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At least 91 records · Page 5

Focusing with saw-tooth refractive lenses at a high-energy X-ray beamline

The Advanced Photon Source 1-ID beamline, operating in the 40–140 keV X-ray energy range, has successfully employed continuously tunable saw-tooth refractive lenses to routinely deliver beams focused in both one and two dimensions to experiments for over 15 years. The practical experience of implementing such lenses, made of silicon and aluminium, is presented, including their properties, control, alignment, and diagnostic methods, achieving ∼1 µm focusing (vertically). Ongoing development and prospects towards submicrometre focusing at these high energies are also mentioned.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

12.3% Efficient Lifted-Off and Reconstructed As-Doped CdTe Thin Film Solar Cell

CdTe:As devices grown by MOCVD in the superstrate configuration have been reconfigured to a substrate structure, by employing a cleaving and reconstruction technique. Indium and aluminium doped Zinc oxide (IZO and AZO) layers were used as the transparent front interface without a metal grid. A substrate efficiency of 12.3% was realized with AZO front contact, retaining 80% of the superstrate device efficiency and an impressive approximately 99% of the open-circuit voltage. The IZO-based substrate device on the other hand performed at approximately 69 % retained efficiency. The crucial role of front interfaces is highlighted by the two contacts used here. The results in this work show promise for the development of highly efficient substrate CdTe:As devices.

II-VI semiconductor materials↗

Quasiparticle Generation-Recombination Noise in the Limit of Low Detector Volume

We have measured the quasiparticle generation-recombination (GR) noise in aluminium lumped element kinetic inductors with a wide range of detector volumes at various temperatures. The basic detector consists of meandering inductor and interdigitated capacitor fingers. The inductor volume is varied from 2 to 153 mu m(3) by changing the inductor width and length to maintain a constant inductance. We started with measuring the power spectrum density (PSD) of the detectors frequency noise which is a function of GR noise and we clearly observed the spectrum roll off at 10 kHz which corresponds to the quasiparticle lifetime. Using data from a temperature sweep of the resonator frequency we convert the frequency fluctuation to quasiparticle fluctuation and observe its strong dependence on detector volume: detectors with smaller volume display less quasiparticle noise amplitude. Meanwhile we observe a saturated quasiparticle density at low temperature from all detectors as the quasiparticle life time tqp approaches a constant value at low temperature.

Li, Juliang↗

Multimodal correlative imaging and modelling of phosphorus uptake from soil by hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi

Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) aid its uptake by acquiring P from sources distant from roots in return for carbon. Little is known about how AMF colonise soil pore-space, and models of AMF-enhanced P-uptake are poorly validated. We used synchrotron X-ray computed tomography to visualize mycorrhizas in soil and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence/X-ray absorption near edge structure (XRF/XANES) elemental mapping for P, sulphur (S) and aluminium (Al) in combination with modelling. We found that AMF inoculation had a suppressive effect on colonisation by other soil fungi and identified differences in structure and growth rate between hyphae of AMF and nonmycorrhizal fungi. Our results showed that AMF co-locate with areas of high P and low Al, and preferentially associate with organic-type P species over Al-rich inorganic P. We discovered that AMF avoid Al-rich areas as a source of P. Sulphur-rich regions were found to be correlated with higher hyphal density and an increased organic-associated P-pool, whilst oxidized S-species were found close to AMF hyphae. Increased S oxidation close to AMF suggested the observed changes were microbiome-related. Our experimentally-validated model led to an estimate of P-uptake by AMF hyphae that is an order of magnitude lower than rates previously estimated – a result with significant implications for the modelling of plant–soil–AMF interactions.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Advancements in Constitutive Model Calibration: Leveraging the Power of Full‐Field DIC Measurements and In Situ Load Path Selection for Reliable Parameter Inference

Accurate material characterization and model calibration are essential for computationally supported high-consequence engineering decisions. Historically, characterization and calibration methods (1) use simplified test specimen geometries and global data, (2) cannot guarantee that sufficient characterization data are collected for a specific model of interest, (3) use deterministic methods that provide best-fit parameter values with no uncertainty quantification, and (4) are sequential, inflexible, and time-consuming. This work brings together several recent advancements into an improved workflow called interlaced characterization and calibration (ICC) that advances the state-of-the-art in constitutive model calibration. The ICC paradigm (1) employs tools to efficiently use full-field data to calibrate high-fidelity material models, (2) aligns the data needed with the data collected by adopting an optimal experimental design protocol, (3) quantifies parameter uncertainty through Bayesian inference and (4) incorporates these advancements into a quasi real-time feedback loop. The ICC framework is demonstrated here on the calibration of a material model using simulated full-field data for an aluminium cruciform specimen being deformed biaxially. The cruciform is actively driven through the myopically preferred load path using Bayesian optimal experimental design, which selects load steps that yield the maximum expected information gain (EIG). Principal component analysis (PCA) is performed on the model predictions of full-field displacements, and fast surrogate models are built to approximate the input-output relationships of the expensive finite element model. Furthermore, the tools developed and demonstrated here show that high-fidelity constitutive models can be efficiently and reliably calibrated with quantified uncertainty, thus supporting credible decision-making and potentially increasing the agility of solid mechanics modelling by enabling utilization of computational simulations at earlier stages of the design cycle.

Bayesian optimal experimental design↗

Stabilization of garnet/Li interphase by diluting the electronic conductor

The high interfacial resistance and lithium (Li) dendrite growth are two major challenges for solid-state Li batteries (SSLBs). The lack of understanding on the correlations between electronic conductivity and Li dendrite formation limits the success of SSLBs. Here, by diluting the electronic conductor from the interphase to bulk Li during annealing of the aluminium nitride (AlN) interlayer, we changed the interphase from mixed ionic/electronic conductive to solely ionic conductive, and from lithiophilic to lithiophobic to fundamentally understand the correlation among electronic conductivity, Li dendrite, and interfacial resistance. During the conversion-alloy reaction between AlN and Li, the lithiophilic and electronic conductive Li x Al diffused into Li, forming a compact lithiophobic and ionic conductive Li 3 N, which achieved an ultrahigh critical current density of 2.6/14.0 mA/cm 2 in the time/capacity-constant mode, respectively. The fundamental understanding on the effect of interphase nature on interfacial resistance and Li dendrite suppression will provide guidelines for designing high-performance SSLBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

Materials Data on AlPt3C by Materials Project

CPt3Al is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one aluminium molecule and one CPt3 framework. In the CPt3 framework, Pt+0.33+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent C4- atoms. Both Pt–C bond lengths are 2.09 Å. C4- is bonded to six equivalent Pt+0.33+ atoms to form corner-sharing CPt6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AlSbO3 by Materials Project

AlSbO3 is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one aluminium molecule and one SbO3 framework. In the SbO3 framework, Sb3+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form corner-sharing SbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Sb–O bond lengths are 2.03 Å. O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Sb3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AlAgO3 by Materials Project

AlAgO3 is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one aluminium molecule and one AgO3 framework. In the AgO3 framework, Ag3+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form corner-sharing AgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ag–O bond lengths are 2.00 Å. O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Ag3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AlWO3 by Materials Project

WO3Al is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one aluminium molecule and one WO3 framework. In the WO3 framework, W3+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing WO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.00 Å) and two longer (2.05 Å) W–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent W3+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent W3+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent W3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AlGaBr4 by Materials Project

AlGaBr4 is Silicon tetrafluoride-derived structured and crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnna space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four aluminium molecules and four GaBr4 clusters. In each GaBr4 cluster, Ga is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four Br atoms. There are two shorter (2.37 Å) and two longer (2.39 Å) Ga–Br bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ga atom. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Ga atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Materials Data on AlC by Materials Project

AlC crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of twenty-four aluminium molecules and one AlC5 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the AlC5 sheet, there are six inequivalent Al3+ sites. In the first Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to three C3- atoms. There are a spread of Al–C bond distances ranging from 2.17–2.46 Å. In the second Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two C3- atoms. There are one shorter (2.05 Å) and one longer (2.31 Å) Al–C bond lengths. In the third Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two C3- atoms. There are one shorter (2.05 Å) and one longer (2.32 Å) Al–C bond lengths. In the fourth Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded in a water-like geometry to two C3- atoms. Both Al–C bond lengths are 2.27 Å. In the fifth Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C3- atom. The Al–C bond length is 2.07 Å. In the sixth Al3+ site, Al3+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C3- atom. The Al–C bond length is 2.07 Å. There are thirty inequivalent C3- sites. In the first C3- site, C3- is bonded to one Al3+ and three C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CAlC3 tetrahedra. There are a spread of C–C bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.60 Å. In the second C3- site, C3- is bonded to one Al3+ and three C3- atoms to form corner-sharing CAlC3 tetrahedra. There are a spread of C–C bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.59 Å. In the third C3- site, C3- is bonded to one Al3+ and three C3- atoms to form corner-sharing CAlC3 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.44 Å) and two longer (1.57 Å) C–C bond length. In the fourth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three C3- atoms. There are a spread of C–C bond distances ranging from 1.44–1.56 Å. In the fifth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to two Al3+ and three C3- atoms. There are a spread of C–C bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.63 Å. In the sixth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a distorted pentagonal planar geometry to two Al3+ and three C3- atoms. Both C–C bond lengths are 1.63 Å. In the seventh C3- site, C3- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three C3- atoms. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and one longer (1.56 Å) C–C bond length. In the eighth C3- site, C3- is bonded to one Al3+ and three C3- atoms to form corner-sharing CAlC3 tetrahedra. Both C–C bond lengths are 1.57 Å. In the ninth C3- site, C3- is bonded to one Al3+ and three C3- atoms to form corner-sharing CAlC3 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.58 Å) and one longer (1.59 Å) C–C bond length. In the tenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to one Al3+ and three C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CAlC3 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.58 Å) and one longer (1.60 Å) C–C bond length. In the eleventh C3- site, C3- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Al3+ and four C3- atoms. Both C–C bond lengths are 1.53 Å. In the twelfth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and one longer (1.56 Å) C–C bond length. In the thirteenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and one longer (1.54 Å) C–C bond length. In the fourteenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and one longer (1.54 Å) C–C bond length. In the fifteenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.55 Å) and one longer (1.56 Å) C–C bond length. In the sixteenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. Both C–C bond lengths are 1.52 Å. In the seventeenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and one longer (1.56 Å) C–C bond length. In the eighteenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. Both C–C bond lengths are 1.54 Å. In the nineteenth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.53 Å) and one longer (1.56 Å) C–C bond length. In the twentieth C3- site, C3- is bonded to four C3- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CC4 tetrahedra. Both C–C bond lengths are 1.52 Å. In the twenty-first C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-second C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-third C3- site, C3- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-fourth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-fifth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-sixth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-seventh C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-eighth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two C3- atoms. In the twenty-ninth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms. In the thirtieth C3- site, C3- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two C3- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Performance Analysis and Radiation Damage Estimation of the Stopping Target Monitor Detectors in Mu2e

The Mu2e experiment aims to search for the charged lepton flavour violating (CLFV) process of a coherent, neutrinoless, conversion of a muon into an electron within the proximity of an aluminium nucleus. Mu2e seeks to measure the ratio (R μe ) of the rate of this conversion process, relative to that of ordinary muon capture. Mu2e will achieve world-leading sensitivity, improving the current limit of Rμe < 7 ×10 -13 (90% C.L.),set by the SINDRUM-II experiment, by an order of 104. This corresponds to a single-event sensitivity of Rμe < 2.87 × 10 -17 (90% C.L.). Many beyond Standard Model (BSM) theories require CLFV to occur at a rate accessible by Mu2e. Any observation of CLFV at Mu2e would have profound implications on particle physics. The Stopping Target Monitor (STM) will be comprised of both a HPGe and a LaBr3 detector which will monitor the signals of photons produced in stopped-muon processes to a required accuracy of 10%. To achieve the desired sensitivity, it is imperative that the detectors perform at their optimal level. The STM detectors are placed within a harsh radiation environment in the form of a high energy ‘flash’ of gamma radiation as well as a flux of fast neutrons. Estimations of radiation damage to HPGe in literature is limited. This thesis reports an approach which utilizes the Kinetic-Energy Released in Matter (KERMA) parameter that considers the energy dependence of the incident flux and the cross-section information for the incident particle. Resampling schemes have been adopted to give a realistic rate over the experiment run time. The results have then been normalized to the radiation damage caused by a 252 Cf source. The estimated time before annealing of the detector is necessary is found to be 75 and 78 months in the case of neutron damage and τ ~ 24 years, 11 months in the case of electron/positron induced damage. This shows significant improvement on the previous estimations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Near-Infrared Noise in Intense Electron Beams

Requirements for the noise in electron beams (NEB) have recently approached the Shot-noise level in some new applications. The density fluctuations of intense beams in the near-infrared (NIR) region are being measured at the Fermilab Accelerator Science and Technology (FAST) facility. The main goal of the experiment is to accurately compare the Shot-noise model with the observations of optical transition radiation (OTR) generated by a relativistic electron beam ($\gamma \approx 63$), transiting an Aluminium metal surface. In addition, some evidence for longitudinal space-charge-induced microbunching for the chicane-compressed beam was obtained with coherent enhancements up to 100 in the various bandwidth-filtered NIR OTR photodiode signals. With micropulse charges up to 1 nC, the beam parameters are close to those proposed for a stage in an Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) with coherent electron cooling (CEC). In this paper we present the current progress of the NEB project and compare the low electron energy measurements with ImpactX simulations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Study of Mechanical Grinding Effects on Niobium Surface

Mechanical grinding is commonly employed to eliminate surface defects such as scratches and pits from niobium cavity surfaces or sheets before cavity fabrication. Subsequently, chemically buffered polishing or electropolishing is often utilized to completely remove residues of the polishing media and any defects induced by mechanical grinding, ensuring a pristine surface. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation to assess the influence of mechanical grinding using silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) polishing media on niobium surfaces. Additionally, the study examines the effects of post-mechanical grinding chemical treatments on surface quality.

Chouhan, V.↗

Atomically Precise Ultra-High Performance 2D MicroElectronics

Zyvex Labs has created several p-n junction devices with a variety of gaps between the boron and phosphorus electrodes, from 0-7.7 nm, which are now being measured. We have developed a different contacting process based on palladium disilicide rather than aluminium to improve the reliability of the device contacts. Preliminary measurements indicate that these new contacts are successfully contacting the buried dopant layers, which are intact after the overgrowth process. Modelling of the p-n junction properties has made good progress, with the model matching previous published data, and modelling of n-p-n junction devices has begun. This now awaits experimental validation.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Resonant Extraction and Extinction Measurement for the Mu2e Experiment

The Mu2e experiment, currently under construction at Fermilab, will search for coherent neutrinoless muon to electron conversion, extending the sensitivity of searches for charged lepton flavour violation by four orders of magnitude in 3-5 years of data-taking. This improved sensitivity is made possible by using a pulsed beam structure that is optimized for reducing prompt backgrounds when muons are stopped on an aluminium target. Producing a high-rate pulsed beam is achieved using resonant extraction of a circulating proton beam, an “AC dipole” with a time-varying field to deflect out-of-time protons, and a system to measure the extinction of out-of-time beam particles incident on the muon production target. These proceedings summarize the systems that have been designed to achieve the required level of extinction and to continuously place limits on the presence of out-of-time beam hitting the production target with a sensitivity of <1e-10.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Broad Frequency Shift of Parametric Processes in Epsilon-Near-Zero Time-Varying Media

The ultrafast changes of material properties induced by short laser pulses can lead to a frequency shift of reflected and transmitted radiation. Recent reports highlight how such a frequency shift is enhanced in spectral regions where the material features a near-zero real part of the permittivity. Here, we investigate the frequency shift for fields generated by four-wave mixing. In our experiment, we observed a frequency shift of more than 60 nm (compared to the pulse width of ~40 nm) in the phase conjugated radiation generated by a 500 nm aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO) film pumped close to the epsilon-near-zero wavelength. Our results indicate applications of time-varying media for nonlinear optics and frequency conversion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗