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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 91 records · Page 5
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Optimization of Oxygen Electrode Combined with Soluble Catalyst to Enhance the Performance of Lithium-Oxygen Battery

Lithium-air batteries possess a high theoretical energy density among the current battery technologies, and are expected to become the driving power for electric vehicles. However, the practical application of lithium air batteries is handicapped by their poor cycle life, high over-charge potential and low energy efficiency. Numerous studies have performed to improve the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction. Making a good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst system is under intense scrutiny. In this work, we report a rational design of air electrode, which derives from biomass and presents a three-dimensional porous carbon architecture with high specific surface and large volume expansion coefficient. Combining with a soluble catalyst, this oxygen electrode presents an ultrahigh areal specific capacity of 7.95 mAh/cm 2 and a long cycling life up to 1000 cycles with suppressed polarization (about 0.46 V). Finally, the greatly improved overall performance is due to the synergetic effect of the novel designed oxygen electrode capable of mediating the redox mediators to trigger the ORR and OER process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Sodium trithiocarbonate cathode for high-performance sodium–sulfur batteries

The high abundance and low cost of sodium and sulfur make room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries an attractive technology compared to the current lithium-ion batteries for large-scale grid-storage applications. However, the commercialization of RT Na-S batteries is impeded by the slow kinetics of Na-S chemistry, severe sodium polysulfide shuttling, and uncontrollable growth of dendritic Na. Herein, sodium trithiocarbonate (Na 2 CS 3 ) is applied as a cathode material to facilitate concurrent improvement in both electrodes, leading to a high-rate performance with extended cycle life. The conductive characteristic of the carbon-sulfur resonance bond provides fast ion and electron transfer throughout the cathode, resulting in superior electrochemical reactivity. At the cathode, the presence of Na2CS3 forms an oligomer-structured layer to suppress the dissolution and shuttling of active materials. Meanwhile, when small portions of Na 2 CS 3 intermediates migrate to the anode, a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer with uniform Na-ion flux is formed, enabling improved Na stripping and plating performance. A series of electrochemical and materials characterization, accompanied by density functional theory calculations demonstrate that Na 2 CS 3 is a promising candidate to realize high-rate performance long cycle life RT Na-S batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1973

Advanced technology for space shuttle auxiliary propellant valves

Valves for the gaseous hydrogen/gaseous oxygen shuttle auxiliary propulsion system are required to feature low leakage over a wide temperature range coupled with high cycle life, long term compatibility and minimum maintenance. In addition, those valves used as thruster shutoff valves must feature fast response characteristics to achieve small, repeatable minimum impulse bits. These valve technology problems are solved by developing unique valve components such as sealing closures, guidance devices, and actuation means and by demonstrating two prototype valve concepts. One of the prototype valves is cycled over one million cycles without exceeding a leakage rate of 27 scc's per hour at 450 psia helium inlet pressure throughout the cycling program.

Wichmann, H.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Development of single-cell protectors for sealed silver-zinc cells

Three design approaches to cell-level protection were developed, fabricated, and tested. These systems are referred to as the single-cell protector (SCP), multiplexed-cell protector(MCP). To evaluate the systems 18-cell battery packs without cell level control were subjected to cycle life test. A total of five batteries were subjected to simulate synchronous orbit cycling at 40% depth of discharge at 22C. Batteries without cell-level protection failed between 345 and 255 cycles. Cell failure in the cell level protected batteries occurred between 412 and 540. It was determined that the cell-level monitoring and protection is necessary to attain the long cycle life of a AgZn battery. The best method of providing control and protection of the AgZn cells depends on the specific application and capability of the user.

Lear, J. W.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Mismatching integration-enabled strains and defects engineering in LDH microstructure for high-rate and long-life charge storage

Layered double hydroxides (LDH) have been extensively investigated for charge storage, however, their development is hampered by the sluggish reaction dynamics. Herein, triggered by mismatching integration of Mn sites, we configured wrinkled Mn/NiCo-LDH with strains and defects, where promoted mass & charge transport behaviors were realized. The well-tailored Mn/NiCo-LDH displays a capacity up to 518 C g -1 (1 A g -1 ), a remarkable rate performance (78%@100 A g -1 ) and a long cycle life (without capacity decay after 10,000 cycles). We clarified that the moderate electron transfer between the released Mn species and Co 2+ serves as the pre-step, while the compressive strain induces structural deformation with promoted reaction dynamics. Theoretical and operando investigations further demonstrate that the Mn sites boost ion adsorption/transport and electron transfer, and the Mn-induced effect remains active after multiple charge/discharge processes. This contribution provides some insights for controllable structure design and modulation toward high-efficient energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions in Hybrid Aqueous/Nonaqueous Electrolytes Enable Low-Cost and Long-Lifespan Sodium-Ion Storage

Although “water-in-salt” electrolytes have opened a new pathway to expand the electrochemical stability window of aqueous electrolytes, the electrode instability and irreversible proton co-insertion caused by aqueous media still hinder the practical application, even when using exotic fluorinated salts. In this study, an accessible hybrid electrolyte class based on common sodium salts is proposed, and crucially an ethanol-rich media is introduced to achieve highly stable Na-ion electrochemistry. Here, ethanol exerts a strong hydrogen-bonding effect on water, simultaneously expanding the electrochemical stability window of the hybridized electrolyte to 2.5 V, restricting degradation activities, reducing transition metal dissolution from the cathode material, and improving electrolyte–electrode wettability. The binary ethanol–water solvent enables the impressive cycling of sodium-ion batteries based on perchlorate, chloride, and acetate electrolyte salts. Notably, a Na 0.44 MnO 2 electrode exhibits both high capacity (81 mAh g –1 ) and a remarkably long cycle life >1000 cycles at 100 mA g –1 (a capacity decay rate per cycle of 0.024%) in a 1 M sodium acetate system. The Na 0.44 MnO 2 /Zn full cells also show excellent cycling stability and rate capability in a wide temperature range. The gained understanding of the hydrogen-bonding interactions in the hybridized electrolyte can provide new battery chemistry guidelines in designing promising candidates for developing low-cost and long-lifespan batteries based on other (Li + , K + , Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ , and Al 3+ ) systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1990

Development of a fuel cell for the EMU

The fuel cell technology for the advanced portable life support system is reviewed, using the breadboard test data, and the design concepts are presented for the development of the improved preprototype fuel cell. Subscale test results confirm the suitability of the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell fueled by hydride stored hydrogen and oxygen for extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) power generation. Issues verified include passive, zero-G product water removal, nonventing operation in the EMU duty cycle, and complete recovery of product water in potable form. The long cycle life and quick rechargeability are confirmed in 600 h of testing including 150 deep discharge cycles.

Beckstrom, Paula↗
NASA NTRS1999

Lithium-Ion Batteries for Aerospace Applications

This presentation reviews: (1) the goals and objectives, (2) the NASA and Airforce requirements, (3) the potential near term missions, (4) management approach, (5) the technical approach and (6) the program road map. The objectives of the program include: (1) develop high specific energy and long life lithium ion cells and smart batteries for aerospace and defense applications, (2) establish domestic production sources, and to demonstrate technological readiness for various missions. The management approach is to encourage the teaming of universities, R&D organizations, and battery manufacturing companies, to build on existing commercial and government technology, and to develop two sources for manufacturing cells and batteries. The technological approach includes: (1) develop advanced electrode materials and electrolytes to achieve improved low temperature performance and long cycle life, (2) optimize cell design to improve specific energy, cycle life and safety, (3) establish manufacturing processes to ensure predictable performance, (4) establish manufacturing processes to ensure predictable performance, (5) develop aerospace lithium ion cells in various AH sizes and voltages, (6) develop electronics for smart battery management, (7) develop a performance database required for various applications, and (8) demonstrate technology readiness for the various missions. Charts which review the requirements for the Li-ion battery development program are presented.

Surampudi, S.↗
DOE OSTI2021

An Ultrastable Aqueous Iodine-Hydrogen Gas Battery

Rechargeable hydrogen gas batteries are highly desirable for large-scale energy storage because of their long life cycle, high round trip efficiency, fast reaction kinetics, and hydrogen gas profusion. Coupling advanced cathode chemistries with hydrogen gas anode is an emerging and exciting area of research. Here, a novel high-performance aqueous iodine-hydrogen gas (I 2 -H 2 ) battery using iodine as cathode and hydrogen gas as the electrocatalytic anode in environmentally benign aqueous electrolytes is reported. The working chemistry of the battery involves I 2 /I - solid-liquid reactions occurring over the cathode along with H 2 /H 2 O gas-liquid reactions at the anode, achieving a high rate performance of 100 C and long-lasting stability of over 60 000 cycles. Additionally, the static aqueous I 2 -H 2 battery displays a volumetric capacity of 15.5 Ah L -1 along with good self-healing capability towards cell overcharge. The current battery design exhibits robust electrochemical performance irrespective of acidic, neutral, and alkaline electrolyte systems. This study paves the way towards the industrialization of economically effective, high-power density, and long-term I 2 -H 2 batteries for large-scale energy storage applications.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Designing electrolytes with high solubility of sulfides/disulfides for high-energy-density and low-cost K-Na/S batteries

Alkaline metal sulfur (AMS) batteries offer a promising solution for grid-level energy storage due to their low cost and long cycle life. However, the formation of solid compounds such as M 2 S 2 and M 2 S (M = Na, K) during cycling limits their performance. Here we unveil intermediate-temperature K-Na/S batteries utilizing advanced electrolytes that dissolve all polysulfides and sulfides (K 2 S x , x = 1–8), significantly enhancing reaction kinetics, specific capacity, and energy density. These batteries achieve near-theoretical capacity (1655 mAh g -1 sulfur) at 75 °C with a 1 M sulfur concentration. At a 4 M sulfur concentration, they deliver 830 mAh g -1 at 2 mA cm -2 , retaining 71% capacity after 1000 cycles. This new K-Na/S battery with specific energy of 150-250 Wh kg -1 only employs earth-abundant elements, making it attractive for long-duration energy storage.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing Cycle Life in Superoxide‐Based Na–O 2 Batteries by Reducing Interface Reactivity

Abstract Sodium–oxygen (Na–O 2 ) batteries are considered a promising energy storage alternative to current state‐of‐the‐art technologies owing to their high theoretical energy density, along with the natural abundance and low price of Na metal. The chemistry of these batteries depends on sodium superoxide (NaO 2 ) or peroxide (Na 2 O 2 ) being formed/decomposed. Most Na–O 2 batteries form NaO 2 , but reversibility is usually quite limited due to side reactions at interfaces. By using new materials, including a highly active catalyst based on vanadium phosphide (VP) nanoparticles, an ether/ionic liquid‐based electrolyte, and an effective sodium bromide (NaBr) anode protection layer, the sources of interface reactivity can be reduced to achieve a Na–O 2 battery cell that is rechargeable for 1070 cycles with a high energy efficiency of more than 83%. Density functional theory calculations, along with experimental characterization confirm the three factors leading to the long cycle life, including the effectiveness of the NaBr protective layer on the anode, a tetraglyme/EMIM‐BF 4 based electrolyte that prevents oxidation of the VP cathode catalyst surface, and the EMIM‐BF 4 ionic liquid aiding in avoiding electrolyte decomposition on NaO 2 .

Azaribeni, Adel [Department of Chemical and Biolog↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluating ZEBRA Battery Module under the Peak-Shaving Duty Cycles

With the recent rapid increase in demand for reliable, long-cycle life, and safe battery technologies for large-scale energy-storage applications, a battery module based on ZEBRA battery chemistry is extensively evaluated for its application in peak shaving duty cycles. First, this module is tested with a full capacity cycle consisting of a charging process (factory default) and a discharging process with a current of 40 A. The battery energy efficiency (discharge vs. charge) is about 90%, and the overall energy efficiency is 80.9%, which includes the auxiliary power used to run the battery management system electronics and self-heating to maintain the module operating temperature (265 °C). Generally, because of the increased self-heating during the holding times that exist for the peak shaving duty cycles, the overall module efficiency decreases slightly for the peak-shaving duty cycles (70.7–71.8%) compared to the full-capacity duty cycle. With a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle, the overall energy efficiency increases from 71.8% for 7.5 kWh energy utilization to 74.1% for 8.5 kWh. We conducted long-term cycling tests of the module at a 6 h, peak-shaving duty cycle with 7.5 kWh energy utilization, and the module exhibited a capacity degradation rate of 0.0046%/cycle over 150 cycles (>150 days).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Fundamental benchmarking of the discharge properties of negative electrodes in lead acid batteries

The unprecedented scale of energy storage deployment needed to allow high penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the electrical grid places significant economic cost and performance targets on battery technologies. Lead batteries, owing to their highly abundant and inexpensive raw materials, can be considered an important solution to grid storage as long as they achieve high material utilization, fast recharge rates, and long cycle life. To address the limitations in material utilization, we need to revisit the electrochemical processes during the discharge step and answer the following question: what are the fundamental limits of the discharge reaction? In this work we discuss how well-defined lead metal surfaces with nanometer scale roughness allow us to resolve the accessible discharge capacity for both faradaic and non-faradaic processes as a function of electrolyte concentration and in the presence of traditional additives. The direct connection between PbSO 4 layer morphology and discharge rates gives us important insights on the mechanism of discharge as related to the dissolution and passivation events. In conclusion, this work sets the stage for reimagining the design of lead batteries with implications to grid storage applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

In Situ Synthesis of Graphene-Coated Silicon Monoxide Anodes from Coa-Derived Humic Acid for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Silicon monoxide (SiO) is attaining extensive interest amongst silicon-based materials due to its high capacity and long cycle life; however, its low intrinsic electrical conductivity and poor coulombic efficiency strictly limit its commercial applications. Here low-cost coal-derived humic acid (HA) is used as a feedstock to synthesize in-situ graphene-coated disproportionated SiO (D-SiO@G) anode with a facile method. HRTEM and XRD confirm the well-coated graphene layers on an SiO surface. Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM) and X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Structure (XANES) spectra analysis indicate that the graphene coating effectively hinders the side-reactions between the electrolyte and SiO particles . As a result, the D-SiO@G anode presents an initial discharge capacity of 1937.6 mAh g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 and an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 78.2%. High reversible capacity (1023 mAh g -1 at 2.0 A g -1 ), excellent cycling performance ( 72.4% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 2.0 A g -1 ), and rate capability (774 mAh g -1 at 5 A g -1 ) results are substantial. Full coin cells assembled with LiFePO 4 electrodes and D-SiO@G electrodes display impressive rate performance. These results indicate a promising potential for practical use in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Tuning the Anode–Electrolyte Interface Chemistry for Garnet-Based Solid-State Li Metal Batteries

Lithium (Li) metal anode is a promising candidate for high energy density solid-state batteries. However, the interface issues, including large interfacial resistance and Li dendrite generation, have always frustrated the attempt to commercialize solid-state Li metal batteries (SSLBs). Here, we report that infusing the garnet-type solid electrolytes (GSEs) with air-stable electrolyte Li 3 PO 4 (LPO) dramatically reduces the interfacial resistance to ~1 Ω cm 2 and achieves a high critical current density of 2.2 mA cm -2 under ambient condition due to enhanced interfacial stability to Li metal anode. The coated and infused LPO electrolytes not only improve the mechanical strength and Li-ion conductivity of grain boundaries, but also form a stable Li-ion conductive but electron-insulating LPO-derived solid-electrolyte interphase between Li metal and GSEs, and consequently eliminates the Li dendrites growth and prevents the direct reduction of GSEs by Li metal over a long cycle life. This interface engineering approach together with grain-boundary modification on GSEs represents a promising strategy to revolutionize the anode-electrolyte interface chemistry for SSLBs and provides new design strategy for other-types of solid-state batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Zirconium‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks with Free Hydroxy Groups for Enhanced Perfluorooctanoic Acid Uptake in Water

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a highly recalcitrant organic pollutant, and its bioaccumulation severely endangers human health. While various methods are developed for PFOA removal, the targeted design of adsorbents with high efficiency and reusability remains largely unexplored. Here, in this work, the rational design and synthesis of two novel zirconium‐based metal‒organic frameworks (MOFs) bearing free ortho ‐hydroxy sites, namely noninterpenetrated PCN‐1001 and twofold interpenetrated PCN‐1002, are presented. Single crystal analysis of the pure ligand reveals that intramolecular hydrogen bonding plays a pivotal role in directing the formation of MOFs with free hydroxy groups. Furthermore, the transformation from PCN‐1001 to PCN‐1002 is realized. Compared to PCN‐1001, PCN‐1002 displays higher chemical stability due to interpenetration, thereby demonstrating an exceptional PFOA adsorption capacity of up to 632 mg g −1 (1.53 mmol g −1 ), which is comparable to the reported record values. Moreover, PCN‐1002 shows rapid kinetics, high selectivity, and long‐life cycles in PFOA removal tests. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance results and density functional theory calculations reveal that multiple hydrogen bonds between the free ortho ‐hydroxy sites and PFOA, along with Lewis acid‐base interaction, work collaboratively to enhance PFOA adsorption.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Polymer-Assisted Spinodal Decomposition Strategy toward Interconnected Porous Sodium Super Ionic Conductor-Structured Polyanion-Type Materials and Their Application as a High-Power Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode

A general polymer-assisted spinodal decomposition strategy is used to prepare hierarchically porous sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)-structured polyanion-type materials (e.g., Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , K 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Na 4 MnV(PO 4 ) 3 , and Na 2 TiV(PO 4 ) 3 ) in a tetrahydrofuran/ethanol/H 2 O synthesis system. Depending on the boiling point of solvents, the selective evaporation of the solvents induces both macrophase separation via spinodal decomposition and mesophase separation via self-assembly of inorganic precursors and amphiphilic block copolymers, leading to the formation of hierarchically porous structures. We find that the resulting hierarchically porous Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 possessing large specific surface area (≈77 m 2 g -1 ) and pore volume (≈0.272 cm 3 g -1 ) shows a high specific capacity of 117.6 mAh g -1 at 0.1 C achieving the theoretical value and a long cycling life with 77% capacity retention over 1000 cycles at 5 C. This method presented here can open a facile avenue to synthesize other hierarchically porous polyanion-type materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Sodium Rich Vanadium Oxy‐Fluorophosphate – Na 3.2 Ni 0.2 V 1.8 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 O – as Advanced Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries

Abstract Conventional sodium‐based layered oxide cathodes are extremely air sensitive and possess poor electrochemical performance along with safety concerns when operating at high voltage. The polyanion phosphate, Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 stands out as an excellent candidate due to its high nominal voltage, ambient air stability, and long cycle life. The caveat is that Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 can only exhibit reversible capacities in the range of 100 mAh g −1 , 20% below its theoretical capacity. Here, the synthesis and characterizations are reported for the first time of the sodium‐rich vanadium oxyfluorophosphate, Na 3.2 Ni 0.2 V 1.8 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 O, a tailored derivative compound of Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , with extensive electrochemical and structural analyses. Na 3.2 Ni 0.2 V 1.8 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 O delivers an initial reversible capacity of 117 mAh g −1 between 2.5 and 4.5 V under the 1C rate at room temperature, with 85% capacity retention after 900 cycles. The cycling stability is further improved when the material is cycled at 50 °C within 2.8–4.3 V for 100 cycles. When paired with a presodiated hard carbon, Na 3.2 Ni 0.2 V 1.8 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 O cycled with a capacity retention of 85% after 500 cycles. Cosubstitution of the transition metal and fluorine in Na 3.2 Ni 0.2 V 1.8 (PO 4 ) 2 F 2 O as well as the sodium‐rich structure are the major factors behind the improvement of specific capacity and cycling stability, which paves the way for this cathode in sodium‐ion batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗