close proximity between the model predictions of 10{sup 5.8} K and the observed properties between 10{sup 5.9} and 10{sup 6.2} K, which defines the temperature onset of catastrophic cooling. The close correspondence between the observations and numerical models suggests that indeed acoustic waves (with a sound travel time of 68 s) could play an important role in redistributing energy and sustaining the enthalpy-based radiative cooling.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Gas-dynamic acceleration of laser-ablation plumes: Hyperthermal particle energies under thermal vaporization

The expansion of a plume produced by low-fluence laser ablation of graphite in vacuum is investigated experimentally and by direct Monte Carlo simulations in an attempt to explain hyperthermal particle energies for thermally vaporized materials. We demonstrate that the translation energy of neutral particles, ∼2 times higher than classical expectations, is due to two effects, hydrodynamic plume acceleration into the forward direction and kinetic selection of fast particles in the on-axis region. Both effects depend on the collision number within the plume and on the particles internal degrees of freedom. The simulations allow ablation properties to be evaluated, such as ablation rate and surface temperature, based on time-of-flight measurements. Available experimental data on kinetic energies of various laser-produced particles are well described by the presented model.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2023

A dynamic parameterization of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine nucleation and its application in three-dimensional modeling

Sulfuric acid (SA) is a governing gaseous precursor for atmospheric new particle formation (NPF), a major source of global ultrafine particles, in environments studied around the world. In polluted urban atmospheres with high condensation sinks (CSs), the formation of stable SA–amine clusters, such as SA–dimethylamine (DMA) clusters, usually initializes intense NPF events. Coagulation scavenging and cluster evaporation are dominant sink processes of SA–amine clusters in urban atmospheres, yet these loss processes are not quantitatively included in the present parameterizations of SA–amine nucleation. We herein report a parameterization of SA–DMA nucleation, based on cluster dynamic simulations and quantum chemistry calculations, with certain simplifications to greatly reduce the computational costs. Compared with previous SA–DMA nucleation parameterizations, this new parameterization was able to reproduce the dependences of particle formation rates on temperature and CSs. We then incorporated it in a three-dimensional (3-D) chemical transport model to simulate the evolution of the particle number size distributions. Simulation results showed good consistency with the observations in the occurrence of NPF events and particle number size distributions in wintertime Beijing and represented a significant improvement compared to that using a parameterization without coagulation scavenging. Quantitative analysis shows that SA–DMA nucleation contributes significantly to nucleation rates and aerosol population during the 3-D simulations in Beijing (>99 % and >60 %, respectively). These results broaden the understanding of NPF in urban atmospheres and stress the necessity of including the effects of coagulation scavenging and cluster stability in simulating SA–DMA nucleation in 3-D simulations. Representing these processes is thus likely to improve model performance in particle source apportionment and quantification of aerosol effects on air quality, human health, and climate.

Li, Yuyang↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optical band gap study of a-Se and Se-Sb thin films

Amorphous selenium (a-Se) and a-Se{sub 95}Sb{sub 5} alloy were prepared using melt quenching technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern confirmed the amorphous nature of the prepared samples. Composition of the prepared samples has been determined using Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) technique. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) confirmed the glassy nature of the prepared samples. Thin films of the prepared samples were deposited on glass substrate using thermal evaporation method. Amorphous nature of the deposited films was confirmed using XRD. Optical properties of these films were obtained from the UV-VIS transmission spectra, at normal incidence, over 200-1100 nm spectral range. The optical absorption edge was described by using the model given by the Tauc. Optical band gap of the deposited films was calculated using Tauc plot. Optical characterization showed that average transmission and optical band gap decreased with the addition of antinomy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2026

Numerical Water Tracers in the Atmospheric Component of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model: Implementation and Changes in Moisture Origin

Numerical water tracers are implemented in the Energy Exascale Earth System Model version 2. Simulations performed with the water‐tag‐enabled model for both pre‐industrial and future greenhouse gas concentrations reveal a marked increase in the role of mid‐latitude and southern subtropical regions as exporters of atmospheric moisture—to the extratropical upper troposphere and the tropical free troposphere. For the latter, the northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone increases cross‐hemispheric transport of subtropical water vapor to the Northern Hemisphere. In the polar regions, most of the lower tropospheric moistening instead arises from increases in local evaporation. These findings illustrate the utility of the water tags, underscore critical changes in global hydrologic cycle, and provide insight into atmospheric dynamics under future climate scenarios. For applications when a global grid is desired, we additionally propose a novel statistical reconstruction, based on copula modeling, of the joint distribution of origin of water vapor, which reduces the number of tracers from order $\mathcal{O}\left({n}^{2}\right)$to order $\mathcal{O}(n)$, substantially ameliorating the considerable computational cost of water tracers. This statistical reconstruction is particularly beneficial to the interpretation of the relationship between latitude and longitude of origin of moisture over the tropical oceans and in the lower troposphere over land.

copula modeling↗
DOE OSTI2014

On the possible cycles via the unified perspective of cryocoolers. Part A: The Joule-Thomson cryocooler

Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers possess a self adjusting effect, which preserves the state of the returning stream from the evaporator as a saturated vapor. The heat load can be entirely absorbed at constant temperature by evaporation even for different sized heat exchangers. It is not possible for the steady state flow resulting from a gradual cool down to penetrate 'deeper' into the two-phase dome, and produce a two phase return flow even with a heat exchanger of unlimited size. Such behavior was implicitly taken for granted in the literature but never clearly stated nor questioned and therefore never systematically proven. The discussion provided below provides such a proof via the unified model of cryocoolers. This model portrays all cryocoolers as magnifiers of their respective elementary temperature reducing mechanism through the process of 'interchanging'.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2013

The influence of Cd doping on the microstructure and optical properties of nanocrystalline copper ferrite thin films

Highlights: ► The structural and optical properties of Cu{sub 1−x}Cd{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} thin films were studied. ► The micro structural parameters of the films have been determined. ► The room temperature reflectance and transmittance data are analyzed. ► The refractive index and energy gap are determined. ► The single oscillator parameters were calculated. - Abstract: Nanocrystalline thin films of mixed Cu–Cd ferrites, Cu{sub 1−x}Cd{sub x}Fe{sub 2}O{sub 4} (x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9 and 1), were deposited by electron beam evaporation technique. The films were annealed at 450 °C for 1 h. The effect of Cd doping on the structural and optical properties of the deposited films has been investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical spectrophotometry. XRD patterns of the annealed films show spinal cubic structure. The lattice parameter was found to increase with the increase of cadmium concentration. The crystallite size of the films was found to vary from 8 nm to 30 nm. The optical transition was found to be direct and indirect transitions with energy gaps decrease from 2.466 (x = 0) to 2.00 (x = 1) eV and from 2.148 (x = 0) to 1.824 (x = 1) eV, respectively. The refractive index dispersion of the films was found to increase with Cd content and discussed in terms of the Wemple–DiDomenico single oscillator model.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Emission of heavy clusters in nuclear reactions at low collision energies

A survey of theoretical and experimental investigations of the process involving the emission of heavy clusters from excited nuclear systems produced in heavy-ion reactions at low collision energies is given. The dinuclear system (DNS) model for calculating cross sections for the formation of heavy clusters in complete-fusion and quasifission reactions is described in detail. The results of respective calculations are compared with relevant experimental data and with the results obtained on the basis of different models. The role of the angular momentum, the asymmetry of the entrance channel, the N/Z ratio, and the excitation energy in the formation of final reaction products is studied within the proposed approach. A method is developed for calculating cross sections for evaporation-residue formation. This method takes into account both channels of light-particle emission and channels of heavy-cluster emission. The possibility for the formation of Rn, Fr, and Ra isotopes in channels of heavy-cluster emission from the excited compound nucleus of Pu is demonstrated for the first time. The calculated cross sections and isotopic distributions for residual nuclei arising upon the emission of heavy clusters from an excited compound nucleus of Pu are in good agreement with experimental data. The model developed in the present study permits finding optimum experimental conditions (projectile-target combination and bombarding energy) for studying processes involving the emission of specific complex fragments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

On the validity and limitations of 1D model for heat and mass transfer performance evaluation in a multilayer binder-free desiccant dehumidifier: isothermal dehumidification with internal cooling

Efficient humidity control is essential for maintaining indoor thermal comfort, yet conventional vapor-compression-based dehumidifiers are energy-intensive. Employing separate sensible and latent cooling through desiccant-coated heat exchangers (DCHEs) combined with evaporative coolers offers energy savings of up to 80 % compared to conventional systems. However, the dehumidification performance of DCHEs remains limited due to the use of polymer binders for coating desiccant materials onto heat exchange surfaces. In our previous study, we developed a multilayer fixed-bed binder-free desiccant dehumidifier (MFBDD) that demonstrated high dehumidification capacity and low pressure drop compared to rotary desiccant wheels. Nevertheless, its potential for further enhancement through internal cooling and the use of step-shaped adsorption isotherms has not been explored. In this study, a physics-based one-dimensional (1D) transient model is developed and validated to capture the coupled heat and mass transfer processes in the MFBDD and extended to simulate internal cooling using a high-capacity composite metal–organic framework, MIL-101/GO-6 (water uptake ≈1.6 g/g within 35–47 % RH). The model enables detailed analysis of local air and bed temperature dynamics and quantifies how internal cooling affects the dehumidification performance under a wide range of operating conditions. Results show that integrating internal cooling and using MIL-101/GO-6 enhance mass adsorbed, moisture removal capacity, and dehumidification effectiveness by 50 %–99 % compared with the M.S. Gel baseline. The study further reveals that achieving near-isothermal operation requires simultaneous enhancement of the convective heat transfer coefficient and heat exchange surface area. In conclusion, this work provides the first detailed physical insight into the interplay between internal cooling and step-shaped isotherms in a binder-free desiccant device and establishes a validated modeling framework for scaling up and system-level performance evaluation of next-generation energy-efficient dehumidification systems.

Heat and mass transfer↗
DOE OSTI2015

DISRUPTED GLOBULAR CLUSTERS CAN EXPLAIN THE GALACTIC CENTER GAMMA-RAY EXCESS

The Fermi satellite has recently detected gamma-ray emission from the central regions of our Galaxy. This may be evidence for dark matter particles, a major component of the standard cosmological model, annihilating to produce high-energy photons. We show that the observed signal may instead be generated by millisecond pulsars that formed in dense star clusters in the Galactic halo. Most of these clusters were ultimately disrupted by evaporation and gravitational tides, contributing to a spherical bulge of stars and stellar remnants. The gamma-ray amplitude, angular distribution, and spectral signatures of this source may be predicted without free parameters, and are in remarkable agreement with the observations. These gamma-rays are from fossil remains of dispersed clusters, telling the history of the Galactic bulge.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

User-Oriented Modeling Tools for Advanced Hybrid and Climate-Appropriate Rooftop Air Conditioners

Hybrid unitary air conditioning systems offer a pathway to substantially reduce energy use and peak electrical demand for cooling, heating, and ventilation in commercial buildings. Hybrid air conditioners incorporate multiple subsystems that are carefully orchestrated to provide climate- and application-specific efficiency advantages. There are a multitude of hybrid system architectures, but common subsystems include: heat recovery ventilation, indirect evaporative cooling, desiccant dehumidification, variable speed fans, modulating dampers, and multi-stage or variable-speed vapor compression cooling. Categorically, hybrid systems can operate in numerous discrete modes. For example: indirect evaporative cooling may operate for periods when the subsystem provides adequate sensible cooling, then vapor compression cooling will be included when more cooling or dehumidification is necessary. Laboratory assessments, field studies, and simulations have demonstrated that hybrid unitary air conditioners could reduce energy use for cooling and ventilation by 30-90% depending on climate and application. Heretofore, it has been challenging - if not impossible - for practitioners to model hybrid air conditioners as part of building energy simulations; and the limitation has severely obstructed broader adoption of technologies in this class. In this project, we developed a new feature for EnergyPlus that enables modeling hybrid unitary air conditioning equipment for building energy simulations. This is a significant advancement for both theory and practice, and confers public benefit by enabling practitioners to evaluate this compelling efficiency technology as a part of building energy simulations. The feature is a black-box model that requires extensive performance data for each hybrid unitary product. In parallel, we also developed new features for the Technology Performance Exchange to enable manufacturers to submit performance data in a standard format that can be used with the hybrid unitary model in EnergyPlus. Additionally, through this project we expanded university educational resources, and university- manufacturing industry collaborations in the field of energy efficiency technology. Over two years, we involved 20 undergraduate students in ambitious research projects focused on modeling complex multi-mode mechanical systems, supported three mechanical engineering bachelor theses, established undergraduate apprenticeships with multiple industry partners, and involved those partners in the process of design, validation, and debugging for the new EnergyPlus feature. The EnergyPlus feature is described and discussed in an academic article, as well as in an engineering reference, and input/output reference documentation for EnergyPlus. The Technology Performance Exchange features are live and publicly accessible, our manufacturer partners are primed to submit initial product information and performance data to the exchange, and the EnergyPlus feature is scheduled for public release in Spring 2018 as a part of EnergyPlus v8.9.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF CHROMOSPHERIC EVAPORATION: CASE STUDIES OF THE M1.1 FLARE ON 2014 SEPTEMBER 6 AND X1.6 FLARE ON 2014 SEPTEMBER 10

With observations from the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph, we track the complete evolution of ∼11 MK evaporation flows in an M1.1 flare on 2014 September 6 and an X1.6 flare on 2014 September 10. These hot flows, as indicated by the blueshifted Fe xxi 1354.08 Å line, evolve smoothly with a velocity decreasing exponentially from ∼200 km s{sup −1} to almost stationary within a few minutes. We find a good correlation between the flow velocity and energy deposition rate as represented by the hard X-ray flux observed with the Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager, or time derivative of the soft X-ray flux observed with the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites and the HINODE X-ray Telescope, which is in general agreement with models of nonthermal electron heating. The maximum blueshift of Fe xxi appears approximately at the same time as or slightly after the impulsive enhancement of the ultraviolet continuum and the Mg ii 2798.8 Å line emission, demonstrating that the evaporation flow is closely related to heating of the lower chromosphere. Finally, while the hot Fe xxi 1354.08 Å line is entirely blueshifted with no obvious rest component, cool chromospheric and transition region lines like Si iv 1402.77 Å are often not entirely redshifted but just reveal an obvious red wing enhancement at the ribbons, suggesting that the speed of chromospheric condensation might be larger than previously thought.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Random Magnetic Anisotropy Studies in SmCo{sub 5} Thin Films

SmCo{sub 5} thin films with different thicknesses were prepared by electron beam evaporation on Kapton substrates. The out-of-plane hysteresis loops for different thicknesses reveal a maximum coercive field when the thickness is 15 nm. Using random magnetic anisotropy model, the thickness dependence of magnetic properties was studied in SmCo{sub 5} nanocrystalline films and several fundamental magnetic parameters were extracted. We have determined the local magnetic anisotropy constant K{sub 1} which is found to increase with increasing film thickness except for t = 7 nm which is thought to arise from the structural imperfection of the SmCo{sub 5} films.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2023

An attached microalgae platform for recycling phosphorus through biologically mediated fertilizer formation and biomass cultivation

Nutrient management is a global challenge for protecting water bodies from eutrophication and for retaining and sustainably recycling phosphorus within the biosphere. This challenge is especially important for water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs) in jurisdictions that limit nutrient loads in plant effluent. A microalgae-based biofilm platform has been designed, constructed, and tested to remove phosphorus and nitrogen from anaerobic digester (AD) effluent filtrate through cultivating biomass and inducing the precipitation of a mineral called struvite (NH₄MgPO₄ · 6H₂O) using a rotating algae biofilm reactor (RABR). RABRs function by rotating a growth substratum through nutrient rich water and then into the atmosphere, immersing microalgae in both sunlight and water. Photosynthesis is utilized in RABR operation to enhance struvite formation by increasing the pH value within the biofilm through the uptake of carbon dioxide from solution. Measurements of pH trended higher with depth through the biofilm when exposed to light confirming the function of photosynthesis in increasing pH and, as a consequence, struvite formation. In addition, reducing RPM allows more time for water to evaporate through exposure of the biofilm to the atmosphere and provides a management option to exceed struvite solubility product. Struvite precipitation was predicted based on chemical analysis and MINTEQ modeling of ADE, was confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, and quantified by determining ash content. Increase in pH within the biofilm was confirmed as photosynthetic photon flux density increased. While struvite precipitation and removal from wastewater is conventionally accomplished through physicochemical methods, this research is the first report of struvite enhanced formation through algae biofilm-based photosynthesis processes.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

From capture to collapse: Revisiting black hole formation by fermionic asymmetric dark matter in neutron stars

Fermionic asymmetric dark matter (ADM) can be captured in neutron stars (NSs) via scatterings with the star constituents. The absence of dark matter annihilation due to its asymmetric nature leads to ADM accumulation in the NS core, potentially reaching densities sufficient to exceed the Chandrasekhar limit and trigger its gravitational collapse into a black hole (BH), eventually consuming the NS from within. Therefore, the existence and observation of old neutron stars provide a means to constrain the properties of ADM. We revisit previous constraints on the mass and scattering cross section off neutrons of fermionic ADM across a class of models. We critically examine common simplifying approximations used in the literature to derive these limits. Our analysis includes improved treatments of dark matter capture, thermalization, BH formation, accretion, and evaporation. We find that previous results can be relaxed by a few orders of magnitude once these effects are properly accounted for.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Level Densities of 74,76 Ge from compound nuclear reactions

The level densities of 74,76 Ge nuclei are studied with 68,70 Zn( 7 Li , Xp ) reactions. Proton evaporation spectra are measured at backward angles in a wide energy region, from about 2 to 25 MeV. The analysis of spectra allows for the testing of level density models used in modern reaction codes for practical cross-section calculations. Our results show that at excitation energies above the discrete level region, all level density models tested in this work overestimate the level densities that are needed to reproduce proton spectra from these reactions. The Gilbert and Cameron model, which includes the constant-temperature energy dependence of the level density, shows the best agreement with experiment, however, its parameters need to be adjusted to reflect the observed reduction of the level density at higher excitation energies.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗