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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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A prototype battery status monitor system has been developed. The functions of the system are: (1) to provide the energy status of the battery, (2) to measure and transmit basic battery parameters, (3) to process these measurements required to determine abnormal functioning of the battery, and (4) to transmit warning signals of the abnormal condition along with a go/no go signal. The system was developed for use with the space shuttle.
This review highlights recent efforts on applying electron microscopy (EM) to soft (including biological) nanomaterials. We will show how developments of both the hardware and software of EM have enabled new insights into the formation, assembly, and functioning (e.g., energy conversion and storage, phonon/photon modulation) of these materials by providing shape, size, phase, structural, and chemical information at the nanometer or higher spatial resolution. Specifically, we first discuss standard real-space two-dimensional imaging and analytical techniques which are offered conveniently by microscopes without special holders or advanced beam technology. The discussion is then extended to recent advancements, including visualizing three-dimensional morphology of soft nanomaterials using electron tomography and its variations, identifying local structure and strain by electron diffraction, and recording motions and transformation by in situ EM. On these advancements, we cover state-of-the-art technologies designed for overcoming the technical barriers for EM to characterize soft materials as well as representative application examples. Here, the even more recent integration of machine learning and its impacts on EM are also discussed in detail. With our perspectives of future opportunities offered at the end, we expect this review to inspire and stimulate more efforts in developing and utilizing EM-based characterization methods for soft nanomaterials at the atomic to nanometer length scales in academic research and industrial applications.
Here, we develop a quantitative theory of phonon magnetic moment in doped Dirac semimetals. Our theory is based on an emergent gauge field approach to the electron-phonon coupling, applicable to gapless systems. We find that the magnetic moment is directly proportional to the electrical Hall conductivity through the phonon Hall viscosity. Our theory is combined with the first-principles calculations, allowing us to quantitatively implement it to realistic materials. Magnetic moments are found to be of the order of a Bohr magneton for Raman-active phonon modes in graphene and Cd 3 As 2 . Our results provide practical guidance for the dynamical generation of large magnetization in quantum materials.
Multisweep cyclic voltammetry for electrochemical characterization of systems for secondary battery application
Surrogate nuclear explosion debris (SNED) has emerged as a critical platform for advancing post-detonation nuclear forensic analysis in the absence of readily accessible historic materials. SNED enables controlled investigation and validation of analytical methodologies used to interrogate the chemical, isotopic, radiological, and microstructural signatures preserved in nuclear explosion debris. This review presents an integrated assessment of destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques commonly employed within decision-driven nuclear forensic workflows. Each technique is discussed individually while highlighting how it contributes to different stages of post-detonation analysis. Core methods – including gamma and alpha spectrometry, ICP-MS, TIMS, SIMS, SEM-EDS, XRF, LIBS, vibrational spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy – are critically evaluated with respect to forensic maturity, information content, and matrix limitations. Emphasis is placed on the role of SNED in benchmarking multi-modal workflows and identifying gaps in reproducing heterogeneity, fractionation, and radiation-driven evolution relevant to forensic attribution.
Active compound formation on battery nickel oxide electrode during charge, overcharge, and discharge
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Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
In formulating ideas on the relationship of gravity to the development, growth, and reproduction of microorganisms, a rather liberal definition of microorganisms is used which includes bacteria, yeasts, protists, filamentous fungi, and single cells in culture. A principal advantage of microorganisms as experimental subjects is the rigor with which they can be defined and controlled. As single cells, each cell may be regarded as identical to the others in the population. This property applies to the morphology, physiology, and genetic parameters of the cells. The growth and development of the population is subject to precise manipulation as the nutritional requirements are known and minimal media formulations have been developed. Growth and differentiation can be manipulated in a variety of ways, such as alteration of the culture temperature and food supply, or by use of mutants. Finally, the short generation times of microorganisms provide the opportunity to conduct multigenerational studies within practical time limits and, in a similar vein, cellular responses to various stimuli or stresses are conveniently monitored because of the rapid response times of single cells.
We report on a first-principles numerical study of magnetic reconnection in plasmas with different initial ion-to-electron temperature ratios. In cases where this ratio is significantly below unity, we observe intense wave activity in the diffusion region, driven by the ion-acoustic instability. Our analysis shows that the dominant macroscopic effect of this instability is to drive substantial ion heating. In contrast to earlier studies reporting significant anomalous resistivity, we find that anomalous contributions due to the ion-acoustic instability are minimal. These results shed light on the dynamical impact of this instability on reconnection processes, offering new insights into the fundamental physics governing collisionless reconnection.
Low-temperature electrochemical cells reducing iron oxides to metal in alkaline electrolytes can support fully electrified steelmaking processes. Previous studies on these cells have primarily focused on high-surface-area hematite, Fe 2 O 3 , reactants whereas attempts to reduce suspensions of magnetite, Fe 3 O 4 —one of the two feedstocks for existing ironmaking reactors—have generally been limited to low rates of reaction (<30 mA cm −2 ). Here, in this study, we control the crystalline domain size of Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 particles in 10 M NaOH electrolytes to study how the nanoscale morphology of oxides controls the rate of electrochemical ironmaking. Rotating-ring disk electrode measurements of Fe 2+ , in situ Raman spectroscopy of the electrode surface, and ex situ electron microscopy were consistent with a hypothesized passivation process at Fe 3 O 4 surfaces that may prevent the continuous formation of soluble intermediates. Sufficiently small (<100 nm diameter) oxide particles yielded Fe partial current densities >160 mA cm −2 , a fivefold increase relative to previously reported rates for Fe 3 O 4 suspensions and comparable to active Fe 2 O 3 . Electron microscopy revealed that electrodeposited films were composed of micron-scale crystalline Fe domains with a porous film of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and supports a model where Fe is grown primarily from soluble Fe 2+ intermediates. Based on these insights, inactive blast-furnace-grade iron-oxides were transformed into high surface area nanoparticles (1.6 to 229.2 m 2 g −1 ) via reprecipitation, leading to a ninefold enhancement in faradaic efficiency and an Fe partial current density of 120 mA cm −2 . When integrated with chlor-iron cells producing reagents for reprecipitation, this approach could lead to a cost-competitive process for electrochemical ironmaking from industrially relevant feedstocks.
Vapor-liquid interfaces drive many important phenomena in cryogenic fluid management, including heat transfer, evaporation, and capillary flow. Design of cryogenic fluid systems, such as propellant storage, requires accurate predictions of fluid behavior, including evaporation rates. Many models have been proposed for heat and mass transfer at vapor liquid interfaces, but the accuracy of these models in the context of cryogenic fluids has not been performed. We use molecular dynamics simulations, which allow for nanometer scale resolution of fluid phenomena, to evaluate the accuracy of a variety of vapor-liquid boundary conditions at evaporating and condensing interfaces. We find that an anisotropic temperature distribution is a critical ingredient for accurate prediction of intensive evaporation and condensation.
This Review addresses the use of X-ray and neutron scattering as well as X-ray absorption to describe how inorganic nanostructured materials assemble, evolve, and function in solution. We first provide an overview of techniques and instrumentation (both large user facilities and benchtop). We review recent studies of soluble inorganic nanostructure assembly, covering the disciplines of materials synthesis, processes in nature, nuclear materials, and the widely applicable fundamental processes of hydrophobic interactions and ion pairing. Reviewed studies cover size regimes and length scales ranging from sub-Ångström (coordination chemistry and ion pairing) to several nanometers (molecular clusters, i.e. polyoxometalates, polyoxocations, and metal-organic polyhedra), to the mesoscale (supramolecular assembly processes). Reviewed studies predominantly exploit 1) SAXS/WAXS/SANS (small- and wide-angle X-ray or neutron scattering), 2) PDF (pair-distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering), and 3) XANES and EXAFS (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively). While the scattering techniques provide structural information, X-ray absorption yields the oxidation state in addition to the local coordination. Our goal for this Review is to provide information and inspiration for the inorganic/materials science communities that may benefit from elucidating the role of solution speciation in natural and synthetic processes.
A state of the art review of the aerodynamic design and testing of modern propellers, acoustic and vibration environmental problems and their solutions, and considerations in the integration of the propeller(s) and airframe is presented. Propellers have recently become a focus of attention after having been neglected for many years. The efficient use of propellers as a propulsion medium up to Mach 0.6 was realized at the expense of high noise and vibration. Since the mid-1970s there have been many developments, including the propfan, with an aerodynamic efficiency of 80% at Mach 0.8 now seriously challenges the fanjet. The advent of the supercritical airfoil is another significant development beginning to influence propeller design.
invited perspective article: The rapid demand for critical minerals (CMs) and hydrogen (H2) necessitates innovative solutions beyond conventional mining. This study explores enhanced mineral recovery (EMR) and geological hydrogen production (GeoH2) by leveraging the Earth’s subsurface as a reactive platform. Using ultramafic rocks and engineered fluids, the approach simultaneously mobilizes critical resources and produces H2 through natural processes like serpentinization. This paradigm offers a transformative pathway to secure essential materials and diversify energy resources, setting a foundation for the Terrestrial Mine of the Future
Abstract Li‐rich layered chalcogenides have recently led to better understanding of the anionic redox process and its associated high capacity while providing ways to overcome its practical limitations of voltage fade and irreversibility. This study reports on the feasibility of triggering anionic activity in Li 2 TiS 3 , through anionic substitution (Se for S) or cationic substitution (Fe for Ti). Herein, the chalcogenide chemical space is further explored to prepare mono‐substituted Li 1.7 Ti 0.85 Mn 0.45 Ch 3 (Ch = S/Se) and doubly substituted cationic and anionic phases (Li 1.7 Ti 0.85 Fe 0.45 S 3‐z Se z ) which crystallize either in the O3‐ or O1‐type structures depending upon substituents. All series show a bell‐shape capacity variation as function of the transition metal (TM) substitution degree with values up to 240 mAh g −1 . For specific compositions, a structural O3 to O1 phase transition is observed upon Li removal, which is not reversible upon Li re‐insertion due to kinetic limitations and negatively affects long‐term cycling performance. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the O3/O1 relative stability along the different series and point subtle electronic differences in the TM‐doping, rationalizing the structural and electrochemical behaviors of these phases upon cycling. These findings provide further insights into the link between structural and electronic stability, which is of key importance for designing chalcogenide‐based anionic redox compounds.
As a part of the long-range planning of future Mars and lunar missions, a feasibility study was made of a 34-m antenna system with differentially pointed multiple beams. The performance loss mechanisms of the differentially pointed multiple-beam systems were identified and quantified. Techniques that can significantly improve the multiple-beam system performance are identified. The goal is to determine the feasibility of using the 34-m antenna to support widely separated elements associated with lunar missions.