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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Track vs Shower Discrimination in the Event Reconstruction of the ICARUS Experiment

The ICARUS collaboration has employed the 760-ton T600 liquid argon TPC detector in a successful three-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratory, performing a sensitive search for LSND-like anomalous appearance in the CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso beam, which contributed to the constraints on the allowed neutrino oscillation parameters to a narrow region around 1 eV. After a significant overhaul at CERN, the T600 detector has been installed at Fermilab. The detector commissioning phase lasted until June 2022, then ICARUS moved to data taking for neutrino oscillation physics collecting events from the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam off-axis. The initial experiment goals are to either confirm or refute the claim by Neutrino-4 short-baseline reactor experiment, perform measurements of neutrino cross sections with the NuMI beam and several Beyond Standard Model searches. Then, ICARUS will jointly search for evidence of sterile neutrinos with the Short-Baseline Near Detector (SBND). In this contribution, we discuss recent changes to the standard TPC event reconstruction that uses Pandora, a pattern recognition software common to liquid argon-based detectors. In particular, we performed a new training of the Boosted Decision Tree (BDT) employed to separate track-like and shower-like reconstructed particles using Monte Carlo simulations of neutrino events from BNB in ICARUS. We compare the discrimination capabilities of the old and new BDT training and discuss further improvements of this algorithm.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

MaPSA Quality Control and AI-Enhanced Grading For the CMS Phase-II Tracker Upgrade

The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment will undergo changes as part of the Large Hadron Collider upgrade. The CMS tracker will be upgraded to cope with the new radiation environment and to provide tracking at the first level trigger. This upgrade features a new type of silicon module called PS Module, which combines a Pixel sensor and a Strip sensor in the same module. The pixel portion of the PS module has a sensor bump bonded to 16 Macro Pixel ASICs (MPA) to form a Macro Pixel Sub Assembly (MaPSA). At Fermilab, MaPSAs are tested for quality control before being assembled with the strip sensors, readout and service electronics to form a PS Module. All of this test data is stored in a centralized database, and is used to grade the final module to determine if it will be installed in the detector. The Phase II Outer Tracker Analyzer of Test Outputs (POTATO) is the software that processes this data and determines the module grades. Using recent technologies, an AI agent is being im plemented into POTATO in order to allow users to more efficiently sort through the large amounts of analysis data and ensure that only the user specified data is being considered. This poster will display the process of testing a MaPSA, how that test data is relevant to module assembly and grading, and how the POTATO grading tool is being improved with the use of an embedded AI agent.

Gzamouranis, Olivia [Purdue U.]↗
DOE OSTI2022

Exploration of methods to remove implanted 210 Pb and 210 Po contamination from silicon surfaces

Radioactive contaminants on the surfaces of detector components can be a problematic source of background events for physics experiments searching for rare processes. Exposure to radon is a specific concern because it can result in the relatively long-lived 210 Pb (and progeny) being implanted to significant subsurface depths such that removal is challenging. Here, in this article, we present results from a broad exploration of cleaning treatments to remove implanted 210 Pb and 210 Po contamination from silicon, which is a material frequently used in rare-events searches. We demonstrate for the first time that heat treatments (“baking”) can effectively mitigate such surface contamination, with a 1200 °C bake resulting in a 97$^{+2}_{-3}$% reduction. We also report results using wet-chemistry and plasma-based methods, which show that etching can be highly effective provided the etch depth is sufficiently aggressive. Our survey of cleaning methods suggests consideration of multiple approaches during the different phases of detector construction to enable greater flexibility for efficient removal of 210 Pb and 210 Po surface contamination.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Design and development of the DAQ and Timing Hub for CMS Phase-2

The CMS detector will undergo a major upgrade for Phase-2 of the LHC program, starting around 2026. The upgraded Level-1 hardware trigger will select events at a rate of 750 kHz. At an expected event size of 7.4 MB this corresponds to a data rate of up to 50 Tbit/s.Optical links will carry the signals from on-detector front-end electronics to back-end electronics in ATCA crates in the service cavern. A DAQ and Timing Hub board aggregates data streams from back-end boards over point-to-point links, provides buffering and transmits the data to the commercial data-to-surface network for processing and storage. This hub board is also responsible for the distribution of timing, control and trigger signals to the back-ends.This paper presents the current development towards the DAQ and Timing Hub and the design of the first prototype, to be used as for validation and integration with the first back-end prototypes in 2019-2020.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Multiframe X-ray diffraction on the OMEGA EP laser

A method of measuring multiple temporally resolved powder x-ray diffraction measurements during a single dynamic compression laser experiment has been demonstrated on the OMEGA EP laser. Up to four time-gated snapshots of the x-ray diffraction pattern are collected on an ultrafast x-ray framing camera with a 2θ scattering angle coverage of 48°–65° and 400-ps temporal resolution with the potential for 10°–160° and 200-ps resolution. X-ray diffraction snapshots capture the transformation to a high-pressure β phase in ramp-compressed Zr, constraining the atomic structure and pressure–density equation-of-state in a single shot. Here, this platform will be used to constrain transition pressures, understand the role of kinetics, and verify the existence of hysteresis and metastability on phase transformations at the lattice level under single-shot dynamic compression.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2018

LUX trigger efficiency

The Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX) searches for dark matter using a dual-phase xenon detector. LUX uses a custom-developed trigger system for event selection. Here, the trigger efficiency, which is defined as the probability that an event of interest is selected for offline analysis, is studied using raw data obtained from both electron recoil (ER) and nuclear recoil (NR) calibrations. The measured efficiency exceeds 98% at a pulse area of 90 detected photons, which is well below the WIMP analysis threshold on the S2 pulse area. The efficiency also exceeds 98% at recoil energies of 1.3 keV and above, for both ER and NR. In conclusion, the measured trigger efficiency varies between 99% and 100% over the fiducial volume of the detector.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Federated Access from DOE Labs to Distributed Storage in the EIC Era of Computing

The Electron Ion Collider (EIC) collaboration and future experiment is a unique scientific ecosystem within Nuclear Physics as the experiment starts right off as a crosscollaboration between Brookhaven National Lab (BNL) & Jefferson Lab (JLab). As a result, this muti-lab computing model tries at best to provide services accessible from anywhere by anyone who is part of the collaboration. While the computing model for the EIC is not finalized, it is anticipated that the computational and storage resources will be made accessible to a wide range of collaborators across the world. The use of federated ID seems to be a critical element to the strategy of providing such services, allowing seamless access to each lab site computing resources. However, providing Federated access to a Federated storage is not a trivial matter and has its share of technical challenges. In this contribution, we focus on the steps we took towards the deployment of a distributed object storage system that integrates with Amazon S3 and Federated ID. We will first cover for and explain the first stage storage solutions provided to the EIC during the detector design phase. Our initial test deployment consisted of Lustre storage using MinIO, hence providing an S3 interface. High Availability load balancers were added later to provide the initial scalability it lacked. Performance of that system will be shown. While this embryonic solution worked well, it had many limitations. Looking ahead, the Ceph object storage is considered a top-of-the-line solution in the storage community - since the Ceph Object Gateway is compatible with the Amazon S3 API out of the box, our next phase will use a native S3 storage. Our Ceph deployment will consist of erasure coded storage nodes to maximize storage potential along with multiple Ceph Object Gateways for redundant access. We will compare performance of our next stage implementations. Finally, we will present how to leverage OpenID Connect with the Ceph Object Gateway’s to enable Federated ID access. We hope this contribution will serve the community needs as we move forward with cross-lab collaborations and the need for Federated ID access to distributed compute facilities.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

A free-standing wire scattering technique to monitor calibration variations of the DIII-D density profile reflectometer

Real-time phase calibration of the ITER profile reflectometer is essential due to the long plasma duration and expected waveguide path length changes during a discharge. Progress has been recently made in addressing this issue by employing a phase calibration technique on DIII-D that monitors calibration variations that occur during each plasma discharge. By installing a thin free-standing metallic wire (1 mm diameter) near the end of the overmoded waveguide transmission system (oriented perpendicular to the waveguide axis), the round-trip phase shift from the wire is detected simultaneously with the plasma phase shifts. Variations in the reflectometer round trip path length (-26 m) are then calculated after each DIII-D plasma discharge, allowing the calibration phase to be accurately monitored and updated. The round-trip reflectometer path length is observed to vary by -3 mm (root mean square value) during a typical DIII-D discharge. Using the variations in calibration phase, the density profile measurement accuracy can be improved. Since the wire retro-reflected power is -0.01 of the plasma signal, minimal effect is observed on the reflected signal from the plasma. Importantly, through a suitable choice in wire diameter, the calibration signal can be made approximately independent of the V-band reflectometer launch polarization. Furthermore, this is particularly important on DIII-D since orthogonal X- and O-mode polarized beams are coupled into the same transmission waveguide and launch antenna.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

The 4D Camera: An 87 kHz Direct Electron Detector for Scanning/Transmission Electron Microscopy

We describe the development, operation, and application of the 4D Camera—a 576 by 576 pixel active pixel sensor for scanning/transmission electron microscopy which operates at 87,000 Hz. The detector generates data at ~480 Gbit/s which is captured by dedicated receiver computers with a parallelized software infrastructure that has been implemented to process the resulting 10–700 Gigabyte-sized raw datasets. The back illuminated detector provides the ability to detect single electron events at accelerating voltages from 30 to 300 kV. Through electron counting, the resulting sparse data sets are reduced in size by 10--300× compared to the raw data, and open-source sparsity-based processing algorithms offer rapid data analysis. The high frame rate allows for large and complex scanning diffraction experiments to be accomplished with typical scanning transmission electron microscopy scanning parameters.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter experiment

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a next generation dark matter direct detection experiment that will operate 4850 feet underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. Using a two-phase xenon detector with an active mass of 7 tonnes, LZ will search primarily for low-energy interactions with Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), which are hypothesized to make up the dark matter in our galactic halo. In this paper, the projected WIMP sensitivity of LZ is presented based on the latest background estimates and simulations of the detector. For a 1000 live day run using a 5.6 tonne fiducial mass, LZ is projected to exclude at 90% confidence level spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross sections above $1.6 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a 40 $\mathrm{GeV}/c^{2}$ mass WIMP. Additionally, a $5\sigma$ discovery potential is projected reaching cross sections below the existing and projected exclusion limits of similar experiments that are currently operating. For spin-dependent WIMP-neutron(-proton) scattering, a sensitivity of $2.7 \times 10^{-43}$ cm$^{2}$ ($8.1 \times 10^{-42}$ cm$^{2}$) for a 40 $\mathrm{GeV}/c^{2}$ mass WIMP is expected. With underground installation well underway, LZ is on track for commissioning at SURF in 2020.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Beyond Classical Searches: Enabling New Discovery Potential at the LHC (Final Technical Report)

The major goals of this project are: • 1. Employ Machine Learning to solve combinatorial problems in searches for new physics phenomena, with a focus on multijet signatures. • 2. Enable high-precision tracking for CMS at the HL-LHC by carrying out the Outer Tracker project for the Phase-II detector upgrade. Compared to the original proposal, the scope is reduced due to reduced resources in final award. In particular, the program of long-lived particle searches was descoped at that time due to lack of resources.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Projected WIMP Sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a next generation dark matter direct detection experiment that will operate 4850 feet underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. Using a two-phase xenon detector with an active mass of 7 tonnes, LZ will search primarily for low-energy interactions with Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), which are hypothesized to make up the dark matter in our galactic halo. In this paper, the projected WIMP sensitivity of LZ is presented based on the latest background estimates and simulations of the detector. For a 1000 live day run using a 5.6 tonne fiducial mass, LZ is projected to exclude at 90% confidence level spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross sections above $1.6 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a 40 $\mathrm{GeV}/c^{2}$ mass WIMP. Additionally, a $5\sigma$ discovery potential is projected reaching cross sections below the existing and projected exclusion limits of similar experiments that are currently operating. For spin-dependent WIMP-neutron(-proton) scattering, a sensitivity of $2.7 \times 10^{-43}$ cm$^{2}$ ($8.1 \times 10^{-42}$ cm$^{2}$) for a 40 $\mathrm{GeV}/c^{2}$ mass WIMP is expected. With construction well underway, LZ is on track for underground installation at SURF in 2019 and will start collecting data in 2020.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2019

Particle tracks recorded by ProtoDUNE

This 3-D display shows particle tracks recorded by ProtoDUNE. The video shows the full size of the single-phase ProtoDUNE detector (white box) and the direction of the particle beam (yellow arrow). Particles from other sources (such as cosmic rays) can be seen throughout the white box, while the red box highlights the region of interest: in this case, an interaction resulting from the particle beam passing through the detector. Event information, such as the momentum of particles in the beam and time of interaction, are located in the lower left corner. A selection of 3-D events from ProtoDUNE-SP are available in an online gallery developed by Chao Zhang of Brookhaven National Laboratory (https://www.phy.bnl.gov/twister/bee/s...) for curious minds that want to play with the interface. Learn more about ProtoDUNE here: http://news.fnal.gov/2019/01/success-... And learn more about DUNE here: http://www.fnal.gov/dune

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enhancing the sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment to low energy signals

Two-phase xenon detectors, such as that at the core of the forthcoming LZ dark matter experiment, use photomultiplier tubes to sense the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) scintillation signals resulting from particle interactions in their liquid xenon target. This paper describes a simulation study exploring two techniques to lower the energy threshold of LZ to gain sensitivity to low-mass dark matter and astrophysical neutrinos, which will be applicable to other liquid xenon detectors. The energy threshold is determined by the number of detected S1 photons; typically, these must be recorded in three or more photomultiplier channels to avoid dark count coincidences that mimic real signals. To lower this threshold: a) we take advantage of the double photoelectron emission effect, whereby a single vacuum ultraviolet photon has a $\sim20\%$ probability of ejecting two photoelectrons from a photomultiplier tube photocathode; and b) we drop the requirement of an S1 signal altogether, and use only the ionization signal, which can be detected more efficiently. For both techniques we develop signal and background models for the nominal exposure, and explore accompanying systematic effects, including the dependence on the free electron lifetime in the liquid xenon. When incorporating double photoelectron signals, we predict a factor of $\sim 4$ sensitivity improvement to the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross-section at $2.5$ GeV/c$^2$, and a factor of $\sim1.6$ increase in the solar $^8$B neutrino detection rate. Dropping the S1 requirement may allow sensitivity gains of two orders of magnitude in both cases. Finally, we apply these techniques to even lower masses by taking into account the atomic Migdal effect; this could lower the dark matter particle mass threshold to $80$ MeV/c$^2$.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2021

Enhancing the sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment to low energy signals

Two-phase xenon detectors, such as that at the core of the forthcoming LZ dark matter experiment, use photomultiplier tubes to sense the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) scintillation signals resulting from particle interactions in their liquid xenon target. This paper describes a simulation study exploring two techniques to lower the energy threshold of LZ to gain sensitivity to low-mass dark matter and astrophysical neutrinos, which will be applicable to other liquid xenon detectors. The energy threshold is determined by the number of detected S1 photons; typically, these must be recorded in three or more photomultiplier channels to avoid dark count coincidences that mimic real signals. To lower this threshold: a) we take advantage of the double photoelectron emission effect, whereby a single vacuum ultraviolet photon has a $\sim20\%$ probability of ejecting two photoelectrons from a photomultiplier tube photocathode; and b) we drop the requirement of an S1 signal altogether, and use only the ionization signal, which can be detected more efficiently. For both techniques we develop signal and background models for the nominal exposure, and explore accompanying systematic effects, including the dependence on the free electron lifetime in the liquid xenon. When incorporating double photoelectron signals, we predict a factor of $\sim 4$ sensitivity improvement to the dark matter-nucleon scattering cross-section at $2.5$ GeV/c$^2$, and a factor of $\sim1.6$ increase in the solar $^8$B neutrino detection rate. Dropping the S1 requirement may allow sensitivity gains of two orders of magnitude in both cases. Finally, we apply these techniques to even lower masses by taking into account the atomic Migdal effect; this could lower the dark matter particle mass threshold to $80$ MeV/c$^2$.

Akerib, DS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Doping liquid argon with xenon in ProtoDUNE Single-Phase: effects on scintillation light

Doping of liquid argon TPCs (LArTPCs) with a small concentration of xenon is a technique for light-shifting and facilitates the detection of the liquid argon scintillation light. In this paper, we present the results of the first doping test ever performed in a kiloton-scale LArTPC. From February to May 2020, we carried out this special run in the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype (ProtoDUNE-SP) at CERN, featuring 720 t of total liquid argon mass with 410 t of fiducial mass. A 5.4 ppm nitrogen contamination was present during the xenon doping campaign. The goal of the run was to measure the light and charge response of the detector to the addition of xenon, up to a concentration of 18.8 ppm. The main purpose was to test the possibility for reduction of non-uniformities in light collection, caused by deployment of photon detectors only within the anode planes. Light collection was analysed as a function of the xenon concentration, by using the pre-existing photon detection system (PDS) of ProtoDUNE-SP and an additional smaller set-up installed specifically for this run. In this paper we first summarize our current understanding of the argon-xenon energy transfer process and the impact of the presence of nitrogen in argon with and without xenon dopant. We then describe the key elements of ProtoDUNE-SP and the injection method deployed. Two dedicated photon detectors were able to collect the light produced by xenon and the total light. The ratio of these components was measured to be about 0.65 as 18.8 ppm of xenon were injected. We performed studies of the collection efficiency as a function of the distance between tracks and light detectors, demonstrating enhanced uniformity of response for the anode-mounted PDS. We also show that xenon doping can substantially recover light losses due to contamination of the liquid argon by nitrogen.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2017

The Single-Phase ProtoDUNE Technical Design Report

ProtoDUNE-SP is the single-phase DUNE Far Detector prototype that is under construction and will be operated at the CERN Neutrino Platform (NP) starting in 2018. ProtoDUNE-SP, a crucial part of the DUNE effort towards the construction of the first DUNE 10-kt fiducial mass far detector module (17 kt total LAr mass), is a significant experiment in its own right. With a total liquid argon (LAr) mass of 0.77 kt, it represents the largest monolithic single-phase LArTPC detector to be built to date. It's technical design is given in this report.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗