Evaluating the Potential Benefits of Electrical Energy Storage: Sterling Municipal Light Department.
Abstract not provided.
Byrne, Raymond H.↗
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The undersea habitat as a space station analog: Evaluation of research and training potential
An evaluation is given of the utility of undersea habitats for both research and training on behavioral issues relative to the space station. The feasibility of a particular habitat, La Chalupa, is discussed.
Helmreich, Robert L.↗
Nuclear characterization of a general-purpose instrumentation and materials testing location in TREAT
The Transient Reactor Test facility (TREAT) was constructed in the late 1950s, provided thousands of transient irradiations before being placed in standby in 1994, and resumed operations in 2017 in order to reclaim its crucial role in nuclear-heated safety research. The latter half of TREAT’s historic operation was best known for integral-scale testing of fuel specimens under postulated reactor plant accident conditions, while TREAT’s earlier history included extensive simpler phenomena identification tests that elucidated fundamental behaviors and paved the way for these integral-scale tests. Advances in modern computational capabilities and a resurgence of interest in novel reactor technology have created an opportunity for emphasizing modernized science-based and separate effects test capabilities once again at TREAT. An innovative approach to this type of testing has been developed to leverage minor radioactivity built-in during brief TREAT irradiations in low activation hardware to facilitate handling for materials and instrumentation testing. This capability, termed the Minimal Activation Retrievable Capsule Holder (MARCH) irradiation vehicle system, will be used for inaugural fueled experiments in TREAT’s modern era as well as novel approaches to study materials undergoing neutron irradiation and instrumentation development and qualifications. This paper describes a comprehensive nuclear characterization, obtained via computational modeling, of the test position in the MARCH system. Though directly applicable to the MARCH system, the results also provide general quantification of the nuclear performance of the reactor and potential test materials, crucial for evaluating potential experiment design and response in TREAT. The neutron and photon flux environment was calculated via MCNP with ENDF/B-VII.1 nuclear data. Wire heating rate and DPA calculations were also performed and evaluated using historic TREAT test data. Furthermore, these calculations were performed to provide steady-state baseline reference values typical in both half- and full-slotted TREAT core configurations, enabling design scoping analysis prior to development of more specific design testing needs and transient testing experimentation.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Electricity Markets and Long-Duration Energy Storage: A Survey of Grid Services and Revenue Streams
Purpose of Review Long Duration Energy Storage (LDES) is increasingly viewed as a potential resource for providing grid services that enhance the stability and flexibility of electricity systems. While some LDES services are integrated into existing market frameworks, traditional mechanisms may not fully account for their operational characteristics, potentially leading to undervaluation. Within this context, this paper reviews the literature and industry practices to assess potential grid services for LDES, evaluates existing compensation mechanisms, and identifies challenges to full market integration. Recent Findings We first review existing literature and identify key grid services unique to LDES, including enhancing grid resilience during extreme weather events, enabling long-term energy shifting, and providing flexible and firm energy in systems with limited dispatchable resources. Here, we also review how LDES services are compensated in current market frameworks and the challenges associated with the full realization of LDES values. Additionally, we summarize market mechanisms for storage technologies across U.S. wholesale markets. We find that some markets are adjusting incentive structures, such as incorporating storage duration in capacity accreditation, to better align with system needs and LDES contributions to the grid. However, further refinements in capacity remuneration and dispatch timeframes may be needed for more effective realization of LDES value. Summary This review evaluates potential grid services for LDES, examines existing compensation mechanisms for LDES technologies, and identifies gaps between these mechanisms and LDES operational characteristics. The review concludes by outlining potential market enhancements for more effective LDES integration and articulating additional research needs to support its efficient participation in future power systems.
Flexible resources↗
Control Effectiveness: Metric Development and Application to Resilient Lunar Habitat Design
System safety engineering in its bare essence involves identifying, assessing, and mitigating, or controlling, hazards. Appropriate safety controls are selected using hazard reduction precedence principles, prior experience, or by assessing their impact on residual risk (together with other factors like cost). We propose a control effectiveness metric as one way to systematically and consistently evaluate potential safety controls individually and thereby facilitate selecting a shortlist of potential controls for subsequent integrated evaluation. The control effectiveness metric considers a safety control’s availability when needed, the probability that its design is adequate in addressing the targeted hazard, the probability that the design will be implemented as intended, and the relationship between the time it takes for the safety control to address its target hazard and the time before the hazard propagates. We demonstrated the use of our metric on a lunar habitat design using a physics-based habitat simulator. High control effectiveness and safety controls result in a habitat with high resilience, while low control effectiveness results in lower resilience.
Rashi Jain↗
Assessment of Technologies for I-129 Remediation in the 200-UP-1 Operable Unit
Iodine-129 (I-129) generated at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site during plutonium production was released to the subsurface, resulting in several large, dilute plumes in the groundwater, including the plume in the 200-UP-1 operable unit (OU). A requirement in the Record of Decision (ROD) for interim remedial action at the 200-UP-1 OU is to “evaluate potential treatment options for I-129 as part of the selected remedy through further technology evaluation. If one or more viable technologies are identified, treatability tests will be conducted for those technologies.” The requirements also state: “In the event a viable treatment technology is not available, the use of a technical impracticable waiver under 40 CFR 300.430(f)(l)(ii)(c) may need to be considered as part of the final remedy.” Recent work has increased the understanding of iodine behavior in the Hanford subsurface. A thorough review of potential remediation technologies has also been completed, including laboratory testing of promising technologies to evaluate their effectiveness for the iodine conditions at the 200-UP-1 OU. Using the combined information from these efforts, this report evaluates potential remediation technology options for the 200-UP-1 OU with respect to the need for conducting treatability tests and to document the technology status in support of future OU decisions for addressing the I-129 plume.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Low-Temperature Geothermal Geospatial Datasets: An Example from Alaska: Preprint
This project is part of a broader effort focused on geothermal heating and cooling with the purpose of demonstrating the multi-faceted value of integrating GHC/GHX into national decarbonization plans and community energy plans. Currently, there is a need to better define and evaluate low-temperature geothermal resource potential to provide the basis for supporting private sector investment. For shallow GHC/GHX fields, there is no formal compilation of subsurface characteristics shared among industry practitioners that can improve system design and operations. Alaska is specifically noted in this work, because heretofore, it has not received a similar focus in geothermal potential evaluations as the contiguous United States. The methodology consists of leveraging relevant data generate a baseline low-temperature resources (< 150 degrees C) geospatial dataset to compare and analyze information accessible to anyone trying to understand the potential of GHC/GHX and small-scale low-temperature geothermal power in Alaska (e.g., energy modelers, communities, planners, and policymakers). Importantly, this project is identifying data related to (1) the evaluation of GHC/GHX in the shallow subsurface, and (2) the evaluation of low-temperature geothermal resource availability. Additionally, data is being compiled to assess repurposing of oil and gas wells to contribute co-produced fluids toward the geothermal direct use and heating and cooling resource potential. The goal of this project is facilitating future deployment of GHC/GHX analysis and community-led programs and update the low-temperature geothermal resources assessment of Alaska. A better understanding of shallow potential for geothermal heat exchange (GHX) will improve design and operations of highly efficient GHC systems. The deployment and impact that can be achieved for low temperature geothermal resources will contribute to decarbonization goals and facilitate widespread electrification by shaving and shifting grid loads.
bottom-hole temperature↗
Determination of Solar System R-Process Abundances using ENDF/B-VIII.0 and TENDL-2015 libraries
Recent multi-messenger detection of the binary neutron star merger (GW170817) energized the astrophysical community and encouraged further research for determination of nuclear physics observables. Comprehensive studies of atomic nuclei in the cosmos provide an opportunity for investigating these astrophysical phenomena and acquiring complementary information on stellar nucleosynthesis processes that can be verified using the latest nuclear data. Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) libraries contain complete collections of reaction cross sections over the energy range relevant to astrophysics, fission yields and decay data. These data collections have been used worldwide in nuclear science, industry and national security applications. There is great interest in exploring the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and TALYS Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (TENDL-2015) for nuclear astrophysics purposes and comparing findings with the Karlsruhe Astrophysical Database of Nucleosynthesis in Stars (KADoNiS). The Maxwellian-averaged cross sections (MACS) and astrophysical reaction rates have been calculated using the ENDF/B-VIII.0 and TENDL-2015 evaluated data sets. The calculated cross sections were combined with the solar system abundances and fitted using the classical model of stellar nucleosynthesis. Astrophysical rapid- and slow-neutron capture, r- and s-process, respectively, abundances were obtained from present data and compared with available values. Further analysis of MACS reveals potential evaluated libraries data deficiencies and a strong need for new measurements. The current results demonstrate a large nuclear astrophysics potential of evaluated libraries and mutually beneficial relations between nuclear industry and research e orts.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Missions and Instruments: Hopes and Hope Fulfilled
The titles in this section include: 1) Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera in the Extended Mission: The MOC Toolkit; 2) Mars Odyssey THEMIS-VIS Calibration; 3) Early Science Operations and Results from the ESA Mars Express Mission: Focus on Imaging and Spectral Mapping; 4) The Mars Express/NASA Project at JPL; 5) Beagle 2: Mission to Mars - Current Status; 6) The Beagle 2 Microscope; 7) Mars Environmental Chamber for Dynamic Dust Deposition and Statics Analysis; 8) Locating Targets for CRISM Based on Surface Morphology and Interpretation of THEMIS Data; 9) The Phoenix Mission to Mars; 10) First Studies of Possible Landing Sites for the Phoenix Mars Scout Mission Using the BMST; 11) The 2009 Mars Telecommunications Orbiter; 12) The Aurora Exploration Program - The ExoMars Mission; 13) Electron-induced Luminescence and X-Ray Spectrometer (ELXS) System Development; 14) Remote-Raman and Micro-Raman Studies of Solid CO2, CH4, Gas Hydrates and Ice; 15) The Compact Microimaging Spectrometer (CMIS): A New Tool for In-Situ Planetary Science; 16) Preliminary Results of a New Type of Surface Property Measurement Ideal for a Future Mars Rover Mission; 17) Electrodynamic Dust Shield for Solar Panels on Mars; 18) Sensor Web for Spatio-Temporal Monitoring of a Hydrological Environment; 19) Field Testing of an In-Situ Neutron Spectrometer for Planetary Exploration: First Results; 20) A Miniature Solid-State Spectrometer for Space Applications - Field Tests; 21) Application of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to Mars Polar Exploration: LIBS Analysis of Water Ice and Water Ice/Soil Mixtures; 22) LIBS Analysis of Geological Samples at Low Pressures: Application to Mars, the Moon, and Asteroids; 23) In-Situ 1-D and 2-D Mapping of Soil Core and Rock Samples Using the LIBS Long Spark; 24) Rocks Analysis at Stand Off Distance by LIBS in Martian Conditions; 25) Evaluation of a Compact Spectrograph/Detection System for a LIBS Instrument for In-Situ and Stand-Off Detection; 26) Analysis of Organic Compounds in Mars Analog Samples; 27) Report of the Organic Contamination Science Steering Group; 28) The Water-Wheel IR (WIR) - A Contact Survey Experiment for Water and Carbonates on Mars; 29) Mid-IR Fiber Optic Probe for In Situ Water Detection and Characterization; 30) Effects of Subsurface Sampling & Processing on Martian Simulant Containing Varying Quantities of Water; 31) The Subsurface Ice Probe (SIPR): A Low-Power Thermal Probe for the Martian Polar Layered Deposits; 32) Deploying Ground Penetrating Radar in Planetary Analog Sites to Evaluate Potential Instrument Capabilities on Future Mars Missions; 33) Evaluation of Rock Powdering Methods to Obtain Fine-grained Samples for CHEMIN, a Combined XRD/XRF Instrument; 34) Novel Sample-handling Approach for XRD Analysis with Minimal Sample Preparation; 35) A New Celestial Navigation Method for Mars Landers; 36) Mars Mineral Spectroscopy Web Site: A Resource for Remote Planetary Spectroscopy.
Source record↗
End-to-End Assessment of a Large Aperture Segmented Ultraviolet Optical Infrared (UVOIR) Telescope Architecture
Key challenges of a future large aperture, segmented Ultraviolet Optical Infrared (UVOIR) Telescope capable of performing a spectroscopic survey of hundreds of Exoplanets will be sufficient stability to achieve 10^-10 contrast measurements and sufficient throughput and sensitivity for high yield Exo-Earth spectroscopic detection. Our team has collectively assessed an optimized end to end architecture including a high throughput coronagraph capable of working with a segmented telescope, a cost-effective and heritage based stable segmented telescope, a control architecture that minimizes the amount of new technologies, and an Exo-Earth yield assessment to evaluate potential performance. These efforts are combined through integrated modeling, coronagraph evaluations, and Exo-Earth yield calculations to assess the potential performance of the selected architecture. In addition, we discusses the scalability of this architecture to larger apertures and the technological tall poles to enabling it.
Feinberg, Lee↗
Mu*STAR ADSR Fuel Conversion Facility Evaluation and Cost Analysis
The purpose of the reported effort is the development of a conceptual process for conversion of used nuclear fuel (UNF) from light water reactors (LWRs) to a fluoride salt form to facilitate its use for power generation in a Mu*STAR Accelerator-driven Subcritical Reactor (ADSR). This document evaluates potential processes for converting UNF into a fluoride salt, evaluates the costs/benefits of using enriched lithium in the carrier salt, and analyzes comparable costs of similar facilities to make a rough order of magnitude estimate for the cost to design, construct, and commission a Mu*STAR ADSR fuel conversion facility. This document also makes a high-level comparison of the Mu*STAR ADSR fuel cycle with other important fuel cycles. The results of the cost analysis show that the Mu*STAR ADSR fuel conversion facility will cost more than $100M, possibly up to around $1B, to design and construct. The cost will depend on the size of the hot cell required, which will depend on the processing options chosen for converting the UNF to a molten salt. Operations and maintenance of the facility will be on the order of $10M per year. The design, fabrication, and installation of the remote process equipment to support the fuel conversion will be an additional cost of more than $50M. Cost surveys of Department of Energy hot cell designs and previous Department of Energy hot cell construction suggest that the cost variance may be large, and the risk of escalating costs may be high in the regulation-mandated atmosphere of nuclear facility design and construction. The molten salt for the Mu*STAR ADSR contains all of the nonvolatile isotopes in the UNF, and there is never a separation of the plutonium from the fission products. This makes this conversion process much more proliferation resistant than the reprocessing options used for other closed fuel cycles. When normalized to the amount of electricity produced, the Mu*STAR ADSR fuel cycle’s expected cost might be less than any reprocessing fuel cycle and possibly less than the once-through cycle now used. Simulations show that once the conversion to fluoride is made, that up to seven times as much energy can be extracted from the UNF than was produced by the LWR while making it [Bowman, 2010]. Using once-only, on-site conversion to fluoride means no mining, no enrichment, no manufacturing of fuel rods, and no transportation costs. Typically, the UNF was produced over a 40-year period in an LWR; it can potentially be used for 280 years in Mu*STAR, producing the same power as the LWR did, ultimately requiring disposal of approximately the same volume of material as the LWR generated. Mu*STAR burns most of the higher actinides, which could reduce both the cost of disposal and significantly reduce the longevity of its radiotoxicity. Mu*STAR ADSR’s ability to demonstrate unique and valuable peripheral benefits are additional arguments for this technology, including (1) turning UNF into a valuable commodity (thus, its disposal will not be such an immediate problem, so continued operation of existing LWRs will be more acceptable); (2) burning fissile or fertile fuel including excess weapons-grade plutonium in subcritical mode; and (3) providing high-temperature process heat to convert natural gas to synthetic diesel fuel, water to hydrogen, or for other process-heat applications.
11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
Conceptual Model of Subsurface Processes for Iodine at the Hanford Site
Currently, there are large dilute 129 I groundwater plumes at Hanford, including a groundwater plume in the 200-UP-1 operable unit (OU) located within the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site. The interim record of decision for the 200-UP-1 OU requires that the U.S. Department of Energy evaluate potential treatment options for 129 I through further technology evaluation. The approach to the evaluation was defined in the 129 I technology evaluation plan and includes an update to the conceptual model (CM) for the plume, as required by the 200 UP 1 remedial design/remedial action work plan. This report describes an updated CM of subsurface processes that affect 129 I behavior in the subsurface. This CM was developed to address identified data gaps and to provide input for fate and transport modeling needed to support the remedy evaluation. A significant advancement from previous the CM for the 200-UP-1 OU is recognition of the multiple iodine species in the subsurface and the biogeochemical processes that control their fate and transport.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Conceptual Model of Subsurface Processes for Iodine at the Hanford Site
Currently, there are large dilute 129 I groundwater plumes at Hanford, including a groundwater plume in the 200-UP-1 operable unit (OU) located within the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site. The interim record of decision for the 200-UP-1 OU requires that the U.S. Department of Energy evaluate potential treatment options for 129 I through further technology evaluation. The approach to the evaluation was defined in the 129 I technology evaluation plan and includes an update to the conceptual model (CM) for the plume, as required by the 200 UP 1 remedial design/remedial action work plan. This report describes an updated CM of subsurface processes that affect 129 I behavior in the subsurface. This CM was developed to address identified data gaps and to provide input for fate and transport modeling needed to support the remedy evaluation. A significant advancement from previous the CM for the 200-UP-1 OU is recognition of the multiple iodine species in the subsurface and the biogeochemical processes that control their fate and transport. The CM was developed to incorporate the current information from samples of 200 West Area groundwater (including samples within the 200-UP-1 OU) that show iodine is present as a mix of iodide, iodate, and organo-I species, with iodate being the predominant species. Confirmation of iodine species distribution in the plume is recommended to help validate this CM basis. Plume behavior is affected by differential transport of iodine species due to their different sorption characteristics. This CM describes behavior for radioiodine ( 129 I) and non-radioactive iodine ( 127 I) because both isotopes have the same geochemical behavior. Non-radioactive iodine ( 127 I) concentrations are estimated to be 1000 times higher than radioiodine ( 129 I) in Hanford Site Central Plateau groundwater. This ratio has important implications for remedial strategies because remedies cannot specifically treat 129 I without also targeting 127 I. A network of biogeochemical processes controls the fate and transport behavior of iodine in the subsurface. A primary element of the effort to update the iodine CM was to quantify these processes and identify which are of importance at the Hanford Site, in particular for the 200-UP-1 OU.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Analysis of potential helicopter vibration reduction concepts
Results of analytical investigations to develop, understand, and evaluate potential helicopter vibration reduction concepts are presented in the following areas: identification of the fundamental sources of vibratory loads, blade design for low vibration, application of design optimization techniques, active higher harmonic control, blade appended aeromechanical devices, and the prediction of vibratory airloads. Primary sources of vibration are identified for a selected four-bladed articulated rotor operating in high speed level flight. The application of analytical design procedures and optimization techniques are shown to have the potential for establishing reduced vibration blade designs through variations in blade mass and stiffness distributions, and chordwise center-of-gravity location.
Landgrebe, A. J.↗
222-S Pre-Filter: Radiological Evaluation of Worker Potential Internal Dose
This report provides a radiological evaluation of the potential internal dose for workers located near 222-S Laboratory during the Plutonium Finishing Plant release event in December 2017 and for workers handling the 222-S Laboratory air handling unit intake pre-filters following this event. The maximum potential internal dose to workers was determined to be below 1 mrem committed effective dose. This was based on an evaluation of the near-field air monitoring station and the laboratory analysis of a sample taken from an air handling unit intake pre-filter.
61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
Comparison of Human Exploration Architecture and Campaign Approaches
As part of an overall focus on space exploration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continues to evaluate potential approaches for sending humans beyond low Earth orbit (LEO). In addition, various external organizations are studying options for beyond LEO exploration. Recent studies include NASA's Evolvable Mars Campaign and Design Reference Architecture (DRA) 5.0, JPL's Minimal Mars Architecture; the Inspiration Mars mission; the Mars One campaign; and the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER). Each of these potential exploration constructs applies unique methods, architectures, and philosophies for human exploration. It is beneficial to compare potential approaches in order to better understand the range of options available for exploration. Since most of these studies were conducted independently, the approaches, ground rules, and assumptions used to conduct the analysis differ. In addition, the outputs and metrics presented for each construct differ substantially. This paper will describe the results of an effort to compare and contrast the results of these different studies under a common set of metrics. The paper will first present a summary of each of the proposed constructs, including a description of the overall approach and philosophy for exploration. Utilizing a common set of metrics for comparison, the paper will present the results of an evaluation of the potential benefits, critical challenges, and uncertainties associated with each construct. The analysis framework will include a detailed evaluation of key characteristics of each construct. These will include but are not limited to: a description of the technology and capability developments required to enable the construct and the uncertainties associated with these developments; an analysis of significant operational and programmatic risks associated with that construct; and an evaluation of the extent to which exploration is enabled by the construct, including the destinations visited and the exploration capabilities provided at those destinations. Based upon the comparison of constructs, the paper will identify trends and lessons learned across all of the candidate studies.
Goodliff, Kandyce↗
Evaluation of Remediation Technologies for Iodine-129: FY18 Bench Scale Results
At the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Hanford Site, located in southeastern Washington State, 129 I was produced as a byproduct of nuclear fission in the site’s nine Pu production reactors. Currently, there are large dilute 129 I groundwater plumes at Hanford, including a groundwater plume in the 200-UP-1 operable unit (OU) located within the Central Plateau. The interim Record of Decision (ROD) for the 200-UP-1 OU requires that DOE evaluate potential treatment options for I-129 before a final ROD is issued. A remedy evaluation plan was subsequently published and identified the approach for this effort. The laboratory evaluation reported herein is part of the remedy evaluation. This report builds from information gathered in previous literature reviews of potential remedy technologies and provides laboratory testing results for promising candidates in support of determining which candidates warrant additional evaluation through treatability testing.
12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
Deep-Learning-Derived Evaluation Metrics Enable Effective Benchmarking of Computational Tools for Phosphopeptide Identification
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based phosphoproteomics is a powerful technology for global phosphorylation analysis. However, applying four computational pipelines to a typical mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomic dataset from a human cancer study, we observed a large discrepancy among the reported phosphopeptide identification and phosphosite localization results, underscoring a critical need for benchmarking. While efforts have been made to compare performance of computational pipelines using data from synthetic phosphopeptides, evaluations involving real application data have been largely limited to comparing the numbers of phosphopeptide identifications due to the lack of appropriate evaluation metrics. We investigated three deep learning-derived features as potential evaluation metrics: phosphosite probability, Delta RT and spectral similarity. Predicted phosphosite probability is computed by MusiteDeep, which provides high accuracy as previously reported; Delta RT is defined as the absolute retention time (RT) difference between RTs observed and predicted by AutoRT; and spectral similarity is defined as the Pearson’s correlation coefficient between spectra observed and predicted by pDeep2. Using a synthetic peptide dataset, we found that both Delta RT and spectral similarity provided excellent discrimination between correct and incorrect peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) both when incorrect PSMs involved wrong peptide sequences and even when incorrect PSMs were caused by only incorrect phosphosite localization. Based on these results, we used all the three deep learning-derived features as evaluation metrics to compare different computational pipelines on diverse set of phosphoproteomic datasets and showed their utility in benchmarking performance of the pipelines. The benchmark metrics demonstrated in this study will enable users to select computational pipelines and parameters for routine analysis of phosphoproteomics data and will offer guidance for developers to improve computational methods.
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗